J/A+A/642/A216 Five Herbig-Haro objects SOFIA/FIFI-LS images (Sperling+, 2020)
Probing the hidden atomic gas in Class I jets with SOFIA.
Sperling T., Eisloeffel J., Fischer C., Nisini B., Giannini T., Krabbe A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 642, A216 (2020)>
=2020A&A...642A.216S 2020A&A...642A.216S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, pre-main sequence ; Infrared
Keywords: stars: formation - stars: mass loss - ISM: jets and outflows -
ISM: Herbig-Haro objects
Abstract:
We present SOFIA/FIFI-LS observations of five prototypical, low-mass
Class I outflows (HH111, SVS13, HH26, HH34, HH30) in the far-infrared
[OI]63um and [OI]145um transitions.
Spectroscopic [OI]63um,145um maps enable us to study the spatial
extent of warm, low-excitation atomic gas within outflows driven by
Class I protostars. These [OI] maps may potentially allow us to
measure the mass-loss rates (dM/dtjet) of this warm component of the
atomic jet. A fundamental tracer of warm (i.e. T∼500-1500K),
low-excitation atomic gas is the [OI]63um emission line, which is
predicted to be the main coolant of dense dissociative J-type shocks
caused by decelerated wind or jet shocks associated with protostellar
outflows. Under these conditions, the [O I]63um line can be directly
connected to the instantaneous mass ejection rate.Thus, by utilising
spectroscopic [OI]63um maps, we wish to determine the atomic mass flux
rate dM/dtjet ejected from our target outflows.
Strong [OI]63um emission is detected at the driving sources HH111IRS,
HH34IRS, SVS13, as well as at the bow shock region, HH7. The detection
of the [OI]63um line at HH26A and HH8/HH10 can be attributed to jet
deflection regions. The far-infrared counterpart of the optical jet is
detected in [OI]63um only for HH111, but not for HH34. We interpret
the [OI]63um emission at HH111IRS, HH34IRS, and SVS13 to be coming
primarily from a decelerated wind shock, whereas multiple internal
shocks within the HH111 jet may cause most of the [O I]63um emission
seen there. At HH30, no [O I]63um,145um was detected. The [OI]145um
line detection is at noise level almost everywhere in our obtained
maps. The observed outflow rates of our Class I sample are to the
order of dM/dtjet∼10-6M☉/yr, if proper shock conditions
prevail. Independent calculations connecting the [OI]63um line
luminosity and observable jet parameters with the mass-loss rate are
consistent with the applied shock model and lead to similar mass-loss
rates. Wediscuss applicability and caveats of both methods.
High-quality spectroscopic [OI]63um maps of protostellar outflows at
the jet driving source potentially allow a clear determination of the
mass ejection rate.
Description:
All five prototypical Class I objects (HH111, SVS13, HH26,HH34, HH30:
see Table 1 & 2) were mapped along their outflow axes at the
[OI]63.1852um (4.7448THz) and the [OI]145.535um (2.060THz)
far-infrared fine structure lines with the FIFI-LS instrument operating
aboard the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA).
SOFIA is a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft with a 2.5m telescope
(effective aperture) and has a nominal pointing accuracy of 0.5".
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 64 5 Target information
table2.dat 31 5 SOFIA flight information and chosen ATRAN
parameters for the five observed targets
list.dat 95 40 List of fits images
fits/* . 40 Individual fits images
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Source Source name
11- 24 A14 --- Cloud Cloud name
26- 27 I2 h RAh 2MASS Right ascension (J2000)
29- 30 I2 min RAm 2MASS Right ascension (J2000)
32- 35 F4.1 s RAs 2MASS Right ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- 2MASS Declination sign (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd 2MASS Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm 2MASS Declination (J2000)
44- 45 I2 arcsec DEs 2MASS Declination (J2000)
47- 49 I3 pc Dist Distance (1)
51- 54 F4.1 Lsun Lbol Bolemetric luminosity, or lower value of
bolometric luminosity interval (2)
55 A1 --- --- [-]
56- 59 F4.1 Lsun Lbol2 ? Upper value of bolometric luminosity interval
60 A1 --- n_Lbol [defgh] Note on Lbol (3)
62- 64 I3 deg PA Position angle
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Note (1): Distance rounded from Zucker et al. (2019, arXiv:1902.01425) based on
GAIA DR2, except SVS13, taken from Hirota et al. (2008PASJ...60...37H 2008PASJ...60...37H,
2011PASJ...63....1H 2011PASJ...63....1H) and based on VLBI observations of the associated maser
Note (2): we correct the luminosities taken from the cited papers for our
assumed distances: Lbol=(Dadopted/Dpaper)2Lbolpaper.
Note (3): Notes as follows:
d = Reipurth (1989Natur.340...42R 1989Natur.340...42R), Lbol/L☉=25 at 460pc
e = Cohen et al. (1985ApJ...296..633C 1985ApJ...296..633C) measures Lbol/L☉=66, whereas
Reipurth et al. (1993A&A...273..221R 1993A&A...273..221R) and Harvey et al.
(1998ApJ...499..294H 1998ApJ...499..294H) give Lbol/L=☉80 at 350pc in each case.
More recently, Tobin et al. (2016, Cat. J/ApJ/818/73) measured
Lbol/L☉=32.5 at 230pc
f = Antoniucci et al. (2008A&A...479..503A 2008A&A...479..503A),Lbol/L☉=4.6-9.2 at 450pc
g = Antoniucci et al. (2008A&A...479..503A 2008A&A...479..503A),Lbol/L☉=12.4-19.9 at 460pc
h = Wood et al. (2002ApJ...564..887W 2002ApJ...564..887W), Cotera et al. (2001ApJ...556..958C 2001ApJ...556..958C),
Molinari et al. (1993, Cat. J/A+AS/101/59)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 5 A5 --- Name Object name
7- 16 A10 "date" Obs.date Observation date
18- 20 I3 --- Flight Flight number
22- 23 I2 min Obs.time Total effective on source integration time
25- 26 I2 deg theta Zenith angle
28- 29 I2 --- H Flight height (in kft unit)
31 I1 um wvp Water vapour overburden
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: list.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension of center (J2000)
10- 18 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination of center (J2000)
20- 21 I2 --- Nx Number of pixels along X-axis
23- 25 I3 --- Ny Number of pixels along Y-axis
27- 28 I2 Kibyte size Size of FITS file
30- 61 A32 --- FileName Name of FITS file, in subdirectory fits
63- 95 A33 --- Title Title of the FITS file
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Acknowledgements:
Thomas Sperling, thomas(at)tls-tautenburg.de
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 15-Oct-2020