J/A+A/699/A370 VMC Survey. Anomalous Cepheids in MC (Sicignano+, 2025)
The VMC Survey LIII. Anomalous Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds:
Period-luminosity relations in the near-infrared bands.
Sicignano T., Ripepi V., Rejkuba M., Romaniello M., Marconi M., Molinaro R.,
Bhardwaj A., De Somma G., Cioni M.-R.L., Cusano F., Clementini G.,
de Grijs R., Ivanov V.D., Storm J., Groenewegen M.A.T.
<Astron. Astrophys. 699, A370 (2025)>
=2025A&A...699A.370S 2025A&A...699A.370S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Magellanic Clouds ; Stars, variable
Keywords: variable stars: Cepheids - distance scale
Abstract:
Anomalous Cepheids (ACs) are pulsating variable stars, and are less
studied compared to the well-known Classical Cepheids (CCs) and RR
Lyrae stars. The ACs are metal poor ([Fe/H]<1.5) and follow distinct
period-luminosity (PL) and period-Wesenheit (PW) relations that can be
used for distance measurements, and they can pulsate in the
fundamental (F) and first overtone (1O) modes.
Our goal is to evaluate the precision and accuracy of distances
obtained via PL and PW relations of ACs and thus to assess if they
could be used to establish a cosmic distance scale independent from
CCs. To this aim, we derived new, precise PL and PW relations for the
F mode, the 1O mode, and, for the first time, the combined F+1O mode
ACs in the Magellanic Clouds. We investigated the wavelength
dependence of these relations and applied them to calculate the
distances of various stellar systems in the Local Group hosting ACs,
as well as to confirm the classification of these variable stars.
We analyzed near-infrared (NIR) time series photometry in the Y, J,
and Ks bands for about 200 ACs in the Magellanic Clouds acquired
during 2009-2018 in the context of the VISTA survey of the Magellanic
Clouds system (VMC), a European Southern Observatory public survey.
The VMC NIR photometry was complemented with optical data from $Gaia$
DR3 and the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment IV survey, which
also provided the identification, periods, and pulsation mode for the
investigated ACs.
Custom templates generated from our best light curves were used to
derive precise intensity-averaged mean magnitudes for 118 and 75 ACs
in the Large (LMC) and Small Magellanic Clouds (SMC), respectively.
Optical and NIR mean magnitudes were used to derive multiband PL and
PW relations, which were calibrated with the geometric distance
modulus to the LMC based on eclipsing binaries.
We investigated the dependence of PL relations on wavelength, finding
that slopes increase and dispersion decreases when going from optical
to NIR bands. We calculated the LMC distance modulus through
calibrated AC PW relations in the Milky Way using Gaia parallaxes, the
LMC-SMC relative distance modulus, and we confirmed the AC nature of a
few new pulsators in Galactic globular clusters. We derived a distance
modulus for the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy of 19.425±0.048mag,
which is in agreement with recent literature determinations, but a
discrepancy of 0.1mag with RR Lyrae-based distance hints at possible
metallicity effects on the AC PL and PW relations.
Future spectroscopic surveys and Gaia DR4 will refine the AC distance
scale and assess metallicity effects on PLRs and PWRs.
Description:
Near-infrared photometry for Anomalous Cepheids (ACs) in the
Magellanic Clouds.
Table 1 is made up of all the time series of the ACs acquired from
VMC. Table 3 shows the intensity-averaged magnitudes for 193 ACs in
the Y, J, and Ks bands. Table 5 collects the optical photometry for
the same stars already published in the literature. The latter 3
tables (B1, B2, B3) show the templates, respectively in the Y, J, and
Ks band, used to calculate the intensity-averaged magnitudes.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 58 5943 Table made up of all the time series of the
ACs acquired from VMC
table2.dat 322 193 VMC photometric parameters for the 193 LMC and
SMC Acs analysed in the paper
table3.dat 275 193 Intensity-averaged magnitudes for 193 LMC and
SMC Acs in the Y, J, and Ks bands
tableb1.dat 399 6 Fourier coefficients for the templates in the
Y band
tableb2.dat 394 5 Fourier coefficients for the templates in the
J band
tableb3.dat 406 11 Fourier coefficients for the templates in the
Ks band
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/351 : VISTA Magellanic Survey (VMC) catalog (Cioni+, 2011)
J/AcA/65/233 : OGLE Magellanic Clouds anomalous Cepheids (Soszynski+, 2015)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- ID Identification from the OGLE IV or
Gaia DR3 catalogue
25- 37 F13.7 d HJD Heliocentric Julian day (HJD-2400000)
39- 47 F9.6 mag mag Magnitude in Band
49- 56 F8.6 mag e_mag Uncertainty on magnitude in Band
58 A1 --- Band [YJK] Band in which the magnitude was collected
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- ID Identification from the OGLE IV or
Gaia DR3 catalogue
25- 34 F10.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
36- 46 F11.7 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
48- 49 A2 --- Mode Classification of the star in the AC
pulsation mode
51- 68 F18.16 d Per Period
70- 85 F16.13 mag Ymag ? Intesity-averaged magnitude in the Y band
computed with the template-fitting procedure
87-108 E22.14 mag e_Ymag ? Robust mad uncertainty on the Ymag computed
with the template-fitting procedure
110-127 F18.16 mag AmpY ? Peak-to-peak Amplitude in the Y band
computed with the template-fitting procedure
129-150 E22.14 mag e_AmpY ? Robust mad uncertainty on the AmpY computed
with the template-fitting procedure
152-167 F16.13 mag Jmag ? Intesity-averaged magnitude in the J band
computed with the template-fitting procedure
169-190 E22.14 mag e_Jmag ? Robust mad uncertainty on the Jmag computed
with the template-fitting procedure
192-210 F19.17 mag AmpJ ? Peak-to-peak Amplitude in the J band
computed with the template-fitting procedure
212-233 E22.14 mag e_AmpJ ? Robust mad uncertainty on the AmpJ computed
with the template-fitting procedure
235-250 F16.13 mag Ksmag Intesity-averaged magnitude in the Ks band
computed with the template-fitting procedure
252-270 F19.17 mag e_Ksmag ? Robust mad uncertainty on the Ksmag
computed with the template-fitting procedure
272-289 F18.16 mag AmpKs Peak-to-peak Amplitude in the Ks band computed
with the template-fitting procedure
291-309 F19.17 mag e_AmpKs ? Robust mad uncertainty on the AmpKs
computed with the template-fitting procedure
311-315 F5.3 mag E(V-I) Colour excess
317 I1 --- f_E(V-I) [0/1] Flag on colour excess (1)
319-322 A4 --- Source [Gaia OGLE] Flag indicating the provenience of
the object identification, period and
epoch of maximum.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
1 = for Skowron et al. (2021ApJS..252...23S 2021ApJS..252...23S)
0 = for the Schlegel et al. (1998ApJ...500..525S 1998ApJ...500..525S)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- ID Identification from the OGLE IV or
Gaia DR3 catalogue
25- 34 F10.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
36- 46 F11.7 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
48- 49 A2 --- Mode Pulsation mode
51- 68 F18.16 d Per Period
70- 90 E21.17 d e_Per uncertainty on the Period
92-100 F9.6 mag Vmag Magnitude in the V band
102-110 F9.6 mag Imag Magnitude in the I band
112-129 F18.13 d EpochI Epoch in the I band from OGLE IV
131-136 F6.3 mag AmpI ?=99.999 Amplitude in the I band from OGLE IV
138-155 F18.15 mag Gmag Magnitude in the G band from Gaia DR3
157-177 E21.17 mag e_Gmag Uncertainty on the G magnitude from Gaia DR3
179-196 F18.15 mag GBPmag ?=99.999 Magnitude in the GBP band
from Gaia DR3
198-217 E20.17 mag e_GBPmag ?=9.999 Uncertainty on the GBP magnitude
from Gaia DR3
219-236 F18.15 mag GRPmag ?=99.999 Magnitude in the GRP band
from Gaia DR3
238-258 E21.17 mag e_GRPmag ?=9.999 Uncertainty on the GRP magnitude
from Gaia DR3
260-263 A4 --- Source [OGLE Gaia] Flag indicating the provenience of
the object identification, period and epoch
of maximum.
265 I1 --- SOS [0/2] Flag discerning the technique uses to
calculate the average magnitudes in the
Gaia bands (1)
267-275 A9 --- VI Flag for the provenience of the magnitude in
the V and I band used during the analysis (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
0 = the magnitudes are calculated with the standard technique adopted for
all the stars (Evans et al., 2018A&A...616A...4E 2018A&A...616A...4E)
1 = the magnitudes are calculated with the averaged-intensity technique
(Clementini et al., 2016A&A...595A.133C 2016A&A...595A.133C)
2 - no magnitudes in the Gaia bands
Note (2): the V,I data are completely missing for the stars identificated by
Gaia and partially for some stars identificated by OGLE: in these cases where
used the photometric transformations provided by Pancino et al.
(2022A&A...664A.109P 2022A&A...664A.109P).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- Type Pulsation Mode
6- 14 F9.7 d P Period
16- 32 F17.15 --- A1 Amplitude of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
34- 49 F16.14 --- Phi1 Phase of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
51- 67 F17.15 --- A2 Amplitude of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
69- 84 F16.14 --- Phi2 Phase of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
86-104 F19.17 --- A3 Amplitude of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
106-122 F17.15 --- Phi3 Phase of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
124-142 F19.17 --- A4 Amplitude of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
144-159 F16.14 --- Phi4 Phase of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
161-182 E22.14 --- A5 Amplitude of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
184-199 F16.14 --- Phi5 Phase of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
201-219 F19.17 --- A6 Amplitude of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
221-236 F16.14 --- Phi6 Phase of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
238-259 E22.14 --- A7 Amplitude of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
261-277 F17.15 --- Phi7 Phase of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
279-300 E22.14 --- A8 Amplitude of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
302-319 F18.16 --- Phi8 Phase of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
321-342 E22.14 --- A9 Amplitude of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
344-359 F16.14 --- Phi9 Phase of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
361-382 E22.14 --- A10 Amplitude of the tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
384-399 F16.14 --- Phi10 Phase of the tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- Type Pulsation Mode
6- 14 F9.7 d P Period
16- 32 F17.15 --- A1 Amplitude of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
34- 49 F16.14 --- Phi1 Phase of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
51- 68 F18.16 --- A2 Amplitude of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
70- 85 F16.14 --- Phi2 Phase of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
87-104 F18.16 --- A3 Amplitude of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
106-121 F16.14 --- Phi3 Phase of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
123-140 F18.16 --- A4 Amplitude of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
142-157 F16.14 --- Phi4 Phase of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
159-176 F18.16 --- A5 Amplitude of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
178-194 F17.15 --- Phi5 Phase of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
196-214 F19.17 --- A6 Amplitude of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
216-231 F16.14 --- Phi6 Phase of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
233-254 E22.14 --- A7 Amplitude of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
256-271 F16.14 --- Phi7 Phase of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
273-294 E22.14 --- A8 Amplitude of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
296-312 F17.15 --- Phi8 Phase of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
314-335 E22.14 --- A9 Amplitude of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
337-353 F17.15 --- Phi9 Phase of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
355-376 E22.14 --- A10 Amplitude of the tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
378-394 F17.15 --- Phi10 Phase of the tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- Type Pulsation mode
6- 14 F9.7 d P Period
16- 32 F17.15 --- A1 Amplitude of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
34- 49 F16.14 --- Phi1 Phase of the first harmonic in the
Fourier series
51- 68 F18.16 --- A2 Amplitude of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
70- 86 F17.15 --- Phi2 Phase of the second harmonic in the
Fourier series
88-106 F19.17 --- A3 Amplitude of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
108-125 F18.16 --- Phi3 Phase of the third harmonic in the
Fourier series
127-145 F19.17 --- A4 Amplitude of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
147-162 F16.14 --- Phi4 Phase of the fourth harmonic in the
Fourier series
164-182 F19.17 --- A5 Amplitude of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
184-200 F17.15 --- Phi5 Phase of the fifth harmonic in the
Fourier series
202-222 E21.13 --- A6 Amplitude of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
224-241 F18.16 --- Phi6 Phase of the sixth harmonic in the
Fourier series
243-264 E22.14 --- A7 Amplitude of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
266-282 F17.15 --- Phi7 Phase of the seventh harmonic in the
Fourier series
284-305 E22.14 --- A8 Amplitude of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
307-324 F18.16 --- Phi8 Phase of the eighth harmonic in the
Fourier series
326-347 E22.14 --- A9 Amplitude of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
349-365 F17.15 --- Phi9 Phase of the nineth harmonic in the
Fourier series
367-388 E22.14 --- A10 Amplitude of the tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
390-406 F17.15 --- Phi10 tenth harmonic in the
Fourier series
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Teresa Sicignano, teresa.sicignano(at)inaf.it
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(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 01-Jul-2025