J/AJ/157/216 Stellar multiplicity rate of M dwarfs within 25 pc (Winters+, 2019)
The solar neighborhood.
XLV. The stellar multiplicity rate of M dwarfs within 25 pc.
Winters J.G., Henry T.J., Jao W.-C., Subasavage J.P., Chatelain J.P.,
Slatten K., Riedel A.R., Silverstein M.L., Payne M.J.
<Astron. J., 157, 216 (2019)>
=2019AJ....157..216W 2019AJ....157..216W (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, nearby ; Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, dwarfs ;
Stars, M-type ; Parallaxes, trigonometric ; Photometry, VRI ;
Photometry, infrared ; Stars, distances ; Stars, masses
Keywords: binaries: general - solar neighborhood - stars: low-mass -
stars: statistics
Abstract:
We present results of the largest, most comprehensive study ever done
of the stellar multiplicity of the most common stars in the Galaxy,
the red dwarfs. We have conducted an all-sky volume-limited survey for
stellar companions to 1120 M dwarf primaries known to lie within 25 pc
of the Sun via trigonometric parallaxes. In addition to a comprehensive
literature search, stars were explored in new surveys for companions
at separations of 2"-300". A reconnaissance of wide companions to
separations of 300" was done via blinking archival images. I-band images
were used to search our sample for companions at separations of 2"-180".
Various astrometric and photometric methods were used to probe the
inner 2" to reveal close companions. We report the discovery of 20 new
companions and identify 56 candidate multiple systems. We find a stellar
multiplicity rate of 26.8±1.4% and a stellar companion rate of
32.4±1.4% for M dwarfs. There is a broad peak in the separation
distribution of the companions at 4-20 au, with a weak trend of smaller
projected linear separations for lower mass primaries. A hint that M-dwarf
multiplicity may be a function of tangential velocity is found, with faster
moving, presumably older, stars found to be multiple somewhat less often.
We calculate that stellar companions make up at least 17% of mass
attributed to M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood, with roughly 11% of
M-dwarf mass hidden as unresolved companions. Finally, when considering
all M-dwarf primaries and companions, we find that the mass distribution
for M dwarfs increases to the end of the stellar main sequence.
Description:
Here we describe a volume-limited search for stellar companions to
1120 nearby M-dwarf primary stars. For these M-dwarf primaries with
trigonometric parallaxes placing them within 25 pc, an all-sky
multiplicity search for stellar companions at separations of 2"-300"
was undertaken. A reconnaissance for companions with separations of
5"-300" was done via the blinking of digitally scanned archival
SuperCOSMOS BRI images. At separations of 2"-10", the environs of
these systems were probed for companions via I-band images obtained at
telescopes located in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory/Small and Moderate Aperture
Research Telescope System (CTIO/SMARTS) 0.9 m and 1.0 m telescopes
were used in the southern hemisphere, and the Lowell 42-inch and
United States Naval Observatory (USNO) 40-inch telescopes were used in
the northern hemisphere. In addition, indirect methods based on
photometry were used to infer the presence of nearly equal-magnitude
companions at separations smaller than ∼2". Various subsets of the
sample were searched for companions at subarcsecond separations using
long-term astrometry at the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9 m and Hipparcos reduction
flags. Finally, an extensive literature search was conducted.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 94 1120 Astrometry data
table4.dat 147 1448 Photometry data
table11.dat 105 328 Multiplicity information for sample
refs3.dat 65 73 List of references in Table 3
refs4.dat 65 41 List of references in Table 4
refs11.dat 65 117 List of references in Table 11
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See also:
J/A+A/325/159 : Companions to M dwarfs within 5pc (Leinert+ 1997)
J/A+A/364/665 : Very low mass stars radial velocities (Segransan+, 2000)
J/AJ/129/413 : New high proper motion stars (-90<DE←47)
(Subasavage+, 2005)
J/AJ/130/1658 : New high proper motion stars (-47<δ<00)
(Subasavage+, 2005)
J/AJ/133/2898 : New proper-motion stars (-90<DE< -47) (Finch+, 2007)
J/AJ/134/252 : New nearby white dwarf systems (Subasavage+, 2007)
J/A+A/505/859 : M dwarfs radial velocities (Zechmeister+, 2009)
J/AJ/141/21 : CCD distance estimates of SCR targets (Winters+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/10 : New proper motion stars 0.40"/yr>pm≥0.18"/yr (Boyd+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/92 : New proper motion stars with pm≥0.18"/yr (Boyd+, 2011)
J/AJ/144/64 : Solar neighborhood. XXVIII. Substellar companions
(Dieterich+, 2012)
J/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 2012)
J/ApJ/758/56 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. II. Kinematics (Shkolnik+, 2012)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/AJ/147/85 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIII. 45 M dwarfs (Riedel+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/94 : Solar neighborhood. XXXII. L and M dwarfs (Dieterich+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/5 : Solar neighborhood. XXXV. Distances to M dwarfs
(Winters+, 2015)
J/AJ/150/6 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVI. VRI variability of M dwarfs
(Hosey+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/2618 : M-dwarfs in Multiples (MinMs) survey. I. (Ward-Duong+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs
(Benedict+, 2016)
J/A+A/599/A70 : Young moving group M-dwarf multiplicity (Janson+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/14 : Solar neighborhood XXXVIII. Nearby M dwarf systems
(Winters+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/32 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIX. Nearby white dwarfs
(Subasavage+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/124 : M dwarfs-long-term photometric variability (Clements+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/151 : The solar neighborhood .XXXX. New young stars
(Bartlett+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/191 : The solar neighborhood. XLII. New nearby subdwarfs
(Jao+, 2017)
J/ApJ/846/93 : The multiplicity of M dwarfs in young moving groups
(Shan+, 2017)
J/AJ/155/215 : Speckle interferometry of red dwarf stars (Mason+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV. RECONS discoveries
(Henry+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/49 : The solar neighborhood. XLIII. New nearby stars
(Riedel+, 2018)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- Name Name of the M dwarf
17- 21 A5 --- m_Name Multiplicity index on Name
23- 24 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 27 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
29- 33 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
35 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
39- 40 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
42- 45 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
47- 52 F6.3 arcsec/yr PM [0.029/10.308] Total proper motion magnitude
54- 58 F5.1 deg PA [0.6/359.7] Proper motion position angle
60- 61 I2 --- r_PA [1/73] Proper motion reference (see refs3.dat
file)
63- 68 F6.2 mas Plx [40/545.51]? Weighted mean of the published
trigonometric parallaxe
70 A1 --- f_Plx [ab] Flag on Plx (1)
72- 76 F5.2 mas e_Plx [0.28/10]? Uncertainty in Plx
78 I1 --- o_Plx [1/5] Number of parallaxes included in
the weighted mean
80- 94 A15 --- r_Plx Reference(s) for Plx (see refs3.dat file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Parallax flag as follows:
a = The weighted mean parallax includes the parallax of both the primary and
the secondary components;
b = Value "in preparation".
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- Name Name of the M dwarf
17- 18 A2 --- m_Name Multiplicity index on Name
19 A1 --- fmName [)] Flag indicating that the name of
the component is different
21 I1 --- Nsys [0/5] Number of known components in the system
(0 if the star is a companion in a multiple
system)
22- 23 A2 --- f_Nsys [BD] Flag indicating a brown dwarf companion
25- 26 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 29 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
44- 47 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
49- 53 F5.2 mag Vmag [7.34/22.77]? Johnson V band magnitude
55 A1 --- q_Vmag [Jc] Quality flag on Vmag (2)
57- 61 F5.2 mag Rmag [6.37/19.46]? Kron-Cousins R band magnitude
63 A1 --- q_Rmag [J] Quality flag on Rmag (2)
65- 69 F5.2 mag Imag [5.32/18.26]? Kron-Cousins I band magnitude
71 A1 --- q_Imag [J] Quality flag on Imag (2)
73 I1 --- Nobs [1/5]? Number of optical observations
75- 76 I2 --- ORef [1/41]? Reference for VRI photometry
(see refs4.dat file)
78- 82 A5 --- Flag Other optical flag(s) (3)
84- 88 F5.2 mag Jmag [4.2/16.69]? 2MASS J band magnitude
90- 92 A3 --- q_Jmag Quality and reference flag(s) for Jmag (4)
94- 99 F6.3 mag Hmag [3.61/17.01]? 2MASS H band magnitude
101-103 A3 --- q_Hmag Quality and reference flag(s) for Hmag (4)
105-109 F5.2 mag Ksmag [3.25/16.9]? 2MASS Ks band magnitude
111-113 A3 --- q_Ksmag Quality and reference flag(s) for Ksmag (4)
115-118 F4.1 pc ph-ccd [1.8/83.1]? Photometric distance estimate
120 A1 --- f_ph-ccd [*] Flag on ph-ccd (5)
122-126 F5.1 pc e_ph-ccd [0.3/224.9]? Uncertainty on ph-ccd
128-131 F4.2 mag dV [0/8.66]? Magnitude difference between stellar
companion and primary ΔV
133 A1 --- f_dV Flag on dV (6)
135-139 F5.2 mag Vdb [7.46/25.56]? Deblended V band magnitude Vdb
141-145 F5.3 Msun M* [0.075/0.658]? Primary mass from absolute
V mag
147 A1 --- r_M* Reference for M* (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Optical quality flag as follows:
J = Magnitude is blended due to one or more close companions;
c = Converted from an other filter.
Note (3): Other optical flag and source as follows:
d = Photometry in SOAR filters and not converted to Johnson-Kron-Cousins
system;
u = Photometry reference indicates that we present an update to previously
presented RECONS photometry;
o = Photometry for "AC", instead of for the "B" component, was mistakenly
reported in Davison et al. (2015AJ....149..106D 2015AJ....149..106D);
09 = CTIO/SMARTS 0.9m;
10 = CTIO/SMARTS 1.0m;
40 = USNO 40-inch;
42 = Lowell 42-inch.
Note (4): JHK photometry flag as follows:
a = 2MASS magnitude error greater than 0.05 mags;
J = Magnitude is blended due to one or more close companions.
Note (5): Flag as follows:
* = The photometric distance estimate indicates that the joint photometry of
the multiple system was used to calculate the distance estimate, which is
thus likely underestimated.
Note (6): For flags e-n, this is the reference for the paper where M* was
reported from which the dV was estimated. Flag as follows:
b = An assumption was made regarding the dV mag;
c = A conversion to dV was done from a reported magnitude difference in
another filter;
e = Barbieri et al. (1996A&A...315..418B 1996A&A...315..418B);
f = Benedict et al. (2000AJ....120.1106B 2000AJ....120.1106B);
g = Benedict et al. (2016, J/AJ/152/141);
h = Henry et al. (1999ApJ...512..864H 1999ApJ...512..864H);
i = Henry et al. (1999ApJ...512..864H 1999ApJ...512..864H), Tamazian et al. (2006PASP..118..814T 2006PASP..118..814T);
j = Segransan et al. (2000, J/A+A/364/665);
k = Delfosse et al. (1999A&A...344..897D 1999A&A...344..897D);
l = Diaz et al. (2007A&A...474..345D 2007A&A...474..345D);
m = Duquennoy & Mayor (1988A&A...200..135D 1988A&A...200..135D);
n = Herbig & Moorhead (1965ApJ...141..649H 1965ApJ...141..649H).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 14 A14 --- Name Name of the M dwarf
16 I1 --- Nsys [0/5] Number of known components (0 if higher
order sub-system)
18- 23 A6 --- Map Component configuration map for this row
25- 26 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 29 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
44- 47 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
49 A1 --- l_Sep [<>] Limit flag for Sep (1)
51- 58 F8.4 arcsec Sep [0.0004/294.9]? Angular separation
60- 67 F8.4 arcsec a ? Semi-major axis
69- 71 I3 deg PA [2/358]? Position angle (2)
73- 76 I4 yr Epoch [1960/2018]? Year of the measurement
78- 83 A6 --- Tech Technique (3)
85- 87 I3 --- r_Tech [1/117] Reference for Tech (see refs11.dat file)
89- 93 F5.2 mag Dmag [0/11.3]? Magnitude difference between components
Δmag
95 A1 --- q_Dmag [:] Quality flag on Dmag
97-101 A5 nm Filt Filter of Dmag
103-105 I3 --- r_Dmag [1/116]? Reference for Dmag (see refs11.dat file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): We assign a separation of <1 arcsec for all astrometric and
spectroscopic binaries (unless more information is available) and/or to
indicate that a companion has been detected, but not yet resolved.
Note (2): The position angle is given in degrees measured East of North and is
blank if the system is unresolved or if the separation is from orbital
determination.
Note (3): The codes for the techniques and instruments used to detect and
resolve systems include:
AO det = Adaptive optics;
AO orb = Adaptive optics;
astdet = Detection via astrometric perturbation, companion often not detected
directly;
astorb = Orbit from astrometric measurements;
HSTACS = Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys;
HSTFGS = Hubble Space Telescope's Fine Guidance Sensors;
HSTNIC = Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrometer;
HSTWPC = Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2;
lkydet = Detection via lucky imaging;
lkyorb = Orbit from lucky imaging measurements;
radorb = Orbit from radial velocity measurements;
radvel = Detection via radial velocity, but no SB type indicated;
SB1 = Spectroscopic multiple, single-lined;
SB2 = Spectroscopic multiple, double-lined;
SB3 = Spectroscopic multiple, triple-lined;
spkdet = Detection via speckle interferometry;
spkorb = Orbit from speckle interferometry measurements;
visdet = Detection via visual astrometry;
visorb = Orbit from visual astrometry measurements.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs3.dat refs4.dat refs11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Ref [1/117] Reference code
5- 30 A26 --- Aut Author's name(s)
32- 50 A19 --- Bibcode Bibcode of the reference
52- 65 A14 --- Com Comment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Henry et al., Paper I 1994AJ....108.1437H 1994AJ....108.1437H
Kirkpatrick et al., Paper II 1995AJ....109..797K 1995AJ....109..797K
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Henry et al., Paper IV 1997AJ....114..388H 1997AJ....114..388H
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Subasavage et al., Paper XXI 2009AJ....137.4547S 2009AJ....137.4547S
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Jao et al., Paper XXIV 2011AJ....141..117J 2011AJ....141..117J
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Riedel et al., Paper XXXIII 2014AJ....147...85R 2014AJ....147...85R, Cat. J/AJ/147/85
Lurie et al., Paper XXXIV 2014AJ....148...91L 2014AJ....148...91L
Winters et al., Paper XXXV 2015AJ....149....5W 2015AJ....149....5W, Cat. J/AJ/149/5
Hosey et al., Paper XXXVI 2015AJ....150....6H 2015AJ....150....6H, Cat. J/AJ/150/6
Benedict et al., Paper XXXVII 2016AJ....152..141B 2016AJ....152..141B, Cat. J/AJ/152/141
Winters et al., Paper XXXVIII 2017AJ....153...14W 2017AJ....153...14W, Cat. J/AJ/153/14
Subasavage et al., Paper XXXIX 2017AJ....154...32S 2017AJ....154...32S, Cat. J/AJ/154/32
Bartlett et al., Paper XXXX 2017AJ....154..151B 2017AJ....154..151B, Cat. J/AJ/154/151
Clements et al., Paper XLI 2017AJ....154..124C 2017AJ....154..124C, Cat. J/AJ/154/124
Jao et al., Paper XLII 2017AJ....154..191J 2017AJ....154..191J, Cat. J/AJ/154/191
Riedel et al., Paper XLIII 2018AJ....156...49R 2018AJ....156...49R, Cat. J/AJ/156/49
Henry et al., Paper XLIV 2018AJ....155..265H 2018AJ....155..265H, Cat. J/AJ/155/265
Winters et al., Paper XLV 2019AJ....157..216W 2019AJ....157..216W, This catalog
Vrijmoet et al., Paper XLVI 2020AJ....160..215V 2020AJ....160..215V, Cat. J/AJ/160/215
Dieterich et al., Paper XLVII 2021AJ....161..172D 2021AJ....161..172D, Cat. J/AJ/161/172
Paredes et al., Paper XLVIII 2021AJ....162..176P 2021AJ....162..176P, Cat. J/AJ/162/176
Vrijmoet et al., Paper XLIX 2022AJ....163..178V 2022AJ....163..178V, Cat. J/AJ/163/178
Hubbard-James et al., Paper L 2022AJ....164..174H 2022AJ....164..174H
Kar et al., Paper LI 2024AJ....167..196K 2024AJ....167..196K, Cat. J/AJ/167/196
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Tiphaine Pouvreau [CDS] 08-Aug-2019