J/AJ/158/20 K-M stars of class I candidate RSGs in Gaia DR2 (Messineo+, 2019)
A catalog of known Galactic K-M stars of class I candidate red supergiants
in Gaia DR2.
Messineo M., Brown A.G.A.
<Astron. J., 158, 20 (2019)>
=2019AJ....158...20M 2019AJ....158...20M (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, nearby ; Stars, supergiant ; Stars, bright ;
Stars, late-type ; Proper motions ; Spectral types ;
Stars, distances ; Photometry, UBVRIJKLMNH ; Extinction
Keywords: infrared: stars - stars: evolution - stars: massive - supergiants
Abstract:
We investigate individual distances and luminosities of a sample of 889
nearby candidate red supergiants (RSGs) with reliable parallaxes
(ω/σω>4 and RUWE<2.7) from Gaia Data Release 2
(DR2, Cat. I/345). The sample was extracted from the historical compilation
of spectroscopically derived spectral types by Skiff (Cat. B/mk), and
consists of K-M stars that are listed with class I at least once. The
sample includes well-known RSGs from Humphreys (1978ApJS...38..309H 1978ApJS...38..309H),
Elias et al. (1985ApJS...57...91E 1985ApJS...57...91E), Jura & Kleinmann (1990ApJS...73..769J 1990ApJS...73..769J),
and Levesque et al. (2005ApJ...628..973L 2005ApJ...628..973L). Infrared and optical
measurements from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, Catalog of Infrared
Observations (CIO), Midcourse Space Experiment, Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer, MIPSGAL, Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Extraordinaire
(GLIMPSE), and The Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset catalogs
allow us to estimate the stellar bolometric magnitudes. We analyze the
stars in the luminosity versus effective temperature plane and confirm
that 43 sources are highly probably RSGs with Mbol< -7.1 mag. Of the
stars in the sample, 43% have masses >7 M☉. Another ∼30% of the
sample consists of giant stars.
Description:
We compiled a list of about 1400 K-M stars of class I with latitudes
|b|<10° from the historical records of stellar spectral types by
Skiff (2014, Cat. B/mk). All late-type stars with at least one
classification as luminosity class I were retained. In addition, we
cross-matched Skiff's list with existing Galactic compilations of
RSGs. We also made use of the recent Galactic spectroscopic catalogs
of bright late-type stars.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 250 889 Parallaxes and spectral types of the 889 stars
with ω/σω>4 and RUWE<2.7
table3.dat 146 889 Infrared measurements of the bright late-type
stars in Table 1
table4.dat 141 889 Properties of bright late-type stars from Table 1
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See also:
III/114 : Spectra of Late-Type Standards, 2.0-2.5 Microns (Kleinmann+ 1986)
II/225 : Catalog of Infrared Observations, Edition 5 (Gezari+ 1999)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
V/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
I/297 : NOMAD Catalog (Zacharias+ 2005)
II/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)
B/mk : Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009-)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)
J/A+A/485/303 : Radial velocities for 1309 stars and 166 OCl
(Mermilliod+, 2008)
J/A+A/494/1137 : K-band spectral catalog of Quintuplet cluster
(Liermann+, 2009)
J/A+A/547/A15 : Red supergiants around Stephenson 2 (Negueruela+, 2012)
J/A+A/571/A43 : Candidate red supergiants in Galactic clusters
(Messineo+, 2014)
J/ApJ/822/L5 : Observed red supergiants in the inner Galaxy
(Messineo+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/475/2003 : Red supergiant population in Perseus arm (Dorda+, 2018)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/889] Internal index identifier
5- 28 A24 --- Alias Alias identifier (1)
30- 31 I2 h RAh Gaia Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
33- 34 I2 min RAm Gaia Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
36- 41 F6.3 s RAs Gaia Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
43 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Gaia Declination (J2000)
44- 45 I2 deg DEd Gaia Degree of Declination (J2000)
47- 48 I2 arcmin DEm Gaia Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
50- 55 F6.3 arcsec DEs Gaia Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
57- 75 I19 --- Gaia Gaia DR2 identifier
77- 80 F4.2 mas Plx [0.2/7.53] Gaia parallax
82- 85 F4.2 mas e_Plx [0.03/1.1] Uncertainty in Plx
87- 93 F7.3 mas/yr pmRA [-59.53/59.375] Gaia proper motion in RA
(pmRA*cosDE)
95- 99 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.025/1.45] Uncertainty pmRA
101-107 F7.3 mas/yr pmDE [-57.379/34.533] Gaia proper motion in DE
109-113 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.024/1.385] Uncertainty in pmDE
115-120 F6.3 mag Gmag [2.373/16.015] Gaia G band magnitude
122-126 F5.3 mag e_Gmag [0/0.044] Uncertainty in Gmag
128-135 F8.3 km/s RV [-312.27/144.16]? Gaia spectroscopic radial
velocity (2)
137-142 F6.3 km/s e_RV [0.11/10.97]? Uncertainty in RV
144-175 A32 --- Sp-S Spectral type collected by Skiff 2014
(Cat. B/mk)
177-194 A18 --- Sp-Adp Adopted spectral type (3)
196-211 A16 --- Ref Spectral type reference code(s) (4)
213-216 I4 pc D-Inv [132/4467] Distance from parallax inversion
218-221 I4 pc D-MW [133/4349] Milky Way model distance (5)
223-225 I3 pc E_D-MW [1/933] Upper uncertainty in D-MW (5)
227-229 I3 pc e_D-MW [1/668] Lower uncertainty in D-MW (5)
231-250 A20 --- Cluster Cluster identifier
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Note (1): Extra notes based on checks and private communication with Skiff
during the printing of this manuscript: CD-57 3502 is a wrong alias in
Elias et al. (1985ApJS...57...91E 1985ApJS...57...91E), with the entry can be ignored. The correct
star is CPD-57 3502 (B. A. Skiff 2019, private communication). HD 142686 is
wrong alias in Humphreys et al. (1978ApJS...38..309H 1978ApJS...38..309H), and the entry can be
ignored. The correct star is HD 142696 (B. A. Skiff 2019, private
communication). CPD-59 4549 is wrong alias in Humphreys et al.
(1978ApJS...38..309H 1978ApJS...38..309H), and the entry can be ignored. The correct star is
CD-59 4459 (B. A. Skiff 2019, private communication).
(See also http://somethingaboutrsgstars.wordpress.com/errata).
Note (2): In the solar barycentric reference frame.
Note (3): Extra notes based on communications during the printing of this
manuscript: due to a format issue some spectral types from Dorda et al. 2018,
J/MNRAS/475/2003 are truncated (e.g. Ib-II is truncate as Ib). This does not
affect the results of the paper. (See also
http://somethingaboutrsgstars.wordpress.com/errata).
Note (4): Reference as follows:
1 = Skiff (2014, Cat. B/mk). When only Skiff's reference is present, an
average spectral type from Skiff's records is adopted and the encountered
spectral range is annotated (Sp-S);
2 = Levesque et al. (2005ApJ...628..973L 2005ApJ...628..973L). When Levesque et al. reference is
present, two values are provided, the photographic MK type and class, and
the new type by Levesque et al. (revised by fitting synthetic models);
3 = Verhoelst et al. (2009A&A...498..127V 2009A&A...498..127V);
4 = Dorda et al. (2018, J/MNRAS/475/2003);
5 = Dorda et al. (2016A&A...595A.105D 2016A&A...595A.105D);
6 = Kleinmann & Hall (1986, Cat. III/114);
7 = Elias et al. (1985ApJS...57...91E 1985ApJS...57...91E);
8 = Jura & Kleinmann (1990ApJS...73..769J 1990ApJS...73..769J);
9 = Humphreys (1978ApJS...38..309H 1978ApJS...38..309H);
10 = Messineo et al. (2017ApJ...836...65M 2017ApJ...836...65M);
11 = Messineo et al. (2014, J/A+A/571/A43);
12 = Negueruela et al. (2012, J/A+A/547/A15);
13 = Negueruela et al. (2011A&A...528A..59N 2011A&A...528A..59N);
14 = Rayner et al. (2009ApJS..185..289R 2009ApJS..185..289R);
15 = Liermann et al. (2009, J/A+A/494/1137);
16 = Mermilliod et al. (2008, J/A+A/485/303);
17 = Messineo et al. (2008ApJ...683L.155M 2008ApJ...683L.155M);
18 = Mengel & Tacconi-Garman (2007A&A...466..151M 2007A&A...466..151M);
19 = Caron et al. (2003AJ....126.1415C 2003AJ....126.1415C);
20 = Massey et al. (2001AJ....121.1050M 2001AJ....121.1050M);
21 = Eggenberger et al. (2002A&A...386..576E 2002A&A...386..576E).
Note (5): D-MW and relative errors are those of Bailer-Jones et al. (2018,
Cat. I/347), and are based on a prior derived from a Milky Way model.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/889] Internal index identifier
5- 9 F5.2 mag Jmag [-0.73/12.47] 2MASS J band magnitude
11 A1 --- r_Jmag [*123] Read flag on Jmag (1)
13 A1 --- q_Jmag [ABCDEM] Quality flag on Jmag (2)
15- 19 F5.2 mag Hmag [-1.51/11.7]? 2MASS H band magnitude
21 A1 --- r_Hmag [*123] Read flag on Hmag (1)
23 A1 --- q_Hmag [ABCDEMX] Quality flag on Hmag (2)
25- 29 F5.2 mag Ksmag [-1.72/11.3] 2MASS Ks band magnitude
31 A1 --- r_Ksmag [*123] Read flag on Ksmag (1)
33 A1 --- q_Ksmag [ABCDEFM] Quality flag on Ksmag (2)
35- 39 F5.2 mag Jmag-C [0.88/11.21]? Catalog of IR Observations (CIO)
J band magnitude
41- 45 F5.2 mag Hmag-C [-1.08/10.48]? CIO H band magnitude
47- 51 F5.2 mag Kmag-C [-0.58/10.34]? CIO K band magnitude
53- 56 F4.2 mag 3.6mag [3.54/8.83]? GLIMPSE catalog 3.6 micron band
magnitude
58- 61 F4.2 mag 4.5mag [3.03/8.87]? GLIMPSE catalog 4.5 micron band
magnitude
63- 66 F4.2 mag 5.8mag [2.29/8.67]? GLIMPSE catalog 5.8 micron band
magnitude
68- 71 F4.2 mag 8.0mag [2.76/8.72]? GLIMPSE catalog 8.0 micron band
magnitude
73- 77 F5.2 mag 8.3mag [-1.79/6.79]? MSX A band magnitude
79- 83 F5.2 mag 12.1mag [-3.69/4.47]? MSX C band magnitude
85- 89 F5.2 mag 14.6mag [-3.64/4.19]? MSX D band magnitude
91- 95 F5.2 mag 21.3mag [-4.59/2.64]? MSX E band magnitude
97-101 F5.2 mag W1mag [1.71/10.41]? WISE W1 band (3.4 micron)
magnitude
103-107 F5.2 mag W2mag [0.62/10.51]? WISE W2 band (4.6 micron)
magnitude
109-113 F5.2 mag W3mag [-2.03/10.47]? WISE W3 band (11.6 micron)
magnitude
115-119 F5.2 mag W4mag [-6.03/8.54]? WISE W4 band (22.1 micron)
magnitude
121-124 F4.2 mag 24mag [0.59/6.64]? Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band
magnitude
126-130 F5.2 mag Bmag [4.76/19.9]? NOMAD catalog B band magnitude
132-136 F5.2 mag Vmag [3.1/17.64]? NOMAD catalog V band magnitude
138-142 F5.2 mag Rmag [2.22/19.6]? NOMAD catalog R band magnitude
144-146 I3 --- N* [0/191] Detection code (3)
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Note (1): Read flag as follows (see 2MASS catalog, Cat. II/246 for more
details):
1 = The default magnitude is derived from aperture photometry measurements on
the 51 ms "Read_1" exposures. The aperture radius is 4", with the sky
background measured in an annulus with an inner radius of 14" and an outer
radius of 20". Used for sources that saturate one or more of the 1.3s
"Read_2" exposures, but are not saturated on at least one of the 51 ms
"Read_1" frames;
2 = The default magnitude is derived from a profile-fitting measurement made
on the 1.3 sec "Read_2" exposures. The profile-fit magnitudes are
normalized to curve-of-growth corrected aperture magnitudes. This is the
most common type in the PSC, and is used for sources that have no
saturated pixels in any of the 1.3 sec exposures;
3 = The default magnitude is derived from a 1-d radial profile fitting
measurement made on the 51 ms "Read_1" exposures. Used for very bright
sources that saturate all of the 51 ms "Read 1" exposures;
* = No value or measurements have other origins as specified in Appendix A.
Note (2): Quality flag as follows (see 2MASS catalog, Cat. II/246 for more
details):
A = Detections in any brightness regime where valid measurements were made
(Rflg="1","2" or "3") with [jhk]snr>10 AND [jhk]cmsig<0.10857;
B = Detections in any brightness regime where valid measurements were made
(Rflg="1","2" or "3") with [jhk]snr>7 AND [jhk]cmsig<0.15510;
C = Detections in any brightness regime where valid measurements were made
(Rflg="1","2" or "3") with [jhk]snr>5 AND [jhk]cmsig<0.21714;
D = Detections in any brightness regime where valid measurements were made
(Rflg="1","2" or "3") with no [jhk]snr OR [jhk]cmsig requirement;
E = This category includes detections where the goodness-of-fit quality of the
profile-fit photometry was very poor (Rflg=2 and [jhk]psfchi>10.0), or
detections where psf fit photometry did not converge and an aperture
magnitude is reported (Rflg=4), or detections where the number of frames
was too small in relation to the number of frames in which a detection was
geometrically possible (Rflg="1" or Rflg="2");
F = This category includes Rflg="1" or Rflg="3" sources where a reliable
estimate of the photometric error, [jhk]cmsig, could not be determined.
The uncertainties reported for these sources in [jhk]cmsig and e_[jhk]mag
are flags and have numeric values >8.0;
X = There is a detection at this location, but no valid brightness estimate
can be extracted using any algorithm. Rflg="9" and default magnitude is
null;
M = The measurements have other origins as specified in Appendix A.
A few WISE and MSX measurements were discarded (Appendix A).
Note (3): N*=XYZ, where X=number of Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) detected
within the search radius; Y=number of WISE stars within the search radius;
Z=number of GLIMPSE stars with 8 µm magnitudes <10 within the search
radius. A value equals to 9 indicates that the counter is not available.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/889] Internal index identifier
5- 8 A4 --- SpType Adopted spectral type
10- 15 A6 --- Class Adopted luminosity class
17 A1 --- Area [ABCDEF] Area occupied (1)
19- 25 F7.2 K Teff [2940/4185] Effective temperature
27- 32 F6.2 K e_Teff [85/212.5] Uncertainty in Teff
34- 37 F4.2 mag J-Ks [0.58/1.51] Intrinsic (J-Ks) color
39- 42 F4.2 mag H-Ks [0.12/0.37] Intrinsic (H-Ks) color
44- 48 F5.2 mag AKs(JKs) [-0.54/1.27] Ks extinction from J-Ks color
(2)
50- 53 F4.2 mag e_AKs(JKs) [0.01/0.45] Uncertainty in AKs(JKs)
55- 59 F5.2 mag AKs(HKs) [-0.62/1.49]? Ks extinction from H-Ks
color (2)
61- 64 F4.2 mag e_AKs(HKs) [0.03/1.25]? Uncertainty in AKs(HKs)
66- 69 F4.2 mag BCKs [2.4/3.34] Adopted Ks band bolometric
correction (3)
71- 75 F5.2 mag Ksmag0 [-1.72/10.99] Dereddened Ks band magnitude
77- 80 F4.2 mag e_Ksmag0 [0.02/0.92] Uncertainty in Ksmag0 (4)
82- 86 F5.2 mag Mbol1 [-8.58/5.98] First bolometric magnitude
estimate (5)
88- 91 F4.2 mag e_Mbol1 [0.07/0.96] Lower uncertainty in Mbol1
93- 96 F4.2 mag E_Mbol1 [0.07/0.95] Upper uncertainty in Mbol1
98-102 F5.2 mag Mbol2 [-8.79/6.14]? Second bolometric magnitude
estimate (6)
104-107 F4.2 mag e_Mbol2 [0.03/0.94]? Lower uncertainty in Mbol2 (6)
109-112 F4.2 mag E_Mbol2 [0.03/0.66]? Upper uncertainty in Mbol2 (6)
114-118 F5.2 mag DM [5.63/13.19] Distance modulus (7)
120-123 F4.2 mag e_DM [0.02/0.93] Lower uncertainty in DM (7)
125-128 F4.2 mag E_DM [0.02/0.64] Upper uncertainty in DM (7)
130 I1 --- Qual [1/2] Best NIR photometry flag (8)
132-136 F5.2 mag Vmag0 [1.98/16.53]? Dereddened V band magnitude
138-141 I4 Rsun R* [1/1131] Stellar radius
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Note (1): In the Mbol vs. Teff plot. Areas are described as follows:
A = Contains late-type stars with Mbol~< -7.1 mag. They are expected to be
mostly RSGs;
B = Contains stars with -5.0 >Mbol>-7.1 mag and earlier than an M4. This
area is rich in stars with masses larger than 7 M☉;
C = Contains late-type stars with -5.0>Mbol>-7.1 mag and later than an M4.
This area is expected to be dominated by AGBs (4-9 M☉);
D = Contains late-type stars with -3.6>Mbol>-5.0 mag and bluer than
Equation (1). This area contain AGBs of intermediate masses and some faint
K-type 9 M☉ stars at the onset of their cold phase
(Mbol=-4.5 mag);
E = Contains late-type stars with -3.6>Mbol>-5.0 mag and redder than
Equation (1). This area is expected to be dominated by old and more
abundant AGBs (2-3 M☉);
F = Contains late-type stars with Mbol>-3.6 mag. Those stars are fainter
than the tip of the red giant branch.
Note (2): A few AKs values are negative. No extinction correction was applied
for these stars.
Note (3): Values are calculated with the formula of Levesque et al.
(2005ApJ...628..973L 2005ApJ...628..973L) and a typical error of 0.06 mag is assumed (average
difference between the BCKs values of two spectral types).
Note (4): The errors estimated by propagating the photometric errors and the
AKs errors.
Note (5): Obtained with the BCKs, their errors are estimated by propagating
the errors on Ksmag, BCKs, and DMs.
Note (6): Obtained via integration under the SED (see Sect. 3.1). Errors are
estimating by lowering the curve by subtracting the photometric errors, and
by lifting up the curve by adding the photometric curve. The DM error is then
added by Taylor's propagation law.
Note (7): Obtained with the Bailer distance. Its error is obtained using the
quoted high and low values Bailer-Jones et al. (2018, Cat. I/347).
Note (8): Photometry flag as follows:
1 = When ω/σω>4 and RUWE<2.7 (889 sources);
2 = When ω/σω>4 and RUWE<2.7 and JHKs quality flags are
A (2MASS) or B (2MASS) or C (2MASS) or D (2MASS) or M (HST photometry)
(see Appendix).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Tiphaine Pouvreau [CDS] 29-Aug-2019