J/A+A/657/A9 Virgo Filaments. I. CO and HI data (Castignani+, 2022)
Virgo Filaments.
I. Processing of gas in cosmological filaments around Virgo cluster.
Castignani G., Combes F., Jablonka P., Finn R.A., Rudnick G., Vulcani B.,
Desai V., Zaritsky D., Salome P.
<Astron. Astrophys. 657, A9 (2022)>
=2022A&A...657A...9C 2022A&A...657A...9C (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Galaxies ; H I data ; Carbon monoxide ;
Spectra, radio
Keywords: galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: star formation -
molecular data - ISM: general
Abstract:
It is now well established that galaxies have different morphology,
gas content and star formation rate in dense environments like galaxy
clusters. The impact of environmental density extends to several
virial radii, and galaxies appear to be pre-processed in filaments and
groups, before falling into the cluster. Our goal is to quantify this
pre-processing, in terms of gas content, and star formation rate, as a
function of density in cosmic filaments. We have observed the two
first CO transitions in 163 galaxies with the IRAM-30m telescope, and
added 82 more measurements from the literature, for a sample of 245
galaxies in the filaments around Virgo cluster. We gathered HI-21cm
measurements from the literature, and observed 69 galaxies with the
Nancay telescope, to complete our sample. We compare our filament
galaxies with comparable samples from the Virgo cluster and with the
isolated galaxies of the AMIGA sample. We find a clear progression
from field galaxies to filament and cluster ones for decreasing star
formation rate, increasing fraction of galaxies in the quenching
phase, increasing proportion of early-type galaxies and decreasing gas
content. Galaxies in the quenching phase, defined as having star
formation rate below one third of the main sequence rate, are only
between 0-20% in the isolated sample, according to local galaxy
density, while they are 20-60% in the filaments and 30-80% in the
Virgo cluster. Processes that lead to star formation quenching are
already at play in filaments. They depend mostly on the local galaxy
density, while the distance to the filament spine is a secondary
parameter. While the HI to stellar mass ratio decreases with local
density by an order of magnitude in the filaments, and two orders of
magnitude in the Virgo cluster with respect to the field, the decrease
is much less for the H2 to stellar mass ratio. As the environmental
density increases, the gas depletion time decreases, since the gas
content decreases faster than the star formation rate. This suggests
that gas depletion significantly precedes star formation quenching.
Description:
We compiled a large sample of galaxies around Virgo, which have been
selected within the following J2000 coordinate ranges of
100deg<R.A<280deg and -35deg<Dec<75deg, around Virgo cluster, whose
center is at (R.A. ; Dec.) = (187.70; 12.34)deg. We further limited
ourselves to sources with heliocentric velocities VH<3300km/s.
The large majority (163/245, i.e., 67%) of the sources in our sample
were observed by us at the IRAM-30m telescope at Pico Veleta, Granada,
Spain, during October and December 2016, then March and July 2017. For
each source we observed both CO(1-->0) and CO(2-->1), simultaneously.
The full width at half power (FWHP) beam size is 23 arcsec and
12-arcsec at the CO(1-->0) and CO(2-->1) frequencies of 115GHz and
230GHz, respectively. Our targets have recession velocities between
1000 and 3000km/s.
New HI observations of 69 galaxies in the filamentary structures
around Virgo were obtained using the Nancay decimetric radio
telescope and 1024-channel autocorrelator spectrometer between January
and December 2017.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 162 245 Environmental properties for the filament
galaxies in the sample
tablea2.dat 113 245 Properties of our sample of filament galaxies
tablea3.dat 113 134 CO results from the literature
tablea4.dat 104 340 CO results of our IRAM-30m campaign
tablea5.dat 80 256 HI results from our campaign and the literature
tablea6.dat 152 245 Summary of molecular and atomic gas properties
for our sample of filament galaxies
listsp.dat 43 340 List of CO and HI spectra
spco/* . 294 Individual CO spectra as in Fig. B1
sphi/* . 46 Individual HI spectra as in Fig. B2
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name
12- 13 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
15- 16 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
18- 22 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
24 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
37- 42 F6.2 Mpc SGX Super Galactic X coordinate in Mpc/h
44- 48 F5.2 Mpc SGY Super Galactic Y coordinate in Mpc/h
50- 55 F6.2 Mpc SGZ Super Galactic Z coordinate in Mpc/h
57- 70 A14 --- Fil Filament name
72- 76 F5.2 Mpc dfil3D Distance of the galaxy to the filament
spine, estimated in 3D, in Mpc/h
77- 80 A4 --- --- [(3D)]
82- 86 F5.2 Mpc dclust3D Distance of the galaxy to the Virgo
cluster, estimated in 3D, Mpc/h
87- 90 A4 --- --- [(3D)]
92- 96 F5.2 Mpc dfil2D Distance of the galaxy to the filament
spine, estimated in 2D, in Mpc/h
97-100 A4 --- --- [(2D)]
102-106 F5.2 Mpc dclust2D Distance of the galaxy to the Virgo
cluster, estimated in 2D, Mpc/h
107-110 A4 --- --- [(2D)]
112-113 I2 deg theta Orientation between the major axis of the
galaxy and the direction of the
filament spine, θalignment
115-121 I7 --- Group ?=- Group PGC ID (1)
123-124 I2 --- Richness ?=- Richness (1)
126-130 F5.2 [Msun] log(Mgroup) ?=- Group mass (1)
132-136 F5.2 [Mpc-2] log(n5-2D) 2D local density in (h2/Mpc2)
137 A1 --- --- [+]
138-141 F4.2 [Mpc-2] E_log(n5-2D) Error on 2D local density, upper value,
in (h2/Mpc2)
142 A1 --- --- [-]
143-146 F4.2 [Mpc-2] e_log(n5-2D) Error on 2D local density, lower value,
in (h2/Mpc2)
148-152 F5.2 [Mpc-3] log(n5-3D) 3D local density in (h3/Mpc3)
153 A1 --- --- [+]
154-157 F4.2 [Mpc-3] E_log(n5-3D) Error on 3D local density, upper value,
in (h3/Mpc3)
158 A1 --- --- [-]
159-162 F4.2 [Mpc-3] e_log(n5-3D) Error on 3D local density, lower value,
in (h3/Mpc3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Group PGC ID, richness, and mass, from Kourkchi & Tully
(2017ApJ...843...16K 2017ApJ...843...16K, Cat. J/ApJ/843/16), where values equal to "---"
denote galaxies not included in their group catalog.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name
12- 13 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
15- 16 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
18- 22 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
24 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
25- 26 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
28- 29 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
37- 40 I4 km/s HV Heliocentric radial velocity
42- 45 I4 km/s Vcosmic Cosmic radial velocity
46 A1 --- n_Vcosmic [a] Note on Vcosmic (1)
48- 51 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] log(D25) D25 diameter, from HyperLeda
53- 56 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] e_log(D25) Error on D25 diameter
58- 61 F4.1 deg i Inclination, from HyperLeda
63- 65 I3 deg PA Position angle, from HyperLeda
66 A1 --- n_PA [b] Note on PA (1)
68- 72 F5.2 [Msun] log(M*) Stellar mass, from Leroy et al.
(2019ApJS..244...24L 2019ApJS..244...24L)
74- 77 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(M*) Stellar mass error
78 A1 --- n_log(M*) [c] Note on log(M*) (1)
80- 84 F5.2 [Msun/yr] log(SFR) Star formation rate, from Leroy
et al. (2019ApJS..244...24L 2019ApJS..244...24L)
86- 89 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_log(SFR) Error on star formation rate,
upper value
91- 94 F4.2 [Msun/yr] e_log(SFR) Error on star formation rate,
lower value
95 A1 --- n_log(SFR) [defg] Note on log(SFR) (1)
97-101 F5.2 [-] log(SFR/SFRMS) SFR normalized to the value of the
main sequence SFRMS, following
the MS prescription by Leroy
et al. (2019ApJS..244...24L 2019ApJS..244...24L)
103-109 A7 --- Morph Morphology, from HyperLeda
110-113 F4.1 --- TType de Vaucouleurs classification
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Notes as follows:
a = Recession velocities inferred from redshift independent distances
b = Position Angles estimated by inspection of optical images from Aladin Lite
and Legacy Survey databases
c = Stellar masses from Nasa Sloan Atlas
d = SFR from Chang et al., 2015ApJS..219....8C 2015ApJS..219....8C, Cat. J/ApJS/219/8
e = SFR from the DustPedia-CIGALE archive
f = SFR by Mayya & Romano (2002ASSL..274..155M 2002ASSL..274..155M) for the ring galaxy NGC 2793
g = SFR estimated using W4 WISE emission and the Calzetti (Star Formation Rate
Indicators, Proceedings of the XXIII Canary Islands Winter School of
Astrophysics: 'Secular Evolution of Galaxies', edited by J.
Falcon-Barroso and J.H. Knapen) relation for PGC 049386
(i.e., CGCG 219-021)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name
12- 16 F5.2 Mpc Dist Distance
17 A1 --- n_Dist [a] a for redshift independent
distance
19- 22 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] log(D25) D25 diameter
24- 27 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] e_log(D25) Error on D25 diameter
29- 33 A5 --- COtrans CO(J-->J-1) transition
(1-->0, 2-->1 or 3-->2)
35- 38 F4.2 --- fap ?=- Filling factor, which is not
reported in the cases where the CO
observations correspond to multiple
pointings or maps
40 A1 --- l_log(L'CO) 3σ upper limit flag on
log(L'CO)
41- 44 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] log(L'CO) log velocity integrated CO(J-->J-1)
luminosity
46- 49 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] E_log(L'CO) ? Error on log(L'CO), upper value
51- 54 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] e_log(L'CO) ? Error on log(L'CO), lower value
55 A1 --- n_log(L'CO) [b] b for tentative detections with
SNR<3
57- 61 F5.3 --- rJ1 ?=- Excitation ratio
63- 67 F5.3 --- e_rJ1 ? Excitation ratio error
68 A1 --- l_log(MH2) 3σ upper limit flag on log(MH2)
69- 72 F4.2 [Msun] log(MH2) ? Total H2 gas mass
74- 77 F4.2 [Msun] E_log(MH2) ? Error on total H2 gas mass,
upper value
79- 82 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(MH2) ? Error on total H2 gas mass,
lower value
85- 97 A13 --- Tel Telescope
99-113 A15 --- Ref Reference (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References as follows:
Alatalo2013 = Alatalo et al. (2013MNRAS.432.1796A 2013MNRAS.432.1796A)
Boselli2014 = Boselli et al., 2014A&A...564A..65B 2014A&A...564A..65B, Cat. J/A+A/564/A65,
and 2014A&A...564A..67B 2014A&A...564A..67B
Braine1993 = Braine et al. (1993A&AS...97..887B 1993A&AS...97..887B)
Combes2007 = Combes et al. (2007MNRAS.377.1795C 2007MNRAS.377.1795C)
Lisenfeld2011 = Lisenfeld et al. (2011A&A...534A.102L 2011A&A...534A.102L, Cat. J/A+A/534/A102)
OSullivan2015 = O'sullivan et al. (2015A&A...573A.111O 2015A&A...573A.111O, Cat. J/A+A/573/A111)
OSullivan2018 = O'sullivan et al. (2018A&A...618A.126O 2018A&A...618A.126O, Cat. J/A+A/618/A126)
Sage1993 = Sage (1993A&A...272..123S 1993A&A...272..123S)
Vila-Vilaro2015 = Vila-vilaro et al. (2015ApJS..218...28V 2015ApJS..218...28V)
WelchSage2003 = Welch & Sage (2003ApJ...584..260W 2003ApJ...584..260W)
Wilson2012 = Wilson et al. (2012MNRAS.424.3050W 2012MNRAS.424.3050W)
Young1995 = Young et al. (1995ApJS...98..219Y 1995ApJS...98..219Y)
Young2011 = Young et al. (2011MNRAS.414..940Y 2011MNRAS.414..940Y, Cat. J/MNRAS/414/940)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name (1)
12- 16 F5.2 Mpc Dist Distance
17 A1 --- n_Dist [a] a for redshift independent
distance
19- 22 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] log(D25) D25 diameter
24- 27 F4.2 [0.1arcmin] e_log(D25) rms uncertainty on D25 diameter
29- 33 A5 --- COtrans CO(J-->J-1) transition
(1-->0 or 2-->1)
35 A1 --- l_SCOD 3σ upper limit flag on SCOD (2)
36- 41 F6.2 Jy.km/s SCOD Observed velocity integrated flux,
not aperture corrected
43- 46 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_SCOD ? rms uncertainty on observed velocity
integrated flux
49- 52 F4.2 --- fap Filling factor
55- 57 I3 km/s FWHM ?=- FWHM of the CO(J-->J-1) line
59- 60 I2 km/s e_FWHM ?=- rms uncertainty on FWHM of the
CO(J-->J-1) line
62 A1 --- l_log(L'CO) 3σ upper limit flag on
log(L'CO) (2)
63- 66 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] log(L'CO) Velocity integrated CO(J-->J-1)
luminosity
68- 71 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] E_log(L'CO) ? Error on log(L'CO), upper value
73- 76 F4.2 [K.(km/s).pc2] e_log(L'CO) ? Error on log(L'CO), lower value
77 A1 --- n_log(L'CO) [b] b for tentative detections
with SNR<3
79 A1 --- l_r21 3σ upper limit flag on r21 (2)
80- 83 F4.2 --- r21 ?=- Excitation ratio
85- 88 F4.2 --- e_r21 ? rms uncertainty on excitation ratio
90 A1 --- l_log(MH2) 3σ upper limit flag on
log(MH2) (2)
91- 94 F4.2 [Msun] log(MH2) ? Total H2 gas mass
96- 99 F4.2 [Msun] E_log(MH2) ? Error on log(MH2), upper value
101-104 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(MH2) ? Error on log(MH2), lower value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The last seven sources were observed as part of our IRAM-30m campaign,
but subsequently excluded from our sample of filament galaxies.
See text for further details.
Note (2): The reported upper limits are at 3σ and calculated at a
resolution of 300km/s.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name (1)
12- 16 F5.2 Mpc Dist Distance
17 A1 --- n_Dist [a] a for redshift independent distance
19 A1 --- l_SHI 3 σ upper limit flag on SHI
20- 25 F6.2 Jy.km/s SHI Velocity integrated HI flux
27- 31 F5.2 Jy.km/s e_SHI ? rms uncertainty on velocity integrated
HI flux
32 A1 --- n_SHI [b] b for tentative HI detections with
SNR<3 from our campaign at Nancay
34- 36 I3 km/s W50 ?=- HI line width, reported only for
detections from our campaign
38- 40 I3 km/s e_W50 ? rms uncertainty on HI line width
42 A1 --- l_log(MHI) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(MHI)
43- 47 F5.2 [Msun] log(MHI) HI mass
49- 52 F4.2 [Msun] E_log(MHI) ? Error on HI mass, upper value
54- 57 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(MHI) ? Error on HI mass, lower value
59- 80 A22 --- Ref Reference (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The last 11 sources were observed as part of our campaign at Nancay,
but subsequently excluded from our sample of filament galaxies.
See text for further details.
Note (2): References as follows:
Grossi2009 = Grossi et al. (2009A&A...498..407G 2009A&A...498..407G)
Huchtmeier_Richter1989 = 1989, A General Catalog of HI Observations of
Galaxies, 1989, New York: Springer-Verlag
Lucero_Young2013 = Lucero & Young (2013AJ....145...56L 2013AJ....145...56L)
ONeil2004 = O'Neil (2004AJ....128.2080O 2004AJ....128.2080O, Cat. J/AJ/128/2080)
Popping_Braun2011 = Popping & Braun
(2011A&A...528A..28P 2011A&A...528A..28P, Cat. J/A+A/528/A28)
Schneider1990 = Schneider et al. (1990ApJS...72..245S 1990ApJS...72..245S)
Schneider1992 = Schneider et al.
(1992ApJS...81....5S 1992ApJS...81....5S, Cat. J/ApJS/81/5)
Serra2012 = Serra et al. (2012MNRAS.422.1835S 2012MNRAS.422.1835S)
Springob2005 = Springob et al. (2005ApJS..160..149S 2005ApJS..160..149S, Cat. VIII/77)
Stewart2014 = Stewart et al. (2014A&A...567A..61S 2014A&A...567A..61S)
Tang2008 = Tang et al. (2008ApJ...679.1094T 2008ApJ...679.1094T)
Theureau1998 = Theureau et al.
(1998A&AS..130..333T 1998A&AS..130..333T, Cat. J/A+AS/130/333)
This_work = this work
Vogt2004 = Vogt et al. (2004AJ....127.3273V 2004AJ....127.3273V, Cat. J/AJ/127/3273)
deVaucouleurs1991 = de Vaucouleurs et al., RC3, 1991, Cat. VII/155
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name
12- 16 F5.2 Mpc Dist Distance
17 A1 --- n_Dist [a] a for redshift independent distances
19 A1 --- l_r21 3 σ upper limit flag on r21
20- 24 F5.3 --- r21 ?=- excitation ratio
26- 30 F5.3 --- e_r21 ? rms uncertainty on excitation ratio
32 A1 --- l_log(MH2) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(MH2)
33- 36 F4.2 [Msun] log(MH2) H2 mass
38- 41 F4.2 [Msun] E_log(MH2) ? Error on H2 mass, upper value
43- 46 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(MH2) ? Error on H2 mass, lower value
48 A1 --- l_log(MH2/M*) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(MH2/M*)
49- 53 F5.2 [-] log(MH2/M*) MH2/M* mass ratio
55- 58 F4.2 [-] E_log(MH2/M*) ? Error on MH2/M* mass ratio,
upper value
60- 63 F4.2 [-] e_log(MH2/M*) ? Error on MH2/M* mass ratio,
lower value
66- 70 F5.2 [-] log(MH2/M*)MS MH2/M* mass ratio at the
main sequence (1)
72- 75 F4.2 [-] e_log(MH2/M*)MS ? rms uncertainty on MH2/M* mass ratio
at the main sequence
77 A1 --- l_log(tau) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(tau)
78- 82 F5.2 [yr] log(tau) Depletion time
84- 87 F4.2 [yr] E_log(tau) ? Error on depletion time, upper value
89- 92 F4.2 [yr] e_log(tau) ? Error on depletion time, lower value
95- 98 F4.2 [yr] log(tau)MS Depletion time at the main sequence (1)
100-103 F4.2 [yr] e_log(tau)MS rms uncertainty on depletion time at the
main sequence
105 A1 --- l_log(MHI) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(MHI)
106-110 F5.2 [Msun] log(MHI) HI mass
112-115 F4.2 [Msun] E_log(MHI) ? Error on HI mass, upper value
117-120 F4.2 [Msun] e_log(MHI) ? Error on HI mass, lower value
122 A1 --- l_log(MHI/M*) 3 σ upper limit flag on log(MHI/M*)
123-127 F5.2 [-] log(MHI/M*) MHI/M* mass ratio
129-132 F4.2 [-] E_log(MHI/M*) ? Error on MHI/M* mass ratio, upper value
134-137 F4.2 [-] e_log(MHI/M*) ? Error on MHI/M* mass ratio, lower value
139-143 F5.2 [-] log(MHI/M*)MS MHI/M* mass ratio at the
main sequence (2)
145-148 F4.2 [-] e_log(MHI/M*)MS rms uncertainty on MHI/M* mass ratio
at the main sequence
150 I1 --- RefCO [1/2] Reference for CO (3)
152 I1 --- RefHI [1/2] Reference for HI (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): following the prescription of Tacconi et al. (2018ApJ...853..179T 2018ApJ...853..179T),
calibrated using a Galactic conversion factor
αCO=4.3M☉/(K.(km/s).pc2)^
Note (2): following the prescription by De Looze, Lamperti, Saintonge
(2020, MNRAS, in press.)
Note (3): References for CO and HI denoted as follows:
1 = this work
2 = literature as provided in table3.dat (CO) and table 5.dat (HI)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: listsp.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Galaxy Galaxy name
12- 18 A7 --- Line Observed line (CO(1-0), CO(2-1) or HI)
20- 43 A24 --- FileName Name of the spectrum file
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: spco/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13- 20 F8.3 km/s Vel Velocity
27- 40 F14.10 mJy Flux Flux
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: sphi/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13- 20 F8.3 km/s Vel Velocity
27- 40 F14.10 mK Tmb Mean surface brightness
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Gianluca Castignani, gianluca.castignani(at)unibo.it
References:
Castignani et al. Paper II. 2022ApJS..259...43C 2022ApJS..259...43C Cat. J/ApJS/259/43
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 22-Sep-2021