J/AJ/159/82 Updated cat. of extended objects in Magellanic clouds (Bica+, 2020)
An updated Small Magellanic Cloud and Magellanic Bridge catalog of star
clusters, associations, and related objects.
Bica E., Westera P., de O. Kerber L., Dias B., Maia F., Santos J.F.C. Jr,
Barbuy B., Oliveira R.A.P.
<Astron. J., 159, 82 (2020)>
=2020AJ....159...82B 2020AJ....159...82B
ADC_Keywords: Magellanic Clouds; Associations, stellar; Clusters, open;
Cross identifications; Abundances; Magnitudes, absolute;
Nebulae; H II regions; Optical
Keywords: Celestial objects catalogs ; Small Magellanic Cloud ; Star clusters ;
Galaxy interactions
Abstract:
We present a catalog of star clusters, associations, and related
extended objects in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and the
Magellanic Bridge with 2741 entries, a factor 2 more than a previous
version from a decade ago. Literature data up until 2018 December are
included. The identification of star clusters was carried out with
digital atlases in various bands currently available in the Digitized
Sky Survey (DSS) and the Machine Automatique a Mesurer pour
l'Astronomie (MAMA) imaging surveys. In particular, we
cross-identified recent cluster samples from the Visible and Infrared
Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) near-infrared YJKs survey of
the Magellanic System (VMC; Rubele+, 2015, J/MNRAS/449/639), Optical
Gravitational Lensing Experiment IV (OGLE IV; Sitek+ 2017,
J/AcA/67/363), and Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH;
Piatti 2017ApJ...834L..14P 2017ApJ...834L..14P) surveys, confirming new clusters and
pointing out equivalencies. A major contribution of the present
catalog consists of the accurate central positions for clusters and
small associations, including a new sample of 45 clusters or
candidates in the SMC and 19 in the Magellanic Bridge, as well as a
compilation of the most reliable age and metallicity values from the
literature. A general catalog must also deal with the recent
discoveries of 27 faint and ultra-faint star clusters and galaxies
projected on the far surroundings of the Clouds, most of them from the
Dark Energy Survey. The information on these objects has been
complemented with photometric, spectroscopic, and kinematical
follow-up data from the literature. The underluminous galaxies around
the Magellanic System, still very few as compared to the predictions
from Λ Cold Dark Matter simulations, can bring constraints to
galaxy formation and hierarchical evolution. Furthermore, we provide
diagnostics, when possible, of the nature of the ultra-faint clusters,
searching for borders of the Magellanic System extensions into the
Milky Way gravitational potential.
Description:
In Paper I (Bica+, 2008, J/MNRAS/389/678), the SMC and Magellanic
Bridge (MB) were presented together with the Large Magellanic Cloud
(LMC) cross-identify clusters, associations and related objects
(CAROs). Paper I listed 635 star clusters, 385 emissionless
associations, and 316 associations related to emission nebulae
(including supernova remnants), totaling 1336 entries in the SMC and
MB, and 7175 CAROs in the LMC.
The aim of the present study is to collect the published information
about the CAROs in the last decade and to search for new clusters.
Bica E. inspected Hodge's faint clusters (Hodge 1986PASP...98.1113H 1986PASP...98.1113H)
and found new similar objects (SBica in the SMC and BBica in the
Bridge) by analyzing J (blue) SMC plates from the UK Schmidt Telescope
(Siding Springs, Australia), scanned with the Machine Automatique a
Mesurer pour l'Astronomie (MAMA). The latter are often referred to as
the MAMA/SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) plates. The
BRI combined images from the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) atlas were
also analyzed. We end up with an updated general catalog of the SMC
and MB clusters with some newly discovered faint clusters and
candidates in the SMC (45 objects) and Bridge (19 objects).
The present study was carried out within the framework of the ongoing
project VISCACHA (Maia+ 2019MNRAS.484.5702M 2019MNRAS.484.5702M). This project employs the
SOAR 4.1m telescope with instrumental settings determining the ages
of massive and low-mass MC clusters from their color-magnitude diagrams.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 173 2741 *The general SMC/Bridge catalog
table4.dat 157 27 Possible extended magellanic system clusters and
satellite dwarf galaxies
refs.dat 83 58 References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on table2.dat: In Table 2 we provide data not included in Paper I
(Bica+, 2008, J/MNRAS/389/678), as well as some corrections:
(i) SMC supernova remnants in the MC Chandra Catalog
(http://hea-www.harvard.edu/ChandraSNR/snrcat_lmc.html);
(ii) the acronym GHK (Paper I) was corrected to GQH
(Gouliermis+ 2007ApJ...665..306G 2007ApJ...665..306G -- <[GQH2007] NN> in Simbad); and
(iii) mistakes in Paper I concerning RZ designations
(Rafelski & Zaritsky 2005, J/AJ/129/2701 -- <[RZ2005] NNN> in Simbad)
were corrected.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/ocl : Optically visible open clusters and Candidates (Dias+ 2002-2015)
J/ApJS/101/41 : SMC and Bridge extended catalog (Bica+ 1995)
J/AJ/112/2004 : CCD photometry of SMC cluster Kron 3 (Alcaino+ 1996)
J/AcA/48/175 : OGLE SMC clusters (Pietrzynski+ 1998)
J/AJ/116/2395 : BV photometry in five SMC clusters (Mighell+, 1998)
J/A+A/345/430 : Abundances of 6 cool supergiants in NGC 330 (Hill, 1999)
J/AJ/119/1214 : Census of star clusters in the SMC (Bica+, 2000)
J/ApJ/562/303 : Old Stellar Populations of the SMC (Dolphin+ 2001)
J/A+A/440/111 : Spectra of SMC star clusters (Piatti+, 2005)
J/MNRAS/358/1215 : CT1 photometry of 10 SMC clusters (Piatti+, 2005)
J/AJ/129/2701 : UBVRI photometry of SMC star clusters (Rafelski+, 2005)
J/A+A/452/179 : Ages of SMC young clusters and field stars (Chiosi+, 2006)
J/MNRAS/377/300 : CT1 photometry in 6 SMC star clusters (Piatti+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/44 : NGC 346 HST VI photometry (Sabbi+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/389/678 : Catalogue of extended obj. in Magellanic Clouds (Bica+,2008)
J/AJ/136/1703 : Ridgelines of 6 intermediate-age SMC clusters (Glatt+, 2008)
J/ApJ/681/290 : HST/ACS photometry in the SMC (Schmalzl+, 2008)
J/AJ/138/517 : CaII spectroscopy of SMC red giants (Parisi+, 2009)
J/A+A/517/A50 : Ages & luminosities of SMC/LMC star clusters (Glatt+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/403/996 : Clusters and associations in SMC and LMC (Bonatto+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/417/1559 : CT1T2 photometry in 14 SMC star clusters (Piatti+, 2011)
J/ApJ/756/L32 : BVI photometry of SMC star cluster ESO 51-SC09 (Piatti,2012)
J/MNRAS/425/3085 : CCD CT1 data of stars in the field of B119 (Piatti+, 2012)
J/A+A/561/A93 : On the metallicity of open clusters. II. (Heiter+, 2014)
J/A+A/561/A106 : BV photometry of 6 SMC stellar clusters (Dias+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/154 : CaII spectroscopy of SMC red giants. III. (Parisi+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/639 : VMC survey. XIV. SFR in SMC (Rubele+, 2015)
J/A+A/591/A11 : SMC BV photometry of 9 star cluster fields (Dias+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/58 : CaII spectroscopy of SMC red giants. IV. (Parisi+, 2016)
J/ApJ/845/56 : Star clusters detected in the LMC (Bitsakis+, 2017)
J/A+A/602/A89 : Star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds (Perren+, 2017)
J/AcA/67/363 : New star clusters in the Magellanic system (Sitek+, 2017)
J/ApJ/853/104 : Ages of star clusters in SMC (Bitsakis+, 2018)
J/A+A/616/A12 : Gaia DR2 sources in GC and dSph (Gaia Collaboration+, 2018)
J/A+A/620/A99 : SMC Cepheids K-band and RV curves (Gieren+, 2018)
J/ApJ/857/145 : MagLiteS Carina II and Carina III spectroscopy (Li+, 2018)
J/A+A/620/A155 : Gaia proper motions of 7 UFD galaxies (Massari+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/482/5138 : Galactic GC mean pm & velocities (Baumgardt+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/12 : Star clusters, associations, & candidates in MW (Bica+,2019)
J/A+A/623/A129 : New satellites of the LMC search (Fritz+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 39 A39 --- Names Designations in different catalogs (G1)
41- 42 I2 h RAh [0/23] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)
44- 45 I2 min RAm Minute of Right ascension (J2000)
47- 50 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right ascension (J2000)
52 A1 --- DE- [-] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
53- 54 I2 deg DEd [68/77] Degree of Declination (J2000)
56- 57 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
59- 60 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
62- 64 A3 --- Type Type of object (1)
66- 71 F6.2 arcmin amaj [0.01/120] Size of the major axis
73- 77 F5.2 arcmin bmin [0.01/95] Size of the minor axis
79 A1 --- B18cl [INEUR] Class of correlation with BGB+18
catalog (2)
81 A1 --- l_logAge Limit flag on logAge
82- 86 F5.2 [yr] logAge [6/11]? log of the age
88- 92 F5.2 [-] [M/H] [-2.18/-0.01]? Metallicity
94-116 A23 --- r_logAge References of log(age) (see refs.dat file)
118-123 A6 --- r_[M/H] Reference of [M/H] (see refs.dat file)
125-173 A49 --- Notes Additional information such as hierarchical
relations (e.g., "in" or "inc"lude) or whether
the object appears in a pair or multiplet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Object type as follows:
C = Resolved star cluster (626 occurrences)
CA = Poor cluster transition to small association: structure looser
than clusters (156 occurrences)
A = Association (1407 occurrences)
AC = Small association, looser than clusters (68 occurrences)
CC = Cluster candidate (41 occurrences)
NC = Cluster in emission: cluster in nebula, dominated by gas emission
(132 occurrences)
CN = Cluster with some emission: cluster signature, dominated by stars
(25 occurrences)
NA = Association in emission: dominated by gas emission (mostly HII
regions) (199 occurrences)
AN = Association with some emission, dominated by stars (52 occurrences)
EN = Nebula without association or cluster (6 occurrences)
SNR = Supernova remnant: Type II supernova remnants trace star-forming
regions (26 occurrences)
TDG = Tidal dwarf galaxy (3 occurrences)
Note (2): Bitsakis+ (2018, J/ApJ/853/104 ; hereafter BGB+18), provided the
largest sample of SMC objects in the last decade (with 1175 new
objects). We cross-identified their objects with the literature
(see Section 2 for the details). We inspected the BGB+18 objects
taking into account the procedures in Section 2.1, and determining
their angular separations to known objects from the literature and to
each other. The counterparts were verified using a number of criteria
(see Section 3 for the details). The Bitsakis objects were here
classified as follows:
I = "isolated" objects (961 objects) -- We conclude that such objects
are to be classified as associations. In fact, many of them are not
clearly seen on DSS or MAMA images, such that we cannot exclude the
possibility that they are field fluctuations. Assuming these objects
to be real, we decided to include all such BGB+18 objects in
the association class.
N = "Nonsimilar" -- 214 objects build pairs with other objects from our
catalog, but are not similar enough to these to be considered the
same object.
E = "Equivalent" -- 119 objects have counterparts in the literature with
comparable size and description.
U = "Unrelated" -- 1351 objects in our catalog have no relation to any
object in the BGB+18 sample.
R = "Related" entries -- 96 objects are hierarchically related to
the BGB+18 objects.
See Section 3 for further explanations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 46 A46 --- Names Designations in different catalogs (G1)
48 A1 --- f_Names [a] Flag on Name (1)
50- 51 I2 h RAh [0/23] Hour of right ascension (J2000)
53- 54 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
56- 59 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
61 A1 --- DE- [-] Sign of declination (J2000)
63- 64 I2 deg DEd [36/80] Degree of declination (J2000)
66- 67 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
69- 70 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
72- 77 A6 --- Type Object type (2)
79- 83 F5.1 arcmin amaj [0.4/360] Size of the major axis
85- 89 F5.1 arcmin bmin [0.4/180] Size of the minor axis
91- 93 I3 kpc Dist [25/130] Distance to the Sun
95- 99 F5.2 mag VMAG [-8.5/1.3] Absolute V-band magnitude
101 A1 --- kin? Existing studies about kinematics or orbits of
this object? y=yes or n=no
103-115 A13 --- Ref Reference(s) (3)
117-157 A41 --- Notes Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
a = OGLL are OGLE LMC objects from Sitek+, 2016AcA....66..255S 2016AcA....66..255S ;
<OGLE-CL LMC NNN> for Simbad.
Note (2): Class as follows:
FG = faint dwarf galaxy (7 occurrences)
UFC = ultra-faint star clusters (12 occurrences)
UFG = ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (7 occurrences)
debris = debris (1 occurrence)
Note (3): References as follows:
1 = Kallivayalil+, 2018ApJ...867...19K 2018ApJ...867...19K
2 = Torrealba+, 2019MNRAS.488.2743T 2019MNRAS.488.2743T
3 = Martin+, 2016ApJ...830L..10M 2016ApJ...830L..10M
4 = Torrealba+, 2019MNRAS.484.2181T 2019MNRAS.484.2181T
5 = Kim & Jerjen, 2015ApJ...808L..39K 2015ApJ...808L..39K
6 = Conn+, 2018ApJ...852...68C 2018ApJ...852...68C
7 = Erkal+, 2018MNRAS.481.3148E 2018MNRAS.481.3148E
8 = Jerjen+, 2018arXiv180902259J 2018arXiv180902259J
9 = Pieres+, 2017MNRAS.468.1349P 2017MNRAS.468.1349P
10 = Fritz+, 2018A&A...619A.103F 2018A&A...619A.103F
11 = Fritz+, 2019, J/A+A/623/A129
12 = Massari & Helmi, 2018, J/A+A/620/A155
13 = Pace & Li, 2019ApJ...875...77P 2019ApJ...875...77P
14 = Sitek+, 2016AcA....66..255S 2016AcA....66..255S
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Ref Reference code
10- 28 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference
30- 61 A32 --- Auth First author's name(s)
63- 83 A21 --- Notes VizieR catalog's reference
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): The different designations are separated by commas; if the entry
ends in a comma, more designations appear in the "Notes" column.
The designations are in chronological order, so that discoveries can
be verified.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
05-May-2020: Insert into VizieR
07-May-2020: Reference "P+16b" in Table 2 corrected for "PGC+16"
Acknowledgements:
Pieter Westera [The Federal University of ABC (UFABC, Brazil)]
References:
Bica et al. Paper I. 2008MNRAS.389..678B 2008MNRAS.389..678B cat. J/MNRAS/389/678
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 14-Apr-2020