J/A+A/616/A175 Red supergiant stars in the LMC. II. (Yang+, 2018)
Red supergiant stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
II. The infrared properties and mid-infrared variability.
Yang M., Bonanos A.Z., Jiang B.W., Gao J., Xue M.Y., Wang S., Lam M.I.,
Spetsieri Z.T., Ren Y., Gavras P.
<Astron. Astrophys. 616, A175 (2018)>
=2018A&A...616A.175Y 2018A&A...616A.175Y (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Infrared sources ; Magellanic Clouds ; Mass loss ;
Stars, late-type ; Stars, supergiant ; Stars, variable
Keywords: infrared: stars - Magellanic Clouds - stars: late-type -
stars: massive - stars: mass-loss - stars: variables: general
Abstract:
The characteristics of infrared properties and mid-infrared (MIR)
variability of red supergiant (RSG) stars in the Large Magellanic
Cloud (LMC) are analyzed based on 12 bands of near-infrared (NIR) to
MIR co-added data from 2MASS, Spitzer and WISE, and ∼6.6 years of
MIR time-series data collected by the ALLWISE and NEOWISE-R projects.
773 RSGs candidates are compiled from the literature and verified by
using the color-magnitude diagram (CMD), spectral energy distribution
(SED) and MIR variability. About 15% of valid targets in the
IRAC1-IRAC2/IRAC2-IRAC3 diagram may show Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAH) emission. We show that arbitrary dereddening Q
parameters related to the IRAC4, S9W, WISE3, WISE4 and MIPS24 bands
could be constructed based on a precise measurement of MIR
interstellar extinction law. Several peculiar outliers in our sample
are discussed, in which one outlier might be a RSG right before the
explosion or an extreme asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star in the very
late evolutionary stage based on the MIR spectrum and photometry.
There are 744 identified RSGs in the final sample having both the
WISE1- and WISE2-band time-series data. The results show that the MIR
variability is increasing along with the increasing of brightness.
There is a relatively tight correlation between the MIR variability,
mass loss rate (MLR; in terms of K_S-WISE3 color) and the warm
dust/continuum (in terms of WISE4 magnitude/flux), where the MIR
variability is evident for the targets with K_S-WISE3>1.0mag and
WISE4<6.5mag, while the rest of the targets show much smaller MIR
variability. The MIR variability is also correlated with the MLR for
which targets with larger variability also show larger MLR with an
approximate upper limit of -6.1M☉/yr. The variability and
luminosity may both be important for the MLR since the WISE4-band flux
is increasing exponentially along with the degeneracy of luminosity
and variability. The identified RSG sample has been compared with the
theoretical evolutionary models and shown that the discrepancy between
observation and evolutionary models can be mitigated by considering
both variability and extinction.
Description:
General information on the initial sample of 773 RSGs candidates in
the LMC. The co-added infrared data are collected from the Spitzer
Enhanced Imaging Products (SEIP) Source List, which contains sources
detected with a high signal-to-noise ratio (10-sigma level) in at
least one channel among 12 NIR to MIR bands of J, H, KS, IRAC1,
IRAC2, IRAC3, IRAC4, MIPS24, WISE1, WISE2, WISE3 and WISE4, from
2MASS, Spitzer and WISE. The long- (full time-scale) and short-term
(individual observation epoch) MIR variabilities of 744 identified
RSGs having both WISE1 and WISE2 time-series data from ALLWISE and
NEOWISE-R are calculated by using Median Absolute Deviation (MAD). The
MIR full amplitudes are also derived by means of Maxmag-Minmag.
Outliers are identified by using CMD, SED and MIR variability.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 368 773 General information of 773 RSGs candidates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)
J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)
J/A+A/578/A3 : MCs new survey of supergiants (Gonzalez-Fernandez+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/470/3250 : SAGE LMC point-sources classification (Jones+, 2017)
J/ApJ/727/53 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. I. (Yang+, 2011)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/773] Identifier
5- 13 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
15- 24 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
26- 34 F9.4 mag Jmag ?=-999 2MASS J-band magnitude (1)
36- 44 F9.4 mag e_Jmag ?=-999 2MASS J-band magnitude error (1)
46- 54 F9.4 mag Hmag ?=-999 2MASS H-band magnitude (1)
56- 64 F9.4 mag e_Hmag ?=-999 2MASS H-band magnitude error (1)
66- 74 F9.4 mag Ksmag ?=-999 2MASS Ks-band magnitude (1)
76- 84 F9.4 mag e_Ksmag ?=-999 2MASS Ks-band magnitude error (1)
86- 94 F9.4 mag IRAC1 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC1-band magnitude (1)
96-104 F9.4 mag e_IRAC1 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC1-band magnitude error (1)
106-114 F9.4 mag IRAC2 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC2-band magnitude (1)
116-124 F9.4 mag e_IRAC2 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC2-band magnitude error (1)
126-134 F9.4 mag IRAC3 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC3-band magnitude (1)
136-144 F9.4 mag e_IRAC3 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC3-band magnitude error (1)
146-154 F9.4 mag IRAC4 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC4-band magnitude (1)
156-164 F9.4 mag e_IRAC4 ?=-999 Spitzer IRAC4-band magnitude error (1)
166-174 F9.4 mag MIPS24 ?=-999 Spitzer MIPS24-band magnitude (1)
176-184 F9.4 mag e_MIPS24 ?=-999 Spitzer MIPS24-band magnitude error (1)
186-194 F9.4 mag WISE1 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band magnitude (1)
196-204 F9.4 mag e_WISE1 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band magnitude error (1)
206-214 F9.4 mag WISE2 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band magnitude (1)
216-224 F9.4 mag e_WISE2 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band magnitude error (1)
226-234 F9.4 mag WISE3 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE3-band magnitude (1)
236-244 F9.4 mag e_WISE3 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE3-band magnitude error (1)
246-254 F9.4 mag WISE4 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE4-band magnitude (1)
256-264 F9.4 mag e_WISE4 ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE4-band magnitude error (1)
266-274 F9.4 mag WISE1med ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band median magnitude (2)
276-284 F9.4 mag WISE1madl ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band long-term median
absolute deviation (2)
286-294 F9.4 mag WISE1mads ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band short-term
median absolute deviation (2)
296-304 F9.4 mag WISE1amp ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE1-band full amplitude (2)
306-314 F9.4 mag WISE2med ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band median magnitude (2)
316-324 F9.4 mag WISE2madl ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band long-term median
absolute deviation (2)
326-334 F9.4 mag WISE2mads ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band short-term
median absolute deviation (2)
336-344 F9.4 mag WISE2amp ?=-999 ALLWISE WISE2-band full amplitude (2)
346-348 A3 --- Com Outliers identified by different methods (3)
350-368 A19 --- Ref Reference(s) (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Targets without detection, or the errors of the upper limits (SNR<2;
only for the ALLWISE data) in each passband are assigned a null of -999.0.
Note (2): Targets not included in the final clean sample are assigned a null
of -999.0.
Note (3): Methods for outliers identification as follows:
C = CMD outlier (11 occurrences)
F = Foreground outlier (2 occurrences)
S = SED outlier (3 occurrences)
V = Variability outlier (5 occurrences)
Note (4): References as follows:
M03 = Massey & Olsen (2003AJ....126.2867M 2003AJ....126.2867M, Cat. J/AJ/126/2867)
Y11 = Yang & Jiang (2011ApJ...727...53Y 2011ApJ...727...53Y, Cat. J/ApJ/727/53)
N12 = Neugent et al. (2012ApJ...749..177N 2012ApJ...749..177N, Cat. J/ApJ/749/177)
G15 = Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. (2015A&A...578A...3G 2015A&A...578A...3G, Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
J17 = Jones et al. (2017MNRAS.470.3250J 2017MNRAS.470.3250J, Cat. J/MNRAS/470/3250)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
19-Sep-2018: Insert into VizieR
25-Oct-2018: Flags in Column "Com" added by the author.
Acknowledgements:
Ming Yang, myang(at)noa.gr
References:
Yang et al., Paper I 2011ApJ...727...53Y 2011ApJ...727...53Y, Cat. J/ApJ/727/53
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 25-Apr-2018