J/AJ/154/201 IR properties of stellar bowshock nebulae (Kobulnicky+, 2017)
Infrared photometric properties of 709 candidate stellar bowshock nebulae.
Kobulnicky H.A., Schurhammer D.P., Baldwin D.J., Chick W.T., Dixon D.M.,
Lee D., Povich M.S.
<Astron. J., 154, 201 (2017)>
=2017AJ....154..201K 2017AJ....154..201K (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Nebulae ; Morphology ; Stars, OB ; Photometry, infrared ;
Spectral types ; Effective temperatures ; Stars, diameters ;
Stars, distances ; Galactic plane
Keywords: catalogs - HII regions - ISM: bubbles - stars: massive - surveys
Abstract:
Arcuate infrared nebulae are ubiquitous throughout the Galactic Plane
and are candidates for partial shells, bubbles, or bowshocks produced
by massive runaway stars. We tabulate infrared photometry for 709 such
objects using images from the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Wide-field
Infrared Explorer, and the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO). Of the
709 objects identified at 24 or 22 µm, 422 are detected at the HSO
70 µm bandpass. Of these, only 39 are detected at HSO 160 µm.
The 70 µm peak surface brightnesses are 0.5-2.5 Jyr/arcmin2. Color
temperatures calculated from the 24 to 70 µm ratios range from 80
to 400 K. Color temperatures from 70 to 160 µm ratios are
systematically lower, 40-200 K. Both of these temperature are, on
average, 75% higher than the nominal temperatures derived by assuming
that dust is in steady-state radiative equilibrium. This may be
evidence of stellar wind bowshocks sweeping up and heating-possibly
fragmenting but not destroying-interstellar dust. Infrared luminosity
correlates with standoff distance, R0, as predicted by published
hydrodynamical models. Infrared spectral energy distributions are
consistent with interstellar dust exposed to either single radiant
energy density, U=103-105 (in more than half of the objects) or a
range of radiant energy densities Umin=25 to Umax=103-105 times
the mean interstellar value for the remainder. Hence, the central OB stars
dominate the energetics, making these enticing laboratories for testing
dust models in constrained radiation environments. The spectral energy
densities are consistent with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
fractions qPAH~<1% in most objects.
Description:
Data sets for aperture photometry of 709 infrared nebulae included the
SST 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 µm (i.e., the IRAC I1, I2, I3, I4 bands)
mosaics and 24 µm Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS;
Rieke et al. 2004ApJS..154...25R 2004ApJS..154...25R) produced by the GLIMPSE team covering
the GLIMPSE, MIPSGAL, SMOG, and Cyg-X survey regions. The telescope
beam size at these bands is 1.66", 1.72", 1.88", 1.98" and 6" FWHM,
respectively. For targets in the second and third Galactic quadrants
not covered by SST programs, we use the all-sky WISE atlas images at
3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22 µm (i.e., W1, W2, W3, and W4 bands), which have
beamsizes of 6.1", 6.4", 6.5", and 12.0" FWHM, respectively. The
Hi-Gal (Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey; Molinari et al. 2016,
J/A+A/591/A149) covered the entire Plane with the PACS instrument at
70 and 160 µm, for which the beamsizes are approximately 6" and
12", respectively. Additional HSO pointed observations of individual
objects outside the Plane (e.g., the prototypical bowshock runaway
star ζ Oph; Gull & Sofia 1979ApJ...230..782G 1979ApJ...230..782G) were sometimes
available. We assembled the level 2.5 or higher data processed and
mosaicked (∼2x2 degree UNIMAP images) from the Infrared Science
Archive (http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/frontpage/) for analysis.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 132 623 SST and HSO Photometry of Candidate Bowshock
Nebulae
table2.dat 115 85 WISE and HSO Photometry of Candidate Bowshock
Nebulae
table5.dat 109 20 Derived Parameters for Stars with Known
Characteristics
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See also:
J/A+A/578/A45 : E-BOSS. II. Catalogue second release (Peri+, 2015)
J/A+A/591/A149 : Hi-GAL. inner Milky Way: +68≥l≥70 (Molinari+, 2016)
J/ApJS/227/18 : Candidate stellar bowshock nebulae from MIR
(Kobulnicky+, 2016)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/709] Index number using the numeration
of Kobulnicky et al. (2016, J/ApJS/227/18)
(G1)
5- 21 A17 --- Name Name given in Galactic coordinates
(GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)
23- 24 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
26- 27 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
29- 33 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
35 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000) (G2)
36- 37 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000) (G2)
39- 40 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (G2)
42- 45 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (G2)
47- 49 I3 arcsec Rad [0/151] Angular radius of nebula
51- 53 I3 arcsec Height [1/242] Angular height of nebula
55 A1 --- l_F3.6 [<] Limit flag on F3.6
56- 62 F7.3 Jy F3.6 [0.001/8.707]?=-99.999 Spitzer IRAC flux
at 3.6 microns
64 A1 --- l_F4.5 [<] Limit flag on F4.5
65- 71 F7.3 Jy F4.5 [0.001/6.467]?=-99.999 Spitzer IRAC flux
at 4.5 microns
73 A1 --- l_F5.8 [<] Limit flag on F5.8
74- 80 F7.3 Jy F5.8 [0/23.422]?=-99.999 Spitzer IRAC flux
at 5.8 microns
82 A1 --- l_F8.0 [<] Limit flag on F8.0
83- 89 F7.3 Jy F8.0 [0.001/18.191]?=-99.999 Spitzer IRAC flux
at 8.0 microns
91- 98 F8.3 Jy F24 [0.021/1211.4]?=-99.999 Spitzer MIPS flux
at 24 microns
100 A1 --- l_F70 [<] Limit flag on F70
101-107 F7.3 Jy F70 [0.03/618]?=-99.999 Herschel PACS flux
at 70 microns
109 A1 --- l_F160 [<] Limit flag on F160
110-116 F7.3 Jy F160 [0.04/394]?=-99.999 Herschel PACS flux
at 160 microns
118-124 F7.1 Jy/arcmin2 I70 [0.7/13357]?=-99.9 Peak Herschel PACS
70 microns surface brightness
126-128 I3 K T24/70 [61/762]?=-99 Color temperature (1)
130-132 I3 K T70/160 [32/262]?=-99 Color temperature (G3)
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Note (1): Derived from the 24 µm SST and 70 µm HSO photometry.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [13/691] Index number using the numeration
of Kobulnicky et al. (2016, J/ApJS/227/18)
(G1)
5- 21 A17 --- Name Name given in Galactic coordinates
(GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)
23- 24 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
26- 27 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
29- 33 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000) (G2)
35 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000) (G2)
36- 37 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000) (G2)
39- 40 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (G2)
42- 45 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (G2)
47- 49 I3 arcsec Rad [5/900]?=-99 Angular radius of nebula
51- 53 I3 arcsec Height [7/600]?=-99 Angular height of nebula
55 A1 --- l_F3.4 [<] Limit flag on F3.4
56- 60 F5.3 Jy F3.4 [0.001/6.25] WISE flux at 3.4 microns
62 A1 --- l_F4.6 [<] Limit flag on F4.6
63- 67 F5.3 Jy F4.6 [0.001/7.995] WISE flux at 4.6 microns
69 A1 --- l_F12 [<] Limit flag on F12
70- 75 F6.3 Jy F12 [0.001/51.32] WISE flux at 12 microns
77- 83 F7.3 Jy F22 [0.01/343.77] WISE flux at 22 microns
85 A1 --- l_F70 [<] Limit flag on F70
86- 92 F7.3 Jy F70 [0.09/482.2]?=-99.999 Herschel PACS flux
at 70 microns
94 A1 --- l_F160 [<] Limit flag on F160
95-101 F7.3 Jy F160 [0.15/134.8]?=-99.999 Herschel PACS flux
at 160 microns
103-107 F5.1 Jy/arcmin2 I70 [3.5/52.7]?=-99.9 Peak Herschel PACS
70 microns surface brightness
109-111 I3 K T22/70 [81/230]?=-99 Color temperature (1)
113-115 I3 K T70/160 [39/240]?=-99 Color temperature (G3)
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Note (1): Derived from the 22 µm WISE and 70 µm HSO photometry.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [13/413] Index number using the numeration of
Kobulnicky et al. (2016, J/ApJS/227/18)
5- 19 A15 --- Name1 Common name
21- 37 A17 --- Name Name given in Galactic coordinates
(GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)
39- 49 A11 --- SpType MK spectral type
51- 55 I5 K Teff [17600/41500] Effective temperature
57- 60 F4.1 Rsun R* [5.4/30] Stellar radius
62- 65 F4.2 kpc Dist [0.14/2.3] Distance
67- 71 F5.1 arcsec Dist1 [3.7/193] Standoff distance of the nebula from
the central star, in arsec
73- 76 F4.2 pc Dist2 [0.02/1.24] Standoff distance of the nebula from
the central star, in pc
78- 82 E5.2 --- U [320/230000] Radiation density parameter (1)
84- 86 I3 K TSS [43/128] Steady-state temperature of dust
88- 90 I3 K T22/T70 [70/842] Color temperature derived from
the 24/70 µm ratio
92- 94 I3 K T70/160 [69/240]? Color temperature derived from
the 70/160 µm ratio
96-102 E7.3 mW/m2 FIR [1.4e-10/6.4e-08] Total flux of the nebula
(in erg/s/cm2)
104-109 F6.1 --- L*/LIR [8.4/5400] Ratio of stellar luminosity to nebular
luminosity
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Note (1): U is defined in Draine & Li (2007ApJ...657..810D 2007ApJ...657..810D) as the ratio of
the radiant energy density (in erg/cm3) due to the star to the mean
interstellar radiant energy density estimated by Mathis et al.
(1983A&A...128..212M 1983A&A...128..212M) (see Equation 1).
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Typical photometric uncertainties are 25% at all bands.
Note (G2): The Right Ascension and Declination of the nominal central star given
by Kobulnicky et al. (2016, J/ApJS/227/18).
Note (G3): Derived from the 70 and 160 µm HSO photometry.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Tiphaine Pouvreau [CDS] 31-Jul-2018