J/A+A/642/A153 SAGAN. I. New sample & multi-wavelength studies (Dabhade+, 2020)
Search and analysis of giant radio galaxies with associated nuclei (SAGAN).
I. New sample and multi-wavelength studies.
Dabhade P., Mahato M., Bagchi J., Saikia D.J., Combes F., Sankhyayan S.,
Roettgering H.J.A., Ho L.C., Gaikwad M., Raychaudhury S., Vaidya B.,
Guiderdoni B.
<Astron. Astrophys. 642, A153 (2020)>
=2020A&A...642A.153D 2020A&A...642A.153D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Galaxies, radio ; Radio continuum ; QSOs
Keywords: galaxies: active - galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: jets -
radio continuum: galaxies - quasars: general
Abstract:
We present the first results of a project called SAGAN, which is
dedicated solely to the studies of relatively rare megaparsec-scale
radio galaxies in the Universe, called giant radio galaxies (GRGs). We
have identified 162 new GRGs primarily from the NVSS with sizes
ranging from ∼0.71Mpc to 2.82Mpc in the redshift range of ∼0.03-0.95,
of which 23 are hosted by quasars (giant radio quasars, GRQs). As part
of the project SAGAN, we have created a database of all known GRGs,
the GRG catalogue, from the literature (including our new sample); it
includes 820 sources. For the first time, we present the
multi-wavelength properties of the largest sample of GRGs.
Our results establish that the distributions of the radio spectral
index and the black hole mass of GRGs do not differ from the
corresponding distributions of normal-sized radio galaxies (RGs).
However, GRGs have a lower Eddington ratio (ER) than RGs. Using the
mid-infrared data, we classified GRGs in terms of their accretion
mode: either a high-power radiatively efficient high-excitation state,
or a radiatively inefficient low-excitation state. We find that GRGs
in high-excitation state statistically have larger sizes, stronger
radio power, jet kinetic power, and higher ER than those in
low-excitation state. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation
between the ER and the scaled jet kinetic power, which suggests a
disc-jet coupling.
Our environmental study reveals that ∼10% of all GRGs may reside at
the centres of galaxy clusters, in a denser galactic environment,
while the majority appears to reside in a sparse environment. We find
that the probability of BCG as a GRG is quite low. We present new
results for GRGs that range from black hole mass to large-scale
environment properties. We discuss their formation and growth
scenarios, highlighting the key physical factors that cause them to
reach their gigantic size.
Description:
We presented a sample of 162 new GRGs (also called the SAGAN GRG
sample, or SGS for short) with a projected linear size above ∼0.7Mpc,
based on our searches in the NVSS. This investigation used the Proctor
(2016, Cat. J/ApJS/224/18) catalogue of probable GRG candidates and
employed a visual search for extended sources. The ancillary data from
radio surveys such as the FIRST, TGSS, WENSS, and VLASS were very
crucial in confirming the morphology of these sources.
TableA1.dat: The table lists general properties of SAGAN-I sample or
SGS. Col. (4) Class represents the host type- either galaxy or quasar.
Col. (22) contains redshift references given at the end of the table.
Column (23)- 'FR' lists the morphological type of the sources:
I represents FR-I type, II represents FR-II type, HM represents
probable HyMoRS type, and RM represents remnant galaxy.
TableA2.dat: The table lists the black hole properties, radio core and
jet kinetic power of the SAGAN GRG Sample (SGS). Col.(1): serial
number, Col.(4) : GRG name, Col.(5) : galaxy or quasar type host,
Col.(6) sigma : velocity dispersion (km/s) of host galaxies of GRGs,
Col. (8) MBh: central black hole mass (10^9 Msun) estimated from the
M-sigma relation, Col. (10) S_c: core flux density at 1400 MHz
(FIRST), Col. (12) Lambda_Edd : Eddington ratio, and Col. (13) Q_Jet
is the jet kinetic power.
TableA3.dat:The table lists the jet kinetic power and black hole
properties of GRGs from GRG catalogue as discussed in Section 5.4.
Col. (1) indicates the sample from which the GRGs originate, where
'Others' refers to GRGs from the GRG catalogue that are not part of
LoTSS or SGS. Col (6) consists of the jet kinetic power (Q_Jet). Col.
(8) lists MBh : the central black hole mass (109M☉) estimated
from the M-sigma relation. Col. (10) includes the B_Edd: Eddington
magnetic field (104Gauss), and Col. (12) lists the estimated GRG
spin.
TableA4.dat: The table lists the properties of the GRGs residing in
centre of cluster or BCGs. RA and Dec represent the right ascension
and declination of the GRG host galaxies in HMS and DMS, respectively.
Col. 5 shows the mr of the BCGs. Parameters such as r200 and RL*
have been obtained from the WHL galaxy cluster catalogue, and M200
has been estimated using equation 2 of Wen et al.
(2012ApJS..199...34W 2012ApJS..199...34W). R200 is the virial radius (Mpc) of the galaxy
cluster, M200 is the mass (1014M☉) of the cluster within
r200, and N200 is the number of galaxies present within r200.
Column 11 shows the comoving number density of galaxies within r200.
Col. 12 includes the ratio of half of the linear extent of the source
to the virial radius.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 149 162 General properties of SAGAN-I sample (SGS)
tablea2.dat 107 162 Black hole properties, radio core and jet
kinetic power of the SAGAN GRG Sample (SGS)
tablea3.dat 101 95 Jet kinetic power and black hole properties of
GRGs from GRG catalogue
tablea4.dat 87 18 Properties of the GRGs residing in centre of
cluster or BCGs
grs.dat 162 657 *An update to the catalogue of giant radio
galaxies and quasars (up to March 2020)
(added on 08-Nov-2022)
rs.dat 162 105 A catalogue of radio sources with accurate sizes
and other properties (added on 08-Nov-2022)
refs.dat 232 92 References for grs.dat and rs.dat tables
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Note on grs.dat: All the sources were re-inspected (manually) using new radio
data from LoFAR surveys and VLASS. Sources which were found to be less than
700kpc in total projected size were moved to the RS catalogue and have been
made public along with the GRS catalogue.
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See also:
VIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)
J/ApJS/224/18 : Identify giant radio sources from the NVSS (Proctor, 2016)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- No [1/162] Serial Number
5- 6 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
8- 9 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
11- 15 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
17 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
24- 28 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
30 A1 --- Class [G/Q] Object Type (G = Galaxy and Q = Quasar)
32- 36 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Apparent r band magnitude of the
host galaxy
38- 41 F4.2 mag e_rmag ?=- Apparent r band magnitude error of the
host galaxy
43- 49 F7.5 --- z Redshift of the host galaxy
51- 57 F7.5 --- e_z Redshift error of the host galaxy
59- 61 A3 --- f_z [spz pz] Redshift Type (1)
63- 67 F5.2 arcmin asize Total Angular size of GRG
69- 72 F4.2 Mpc size Total Projected linear size of GRG
74- 80 F7.2 mJy S1400 Integrated Flux of the GRG at 1400MHz
82- 87 F6.2 mJy e_S1400 Integrated Flux error of the GRG at 1400MHz
90- 94 F5.2 10+25W/Hz P1400 Radio Power of the GRG at 1400MHz
96-100 F5.2 10+25W/Hz e_P1400 Radio Power error of the GRG at 1400MHz
102-109 F8.2 mJy S150 ?=- Integrated Flux of the GRG at 150MHz
111-117 F7.2 mJy e_S150 ?=- Integrated Flux error of the GRG
at 150MHz
120-125 F6.2 10+25W/Hz P150 ?=- Radio Power of the GRG at 150MHz
127-132 F6.2 10+25W/Hz e_P150 ?=- Radio Power error of the GRG at 150MHz
134-137 F4.2 --- SI ?=- Spectral Index between 150MHz and 1400MHz
139-142 F4.2 --- e_SI ?=- Spectral Index error
144-145 I2 --- r_z ? Redshift references for GRGs (2)
147-149 A3 --- Morph Fanaroff-Riley Type I and II or
HyMoRS or Remnant
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Note (1): Redshift Type as follows:
spz = sdss-spectroscopic redshift measurement from SDSS
phz = sdss-photometric redshift measurement from SDSS
Note (2): References as follows:
1 = SDSS
2 = 6dF, Cat. VII/249
3 = 2dF, Cat. VII/250
4 = 2MASS, Cat. II/246
5 = Delli Veneri et al., 2019, Cat. J/MNRAS/486/1377
6 = Gao et al. 2018, Cat. J/ApJ/862/12
7 = McCarthy et al. 1996, Cat. J/ApJS/107/19
8 = Dressler & Schectman 1998, Cat. J/AJ/95/284
9 = Best et al., 1999MNRAS.310..223B 1999MNRAS.310..223B
10 = Caretta et al. 2004, Cat. J/AJ/128/2642
11 = Danziger & Goss, 1983MNRAS.202..703D 1983MNRAS.202..703D
12 = Drake et al., 2004AJ....128..955D 2004AJ....128..955D
13 = Grupe et al., 1998A&A...330...25G 1998A&A...330...25G
14 = Ho & Kim, 2009ApJS..184..398H 2009ApJS..184..398H
15 = Machalski, 1977A&AS...28..153A 1977A&AS...28..153A
16 = Kaldare et al., 2003, Cat. J/MNRAS/339/652
17 = McGreer et al., 2009AJ....138.1925M 2009AJ....138.1925M
18 = Ratcliffe et al., 1998, Cat. J/MNRAS/300/417
19 = Veron-Cetty and Veron, 2006A&A...455..773V 2006A&A...455..773V, Cat. VII/248
20 = Wei et al., 1998A&A...329..511W 1998A&A...329..511W
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- No [1/162] Serial Number
5- 6 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
8- 9 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
11- 15 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
17 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
24- 28 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
30- 54 A25 --- Name Name of SGS GRG (SAGANJHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.ss)
56 A1 --- Class [G/Q] Object Type (G = Galaxy and Q = Quasar)
58- 63 F6.2 km/s sigma ?=- Velocity dispersion obtained from SDSS
65- 69 F5.2 km/s e_sigma ?=- Velocity dispersion error obtained from
SDSS
71- 74 F4.2 10+9Msun MBH ?=- Black hole mass
76- 79 F4.2 10+9Msun e_MBH ?=- Black hole mass error
81- 86 F6.2 mJy Sc1400 ?=- Radio core flux from FIRST at 1.4GHz
88- 92 F5.2 mJy e_Sc1400 ?=- Radio core flux error from FIRST at 1.4GHz
94-100 F7.2 --- ER ?=- Eddington Ratio
102-107 F6.2 10+36W Qjet ?=- Jet Kinetic Power derived from 150MHz
luminosity (1043erg/s)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 6 A6 --- Sample Sample name, where SGS=SAGAN GRG Sample
8- 9 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
11- 12 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
14- 18 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
20 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
21- 22 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
24- 25 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
27- 31 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
33- 43 F11.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000.0)
45- 54 F10.7 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000.0)
56- 60 F5.2 10+36W Qjet Jet Kinetic Power derived from 150MHz
luminosity (1043erg/s)
62- 66 F5.2 10+36W e_Qjet Jet Kinetic Power error (1043erg/s)
68- 71 F4.2 10+9Msun MBH Black hole mass
73- 76 F4.2 10+9Msun e_MBH Black hole mass error
78- 82 F5.2 10+4gauss Bedd Maximum magnetic field derived from MBH
84- 87 F4.2 10+4gauss e_Bedd Magnetic field error
89- 94 F6.4 --- Spin Black hole spin
96-101 F6.4 --- e_Spin Black hole spin error
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 --- No [1/18] Serial Number
4- 19 A16 --- Cluster WHL cluster name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS) (1)
21- 22 I2 h RAh GRG Right ascension (J2000.0)
24- 25 I2 min RAm GRG Right ascension (J2000.0)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs GRG Right ascension (J2000.0)
33 A1 --- DE- GRG Declination sign (J2000.0)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd GRG Declination (J2000.0)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm GRG Declination (J2000.0)
40- 44 F5.2 arcsec DEs GRG Declination (J2000.0)
46- 50 F5.2 mag rmag Apparent r band magnitude of the host
galaxy (BCG)
52- 58 F7.5 --- z Redshift of the cluster
60- 63 F4.2 Mpc r200 Viral radius of the cluster
65- 69 F5.2 --- RL* Richness parameter of the cluster
71- 74 F4.2 10+14Msun M200 Mass of the cluster within r200
76- 77 I2 --- N200 Number of galaxies in the cluster
79- 82 F4.2 Mpc-3 Density Comoving number density of galaxies with r200
84- 87 F4.2 --- Ratio Linear extent of GRG/ virial radius
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Note (1): WHL cluster catalogue is from Wen et al., 2012, Cat. J/ApJS/199/34 and
GMBCG Catalogue is from Hao et al., 2010, Cat. J/ApJS/191/254.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: grs.dat rs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- SrNo Sequential number
6- 7 I2 --- Authors Reporting paper first author name & year,
in refs.dat file
9- 11 A3 --- HostType HostType (1)
13- 14 I2 h RAh Right ascension of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
16- 17 I2 min RAm Right ascension of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
19- 24 F6.3 s RAs Right ascension of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
26 A1 --- DE- Declination sign of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
27- 28 I2 deg DEd Declination of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Declination of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
33- 38 F6.3 arcsec DEs Declination of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
40- 51 F12.8 deg RAdeg Right ascension of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
53- 66 F14.10 deg DEdeg Declination of host galaxy/quasar (J2000)
68- 72 F5.2 arcmin asize Final total size of source in arcminutes
74- 83 A10 --- SMT9 Size measurement type (2)
85- 91 A7 --- Type Morphological type (3)
93-103 A11 --- Survey Describes the radio sky survey from which size
measurements are done (4)
105-109 F5.3 Mpc size Total size of source in Mpc using the asize
and DC with Ho=67.8km/s/Mpc cosmology
111-117 F7.5 --- z Redshift
119-121 A3 --- z-type Type of measurement
(Spz=Spectroscopic, Pz= Photometric)
124-125 I2 --- r_z Reference for redshift, either paper or
survey, in refs.dat file
127-134 F8.2 Mpc DL Luminosity distance
136-142 F7.2 Mpc Dc Comoving distance
144-151 F8.2 mJy FNVSS ?=- Total integrated flux for the source
from NVSS (1.4 GHz)
153-162 F10.4 mJy F150 ?=- Total integrated flux (at ∼150MHz ) for
the source from either LoTSS or TGSS
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Note (1): Host Type as follows:
G = Galaxies
Q = Quasars
BCG = Brightest cluster galaxy
Note (2): In case of FRI, largest angular size (LAS) is taken and similar for
FRII sources with significant emission seen beyond the hotspots.
For standard FRII sources hotspot to hotspot (HS2HS), measurement is taken as
the total size. For sources with Hybrid morphology or HyMORS, the
Hybrid_LAS has been used where the distance is measured from the hotspot
(FRII side) to the end of the lobe/plume on FRI side.
Note (3): FRI, FRII, double-double (DDRG), HyMORS is hybrid morphology.
The addition of 'C' to the classification refers to candidate sources.
WAT: Wide angle-tailed radio source.
"?" signifies that the source could not be classified with certainty into any
of the classes with the available data.
Note (4): "-" in the survey column represents the measurements taken from
respective reporting papers. The radio sky surveys used for measurements are
NVSS, VLASS, FIRST, TGSS and LoTSS. "LoTSS_high" (6") and "LoTSS_low" (20")
indicate measurements taken from LoTSS high-resolution and LoTSS
low-resolution data respectively.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference code
4- 22 A19 --- BibCoe BibCode
24- 56 A33 --- Aut Author's name
58-232 A175 --- Com Comments
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Acknowledgements:
Pratik Dabhade, pratikdabhade13(at)gmail.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 05-Oct-2020