J/A+A/603/A33 Temperature evolution in massive clumps (Giannetti+, 2017)
ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy:
V. Temperature structure and evolution.
Giannetti A., Leurini S., Wyrowski F., Urquhart J., Csengeri T.,
Menten K.M., Koenig C., Guesten R.
<Astron. Astrophys. 603, A33 (2017)>
=2017A&A...603A..33G 2017A&A...603A..33G (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium ; Molecular clouds ; Effective temperatures ;
Radial velocities
Keywords: ISM: molecules - stars: formation - stars: massive -
submillimeter: ISM - ISM: lines and bands
Abstract:
Observational identification of a solid evolutionary sequence for
high-mass star-forming regions is still missing. Spectroscopic
observations give the opportunity to test possible schemes and connect
the phases identified to physical processes.
We aim to use the progressive heating of the gas caused by the
feedback of high-mass young stellar objects to prove the statistical
validity of the most common schemes used to observationally define an
evolutionary sequence for high-mass clumps, and characterise the
sensitivity of different tracers to this process.
From the spectroscopic follow-ups carried out towards submillimeter
continuum (dust) emission-selected massive clumps (the ATLASGAL TOP100
sample) with the IRAM 30m, Mopra, and APEX telescopes between 84GHz
and 365GHz, we selected several multiplets of CH3N, CH3CH, and
CH3H emission lines to derive and compare the physical properties of
the gas in the clumps along the evolutionary sequence, fitting
simultaneously the large number of lines that these molecules have in
the observed band. Our findings are compared with results obtained
from optically thin CO isotopologues, dust, and ammonia from previous
studies on the same sample.
The chemical properties of each species have a major role on the
measured physical properties. Low temperatures are traced by ammonia,
methanol, and CO (in the early phases), the warm and dense envelope
can be probed with CH3N, CH3CH, and, in evolved sources where CO
is abundant in the gas phase, via its optically thin isotopologues.
CH3H and CH3N are also abundant in the hot cores, and we suggest
that their high-excitation transitions are good tools to study the
kinematics in the hot gas associated with the inner envelope
surrounding the young stellar objects that these clumps are hosting.
All tracers show, to different degrees according to their properties,
progressive warming with evolution. The relation between gas
temperature and the luminosity-to-mass (L/M) ratio is reproduced by a
simple toy model of a spherical, internally heated clump.
Description:
Properties of the clumps in the TOP100 sample of the ATLASGAL survey.
The high-mass clumps in this sample were observed as part of a large
spectroscopic follow-up campaign, carried out with the APEX 12-m, the
Mopra 22-m, and the IRAM 30-m telescopes.
We select line series of CH3CCH, CH3CN, and CH3OH, which are
fitted with MCWeeds to get temperatures and molecular column
densities; the complete results of this procedure are reported in the
following tables.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 101 102 Properties of the sources in the TOP100
tablea2.dat 82 101 Physical parameters for CH3CCH
tablea3.dat 87 101 Velocity and calibration factors for CH3CCH
tablea4.dat 84 101 Physical parameters of the cool component for
CH3CN
tablea5.dat 84 33 Physical parameters of the hot component for
CH3CN
tablea6.dat 87 101 Velocity and calibration factors for CH3CN
tablea7.dat 104 101 Physical parameters of the cool component for
CH3OH (The velocity and calibration factor
are also included)
tablea8.dat 84 34 Physical parameters of the hot component for
CH3OH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)
J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 27 F8.4 deg GLON Galactic longitude
29- 35 F7.4 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
37- 41 F5.2 kpc Dist Distance
43- 49 I7 Lsun Lbol Bolometric luminosity
51- 55 F5.1 100Msun Mass Mass
57- 61 F5.1 10+22cm-2 NH2 Peak column density of molecular hydrogen
63- 65 A3 --- Class Classification
67- 77 A11 --- obs-CH3CCH Observed in CH3CH?
79- 89 A11 --- obs-CH3CN Observed in CH3N?
91-101 A11 --- obs-CH3OH Observed in CH3H?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 23 F4.1 K T ?=- Temperature
25- 28 F4.1 K b_T ?=- Lower bound of the temperature
95% HPD interval
30- 33 F4.1 K B_T ?=- Upper bound of the temperature
95% HPD interval
35- 39 F5.2 cm-2 N ?=- Molecular column density
41- 45 F5.2 cm-2 b_N ?=- Lower bound of the column density
95% HPD interval
47- 51 F5.2 cm-2 B_N ?=- Upper bound of the column density
95% HPD interval
53- 57 F5.1 arcsec Diam ?=- Inferred diameter
59- 63 F5.1 arcsec b_Diam ?=- Lower bound of the inferred diameter
95% HPD interval
65- 69 F5.1 arcsec B_Diam ?=- Upper bound of the inferred diameter
95% HPD interval
71- 73 F3.1 km/s DV ?=- Line FWHM
75- 77 F3.1 km/s b_DV ?=- Lower bound of the line FWHM
95% HPD interval
79- 82 F4.1 km/s B_DV ?=- Upper bound of the line FWHM
95% HPD interval
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 26 F7.2 km/s Vlsr ?=- Radial velocity
28- 34 F7.2 km/s b_Vlsr ?=- Lower bound of the radial velocity
95% HPD interval
36- 42 F7.2 km/s B_Vlsr ?=- Upper bound of the radial velocity
95% HPD interval
44- 47 F4.2 --- CF54 ?=- Scaling factor for the 5-4 line series
49- 52 F4.2 --- b_CF54 ?=- Lower bound of the CF54 95% HPD interval
54- 57 F4.2 --- B_CF54 ?=- Upper bound of the CF54 95% HPD interval
59- 62 F4.2 --- CF65 ?=- Scaling factor for the 6-5 line series
64- 67 F4.2 --- b_CF65 ?=- Lower bound of the CF65 95% HPD interval
69- 72 F4.2 --- B_CF65 ?=- Upper bound of the CF65 95% HPD interval
74- 77 F4.2 --- CF2019 ?=- Scaling factor for the 20-19 line series
79- 82 F4.2 --- b_CF2019 ?=- Lower bound of the CF2019 95% HPD
interval
84- 87 F4.2 --- B_CF2019 ?=- Upper bound of the CF2019 95% HPD
interval
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 23 F4.1 K T ?=- Temperature (cool component)
25- 28 F4.1 K b_T ?=- Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
30- 33 F4.1 K B_T ?=- Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
35- 39 F5.2 cm-2 N ?=- Molecular column density (cool component)
41- 45 F5.2 cm-2 b_N ?=- Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
47- 51 F5.2 cm-2 B_N ?=- Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
53- 57 F5.1 arcsec Diam ?=- Inferred diameter (cool component)
59- 63 F5.1 arcsec b_Diam ?=- Lower bound of the inferred diameter 95%
HPD interval (cool component)
65- 69 F5.1 arcsec B_Diam ?=- Upper bound of the inferred diameter 95%
HPD interval (cool component)
71- 74 F4.1 km/s DV ?=- Line FWHM (cool component)
76- 79 F4.1 km/s b_DV ?=- Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
81- 84 F4.1 km/s B_DV ?=- Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat tablea8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 24 F5.1 K T Temperature (hot component)
26- 30 F5.1 K b_T Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
32- 36 F5.1 K B_T Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
38- 42 F5.2 cm-2 N Molecular column density (hot component)
44- 48 F5.2 cm-2 b_N Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
50- 54 F5.2 cm-2 B_N Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
56- 59 F4.2 arcsec Diam Inferred diameter (hot component)
61- 64 F4.2 arcsec b_Diam Lower bound of the inferred diameter 95%
HPD interval (hot component)
66- 69 F4.2 arcsec B_Diam Upper bound of the inferred diameter 95%
HPD interval (hot component)
71- 74 F4.1 km/s DV Line FWHM (hot component)
76- 79 F4.1 km/s b_DV Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
81- 84 F4.1 km/s B_DV Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (hot component)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 26 F7.2 km/s Vlsr ?=- Radial velocity
28- 34 F7.2 km/s b_Vlsr ?=- Lower bound of the radial velocity 95%
HPD interval
36- 42 F7.2 km/s B_Vlsr ?=- Upper bound of the radial velocity 95%
HPD interval
44- 47 F4.2 --- CF54 ?=- Scaling factor for the 5-4 line series
49- 52 F4.2 --- b_CF54 ?=- Lower bound of the CF54 95% HPD interval
54- 57 F4.2 --- B_CF54 ?=- Upper bound of the CF54 95% HPD interval
59- 62 F4.2 --- CF65 ?=- Scaling factor for the 6-5 line series
64- 67 F4.2 --- b_CF65 ?=- Lower bound of the CF65 95% HPD interval
69- 72 F4.2 --- B_CF65 ?=- Upper bound of the CF65 95% HPD interval
74- 77 F4.2 --- CF1918 ?=- Scaling factor for the 19-18 line series
79- 82 F4.2 --- b_CF1918 ?=- Lower bound of the CF1918 95% HPD
interval
84- 87 F4.2 --- B_CF1918 ?=- Upper bound of the CF1918 95% HPD
interval
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [AGAL]
5- 18 A14 --- AGAL AGAL source name (CSC) (LLLL.lll+BB.bbb)
20- 23 F4.1 K T ?=- Temperature (cool component)
25- 28 F4.1 K b_T ?=- Lower bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
30- 34 F5.1 K B_T ?=- Upper bound of the temperature 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
36- 40 F5.2 cm-2 N ?=- Molecular column density (cool component)
42- 46 F5.2 cm-2 b_N ?=- Lower bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
48- 52 F5.2 cm-2 B_N ?=- Upper bound of the column density 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
54- 56 F3.1 km/s DV ?=- Line FWHM (cool component)
58- 60 F3.1 km/s b_DV ?=- Lower bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
62- 65 F4.1 km/s B_DV ?=- Upper bound of the line FWHM 95% HPD
interval (cool component)
67- 73 F7.2 km/s Vlsr ?=- Radial velocity
75- 81 F7.2 km/s b_Vlsr ?=- Lower bound of the radial velocity 95%
HPD interval
83- 89 F7.2 km/s B_Vlsr ?=- Upper bound of the radial velocity 95%
HPD interval
91- 94 F4.2 --- CF ?=- Scaling factor for the methanol bands
96- 99 F4.2 --- b_CF ?=- Lower bound of the CF 95% HPD interval
101-104 F4.2 --- B_CF ?=- Upper bound of the CF 95% HPD interval
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Andrea Giannetti, agiannetti(at)mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
References:
Giannetti et al., Paper I 2014A&A...570A..65G 2014A&A...570A..65G, Cat. J/A+A/570/A65
Csengeri et al., Paper II 2016A&A...586A.149C 2016A&A...586A.149C, Cat. J/A+A/586/A149
(End) Andrea Giannetti [MPIfR,INAF-IRA], Patricia Vannier [CDS] 24-Mar-2017