J/A+A/584/A91 Catalog of dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)
A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations
from the Herschel Gould Belt survey.
Konyves V., Andre P., Men'shchikov A., Palmeirim P., Arzoumanian D.,
Schneider N., Roy A., Didelon P., Maury A., Shimajiri Y.,
Di Francesco J., Bontemps S., Peretto N., Benedettini M., Bernard J.-P.,
Elia D., Griffin M.J., Hill T., Kirk J., Ladjelate B., Marsh K.,
Martin P.G., Motte F., Nguyen Luong Q., Pezzuto S., Roussel H.,
Rygl K.L.J., Sadavoy S.I., Schisano E., Spinoglio L., Ward-Thompson D.,
White G.J.
<Astron. Astrophys. 584, A91 (2015)>
=2015A&A...584A..91K 2015A&A...584A..91K (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: YSOs ; Regional catalog ; Infrared sources ; Interstellar medium ;
Combined data ; Photometry, millimetric/submm
Keywords: ISM: individual objects: Aquila Rift complex - stars: formation -
ISM: clouds - ISM: structure - submillimeter: ISM
Abstract:
We present and discuss the results of the Herschel Gould Belt survey
(HGBS) observations in an ∼11deg2 area of the Aquila molecular cloud
complex at d∼260pc, imaged with the SPIRE and PACS photometric
cameras in parallel mode from 70-micron to 500-micron. Using the
multi-scale, multi-wavelength source extraction algorithm getsources,
we identify a complete sample of starless dense cores and embedded
(Class 0-I) protostars in this region, and analyze their global
properties and spatial distributions. We find a total of 651 starless
cores, ∼60% ±10% of which are gravitationally bound prestellar
cores, and they will likely form stars in the future. We also detect
58 protostellar cores. The core mass function (CMF) derived for the
large population of prestellar cores is very similar in shape to the
stellar initial mass function (IMF), confirming earlier findings on a
much stronger statistical basis and supporting the view that there is
a close physical link between the stellar IMF and the prestellar CMF.
The global shift in mass scale observed between the CMF and the IMF is
consistent with a typical star formation efficiency of ∼40% at the
level of an individual core. By comparing the numbers of starless
cores in various density bins to the number of young stellar objects
(YSOs), we estimate that the lifetime of prestellar cores is ∼1Myr,
which is typically ∼4 times longer than the core free-fall time, and
that it decreases with average core density. We find a strong
correlation between the spatial distribution of prestellar cores and
the densest filaments observed in the Aquila complex. About 90% of the
Herschel-identified prestellar cores are located above a background
column density corresponding to AV∼7, and ∼75% of them lie within
filamentary structures with supercritical masses per unit length
≳16M☉/pc. These findings support a picture wherein the cores
making up the peak of the CMF (and probably responsible for the base
of the IMF) result primarily from the gravitational fragmentation of
marginally supercritical filaments. Given that filaments appear to
dominate the mass budget of dense gas at AV>7, our findings also
suggest that the physics of prestellar core formation within filaments
is responsible for a characteristic "efficiency"
SFR/Mdense∼5±2x10-8yr-1 for the star formation process in
dense gas.
Description:
Based on Herschel Gould Belt survey (Andre et al.,
2010A&A...518L.102A 2010A&A...518L.102A) observations of the Aquila cloud complex, and
using the multi-scale, multi-wavelength source extraction algorithm
getsources (Men'shchikov et al., 2012A&A...542A..81M 2012A&A...542A..81M), we identified a
total of 749 dense cores, including 685 starless cores and 64
protostellar cores.
The observed properties of all dense cores are given in tablea1.dat,
and their derived properties are listed in tablea2.dat.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 519 749 Observed properties of dense cores in Aquila
tablea2.dat 178 749 Derived properties of dense cores in Aquila
list.dat 100 2 List of fits images
fits/* . 2 Individual fits files
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See also:
J/MNRAS/421/3257 : MHO catalogue for Serpens and Aquila (Ioannidis+, 2012)
J/ApJ/723/915 : BLAST view of Aquila SFR (Rivera-Ingraham+, 2013)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq Core running number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Core name, HHMMSS.s+DDMMSS, to be added
after HGBS_J
21- 22 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
24- 25 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
33 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
45- 50 F6.1 --- Signi070 Detection significance at 70um (1)
52- 60 E9.3 Jy Sp070 Peak flux density at 70um (in Jy/beam)
62- 68 E7.2 Jy e_Sp070 Error on peak flux density at 70um
(in Jy/beam)
70- 75 F6.2 --- Sp070/Sbg070 Contrast over local background at 70um
77- 85 E9.3 Jy Sconv070 Smoothed peak flux density at 70um
(in Jy/beam500) (2)
87- 95 E9.3 Jy Stot070 Integrated flux density at 70um
97-103 E7.2 Jy e_Stot070 Error on integrated flux density at 70um
105-107 I3 arcsec FWHMa070 ?=-1 Major FWHM diameter at 70um (3)
109-111 I3 arcsec FWHMb070 ?=-1 Minor FWHM diameter at 70um (3)
113-115 I3 deg PA070 ?=-1 Position angle at 70um (3)(4)
117-122 F6.1 --- Signi160 Detection significance at 160um (1)
124-132 E9.3 Jy Sp160 Peak flux density at 160um (in Jy/beam)
134-140 E7.2 Jy e_Sp160 Error on peak flux density at 160um
(in Jy/beam)
142-147 F6.2 --- Sp160/Sbg160 Contrast over local background at 160um
149-157 E9.3 Jy Sconv160 Smoothed peak flux density at 160um
(in Jy/beam500) (2)
159-167 E9.3 Jy Stot160 Integrated flux density at 160um
169-175 E7.2 Jy e_Stot160 Error on integrated flux density at 160um
177-179 I3 arcsec FWHMa160 ?=-1 Major FWHM diameter at 160um (3)
181-183 I3 arcsec FWHMb160 ?=-1 Minor FWHM diameter at 160um (3)
185-187 I3 deg PA160 ?=-1 Position angle at 160um (3)(4)
189-194 F6.1 --- Signi250 Detection significance at 250um (1)
196-204 E9.3 Jy Sp250 Peak flux density at 250um (in Jy/beam)
206-212 E7.2 Jy e_Sp250 Error on peak flux density at 250um
(in Jy/beam)
214-219 F6.2 --- Sp250/Sbg250 Contrast over local background at 250um
221-229 E9.3 Jy Sconv250 Smoothed peak flux density at 250um
(in Jy/beam500) (2)
231-239 E9.3 Jy Stot250 Integrated flux density at 250um
241-247 E7.2 Jy e_Stot250 Error on integrated flux density at 250um
249-251 I3 arcsec FWHMa250 ?=-1 Major FWHM diameter at 250um (3)
253-255 I3 arcsec FWHMb250 ?=-1 Minor FWHM diameter at 250um (3)
257-259 I3 deg PA250 ?=-1 Position angle at 250um (3)(4)
261-266 F6.1 --- Signi350 Detection significance at 350um (1)
268-276 E9.3 Jy Sp350 Peak flux density at 350um (in Jy/beam)
278-284 E7.2 Jy e_Sp350 Error on peak flux density at 350um
(in Jy/beam)
286-291 F6.2 --- Sp350/Sbg350 Contrast over local background at 350um
293-301 E9.3 Jy Sconv350 Smoothed peak flux density at 350um
(in Jy/beam500) (2)
303-311 E9.3 Jy Stot350 Integrated flux density at 350um
313-319 E7.2 Jy e_Stot350 Error on integrated flux density at 350um
321-323 I3 arcsec FWHMa350 Major FWHM diameter of core at 350um
325-326 I2 arcsec FWHMb350 Minor FWHM diameter of core at 350um
328-330 I3 deg PA350 Position angle of core at 350um (4)
332-337 F6.1 --- Signi500 Detection significance at 500um (1)
339-347 E9.3 Jy Sp500 Peak flux density at 500um (in Jy/beam)
349-355 E7.2 Jy e_Sp500 Error on peak flux density at 500um
(in Jy/beam)
357-362 F6.2 --- Sp500/Sbg500 Contrast over local background at 500um
364-372 E9.3 Jy Stot500 Integrated flux density at 500um
374-380 E7.2 Jy e_Stot500 Error on integrated flux density at 500um
382-384 I3 arcsec FWHMa500 Major FWHM diameter of core at 500um
386-387 I2 arcsec FWHMb500 Minor FWHM diameter of core at 500um
389-391 I3 deg PA500 Position angle of core at 500um (4)
393-398 F6.1 --- SigniNH2 Detection significance at column density
400-404 E5.1 10+21cm-2 NpH2 Peak H2 column density at 18.2" resolution
406-409 F4.2 --- NpH2/Nbg Contrast over local background at
column density
411-414 E4.1 10+21cm-2 NconvH2 Peak H2 column density at 36.3" resolution
416-419 E4.1 10+21cm-2 NbgH2 Local background H_2 column density
421-423 I3 arcsec FWHMaNH2 Major FWHM diameter of core at N_H2
425-427 I3 arcsec FWHMbNH2 Minor FWHM diameter of core at N_H2
429-431 I3 deg PANH2 Position angle of core at N_H2 (4)
433 I1 --- NSED [1/5] Number of significant Herschel bands
435 A1 --- CSARflag [012] Associations with CSAR-found
cores (5)
437-448 A12 --- Coretype Core type (6)
450-482 A33 --- NSIMBAD Closest counterpart found in SIMBAD
484-505 A22 --- NSPITZER Closest SPITZER c2d association (7)
507-519 A13 --- Com Comments
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Note (1): Detection significance, derived by getsources (Men'shchikov et al.,
2012A&A...542A..81M 2012A&A...542A..81M), is 0.0 if the core is not visible in clean
single scales.
Note (2): Peak flux density at the specified wavelength, measured after
smoothing the data to a 36.3" beam.
Note (3): A special value of -1 is given when no size measurement was possible.
Note (4): Position angle of the core major axis, measured east of north.
Note (5): CSAR-flag: 2 if the getsources core has a counterpart detected by CSAR
(Kirk, J.M. et al., 2013MNRAS.432.1424K 2013MNRAS.432.1424K) within 6 arcsec of its peak
position, 1 if no close CSAR counterpart was found but the peak
position of a CSAR source lies within the FWHM contour of the
getsources core in the high-resolution column density map, 0
otherwise.
Note (6): Core type: starless, prestellar, protostellar.
Note (7): Closest Spitzer-identified YSO from the c2d survey (Dunham et al.,
2013AJ....145...94D 2013AJ....145...94D, Allen et al., in prep.) within 6-arcsec of the
Herschel peak position, if any.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq Core running number
5- 19 A15 --- Name Core name, HHMMSS.s+DDMMSS,
to be added after HGBS_J*
21- 22 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
24- 25 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
33 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
45- 51 E7.2 pc Rd Deconvolved core radius (1)
53- 59 E7.2 pc Robs Observed core radius (2)
61- 65 F5.2 Msun Mcore Estimated core mass
67- 70 F4.2 Msun e_Mcore Uncertainty in the core mass
72- 75 F4.1 K Tdust Dust temperature from SED fitting
77- 79 F3.1 K e_Tdust Uncertainty in the dust temperature
81- 85 F5.1 10+21cm-2 NH2peak Peak H2 column density at 36.3" resolution
87- 91 F5.1 10+21cm-2 NH2av Average NH2 derived with Robs
93- 97 F5.1 10+21cm-2 NH2avd Average NH2 derived with Rd
99-103 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nH2peak Beam-averaged peak volume density
105-109 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nH2av Average core volume density from Robs
111-115 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nH2avd Average volume density from Rd
117-120 F4.1 --- alphaBE Bonnor-Ebert mass ratio
122-133 A12 --- Coretype Core type (3)
135-178 A44 --- Com Comments (4)
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Note (1): Geometrical average between the major and minor FWHM sizes of the core
[pc], measured in the high-resolution column density map after
deconvolution from the 18.2-arcsec HPBW resolution of the map.
Note (2): Same as (1) before deconvolution.
Note (3): Core type: starless, prestellar, protostellar.
Note (4): Comments may be "no SED fit", "tentative bound", or "CO high-V_LSR",
see Sect. 4 of the paper for details.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: list.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right ascension of image center (J2000)
10- 18 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination of image center (J2000)
20 I1 arcsec/pix Scale [3] Scale of the image
22- 25 I4 --- Nx [5233] Number of pixels along X-axis
27- 30 I4 --- Ny [5657] Number of pixels along Y-axis
32- 37 I6 Kibyte size [115642] Size of the fits file
39- 77 A39 --- FileName Name of the fits file in subdirectory fits
79-100 A22 --- Title Title of the fits file
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Acknowledgements:
Vera Konyves, vera.konyves(at)cea.fr
Philippe Andre, pandre(at)cea.fr
References:
Andre et al., 2010A&A...518L.102A 2010A&A...518L.102A
Dunham et al., 2013AJ....145...94D 2013AJ....145...94D
Kirk, J.M. et al., 2013MNRAS.432.1424K 2013MNRAS.432.1424K
Men'shchikov et al., 2012A&A...542A..81M 2012A&A...542A..81M
(End) Vera Konyves [CEA/Saclay, France], Patricia Vannier [CDS] 29-Jul-2015