J/AJ/161/134 Survey of stellar & planetary comp. within 25pc (Hirsch+, 2021)
Understanding the impacts of stellar companions on planet formation and
evolution: a survey of stellar and planetary companions within 25pc.
Hirsch L.A., Rosenthal L., Fulton B.J., Howard A.W., Ciardi D.R.,
Marcy G.W., Nielsen E., Petigura E.A., de Rosa R.J., Isaacson H.,
Weiss L.M., Sinukoff E., Macintosh B.
<Astron. J., 161, 134 (2021)>
=2021AJ....161..134H 2021AJ....161..134H
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Stars, masses; Stars, diameters; Abundances, [Fe/H];
Effective temperatures; Photometry, infrared; Radial velocities;
Surveys
Keywords: Radial velocity ; Exoplanet catalogs ; Exoplanet formation ;
Planet hosting stars
Abstract:
We explore the impact of outer stellar companions on the occurrence
rate of giant planets detected with radial velocities. We searched for
stellar and planetary companions to a volume-limited sample of
solar-type stars within 25pc. Using adaptive optics imaging
observations from the Lick 3m and Palomar 200" Telescopes, we
characterized the multiplicity of our sample stars, down to the bottom
of the main sequence. With these data, we confirm field star
multiplicity statistics from previous surveys. We additionally
combined three decades of radial velocity (RV) data from the
California Planet Search with newly collected RV data from Keck/HIRES
and the Automated Planet Finder/Levy Spectrometer to search for
planetary companions in these same systems. Using an updated catalog
of both stellar and planetary companions, as well as detailed
injection/recovery tests to determine our sensitivity and
completeness, we measured the occurrence rate of planets among the
single and multiple-star systems. We found that planets with masses in
the range of 0.1-10MJ and with semimajor axes of 0.1-10au have an
occurrence rate of 0.18-0.03+0.04 planets per star when they orbit
single stars and an occurrence rate of 0.12±0.04 planets per star
when they orbit a star in a binary system. Breaking the sample down by
the binary separation, we found that only one planet-hosting binary
system had a binary separation <100au, and none had a separation
<50au. These numbers yielded planet occurrence rates of
0.20-0.06+0.07 planets per star for binaries with separation
aB>100au and 0.04-0.02+0.04 planets per star for binaries with
separation aB<100au. The similarity in the planet occurrence rate
around single stars and wide primaries implies that wide binary
systems should actually host more planets than single-star systems,
since they have more potential host stars. We estimated a system-wide
planet occurrence rate of 0.3 planets per wide binary system for
binaries with separations aB>100au. Finally, we found evidence that
giant planets in binary systems have a different semimajor-axis
distribution than their counterparts in single-star systems. The
planets in the single-star sample had a significantly higher
occurrence rate outside of 1au than inside 1au by nearly 4σ, in
line with expectations that giant planets are most common near the
snow line. However, the planets in the wide binary systems did not
follow this distribution, but rather had equivalent occurrence rates
interior and exterior to 1au. This may point to binary-mediated planet
migration acting on our sample, even in binaries wider than 100au.
Description:
We undertook a uniform imaging survey of our stellar sample using the
ShaneAO system at the Lick Observatory 3m Shane Telescope. We began
our ShaneAO survey in 2015 September and were allocated 5-10 nights
per semester through 2018 August. We obtained images of our bright
sample stars through the Ks filter.
We obtained follow-up data for suspected companions using ShaneAO and
Palomar High Angular Resolution Observer (PHARO) behind the AO system
at the 200" Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Targets were
observed on 14 nights from 2016 through 2017 in a combination of
broad and narrowband filters centered at K.
We carried out an Radial Velocities (RV) monitoring campaign to search
for planets around our sample stars. We combined historic RV
measurements made with the Lick/ Hamilton spectrograph and Keck/HIRES
with new RV observations from HIRES and the APF/Levy spectrometer for
each star.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 48 249 Stellar properties from SpecMatch for all stars in
sample with a HIRES template spectrum
table2.dat 89 349 Observing log of ShaneAO and Palomar observations
table3.dat 49 33723 Catalog of historic and new radial velocities
table5.dat 92 205 Binary Companions to 25pc Stars
table6.dat 183 135 RV detections of planets and false positives
refs.dat 65 89 References used in table5
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See also:
B/sb9 : SB9: 9th Catalogue Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+, 2004-2014)
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)
III/198 : Palomar/MSU nearby star spectroscopic survey (Hawley+ 1997)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
V/122 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+, 2005)
V/117 : Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood (Holmberg+, 2007)
J/AJ/108/2338 : Photographic astrometry. VIII. (Heintz 1994)
J/A+A/282/831 : Spectroscopic orbits of three K dwarf stars (Tokovinin+, 1994)
J/A+A/341/121 : Visual binary orbits and masses (Soederhjelm 1999)
J/ApJS/133/413 : BVRIJHK photometry of cool white dwarfs (Bergeron+, 2001)
J/AJ/124/1144 : Orbits of 171 single-lined spectroscopic binaries (Latham,2002)
J/ApJS/141/503 : Radial Velocities for 889 late-type stars (Nidever+, 2002)
J/A+A/410/1051 : ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets.II (Naef+,2003)
J/ApJ/582/1011 : Revised NLTT Catalog (Salim+, 2003)
J/ApJS/162/207 : Radial velocities of solar-type stars (Abt+, 2006)
J/ApJ/646/505 : Catalog of nearby exoplanets (Butler+, 2006)
J/A+A/450/681 : Companions to close spectroscopic binaries (Tokovinin+, 2006)
J/ApJ/654/625 : Radial velocities of 9 long-period objects (Wittenmyer+, 2007)
J/ApJS/181/62 : Survey of young solar analogs (Metchev+, 2009)
J/ApJ/693/1084 : Ten new and updated multiplanet systems (Wright+, 2009)
J/AJ/140/1623 : PHASES diff. astrometry data archive. II. (Muterspaugh+, 2010)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/A+A/527/A140 : Mass limits on substellar companions (Reffert+, 2011)
J/ApJS/192/2 : A Bayesian search for binaries in Hipparcos (Shaya+, 2011)
J/A+A/546/A69 : Orbits of visual binaries and dynamical masses (Malkov+, 2012)
J/AJ/145/41 : Radial velocities of 33 spectroscopic binaries (Katoh+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors and temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJS/210/5 : The twenty-five year Lick planet search (Fischer+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/86 : From binaries to multiples. I. FG-67 sample (Tokovinin, 2014)
J/A+A/574/A6 : Study of 95 binaries closer than 18pc from Sun (Agati+, 2015)
J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/63 : Radial velocities of HD54371, HR2692, and 16UMa (Fekel+, 2015)
J/ApJ/805/175 : Keck and APF radial velocities of HD7924 (Fulton+, 2015)
J/ApJ/799/4 : Robo-AO observations of binary stars (Riddle+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/3160 : Stellar multiplicity and debris discs (Rodriguez+, 2015)
J/A+A/585/A46 : Extrasolar planets. Radial velocities of 5 stars (Bouchy+,2016)
J/ApJ/821/89 : 12yrs radial velocity obs. of exoplanet systems (Bryan+, 2016)
J/A+A/585/A134 : HD1461, HD40307, and HD204313 radial velocities (Diaz+, 2016)
J/ApJ/830/46 : Radial velocities of 3 Neptune-mass planet hosts (Fulton+,2016)
J/AJ/152/8 : Impact stellar multiplicity planetary systems I. (Kraus+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/138 : Orbits based on speckle interferometry at SOAR (Tokovinin,2016)
J/ApJ/844/102 : KIC star parallaxes from asteroseismology vs Gaia (Huber+,2017)
J/AJ/153/21 : Abundances in local region. II. F, G, & K dwarfs (Luck+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/200 : The nearby white dwarf/red dwarf pair 40 Eri BC (Mason+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. 1305 stars (Petigura+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/110 : Orbits based SOAR speckle interferometry. II. (Tokovinin, 2017)
J/AJ/155/159 : RVs of the late-T dwarf GL 758 B host star (Bowler+, 2018)
J/A+A/619/A81 : Multiplicity among solar-type stars. IV. (Halbwachs+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/474/731 : Accurate SB2 radial velocities (Kiefer+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/215 : Speckle interferometry of red dwarf stars (Mason+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/479/1332 : Binaries with F, G or K primaries & M dwarfs (Montes+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/473/4497 : Binary stars astrom. & photom. measurements (Roberts+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/33 : Radial velocity exploration of ε Eridani (Mawet+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/19 : SOAR TESS survey. I. (Ziegler+, 2020)
J/A+A/639/A50 : HD 164922 d HARPS-N time series (Benatti+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- HD ? Henry Draper catalog identifier
8- 13 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos catalog identifier
15- 18 I4 K Teff [4440/6140] Effective surface temperature (1)
20- 22 F3.1 [cm/s2] logg [3.9/5.2] Surface gravity, log, (1)
24- 28 F5.2 [-] Fe/H [-1.57/0.45] Metallicity (1)
30- 33 F4.2 Msun Mass [0.51/1.39] Mass
35- 38 F4.2 Msun e_Mass [0.01/0.11] Uncertainty in Mass
40- 43 F4.2 Rsun Rad [0.46/1.88] Radius
45- 48 F4.2 Rsun e_Rad [0/0.26] Uncertainty in Radius
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Note (1): Uncertainties for Teff, logg and Fe/H are ± 100K, ± 0.1dex and
± 0.06dex, respectively
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- HD ? Henry Draper catalog identifier
8- 13 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos catalog identifier
15- 16 A2 --- Comp Companion designation
18- 29 F12.4 d Epoch [2457237/2458269] Epoch, Julian Date
31- 37 A7 --- Tel Telescope; Palomar or ShaneAO
39- 46 A8 --- Filt Filter
48- 53 F6.3 arcsec Sep [0.05/12.7] Separation
55- 59 F5.3 arcsec e_Sep [0.001/0.124] Uncertainty in Sep
61- 65 F5.1 deg PA [0.5/359.4] Position angle, east of north
67- 70 F4.1 deg e_PA [0.1/19.1] Uncertainty in PA
72- 76 F5.3 mag dmag [0.02/9.95]? magnitude difference
78- 82 F5.3 mag e_dmag [0.0/2.85]? Uncertainty in dmag
84- 87 A4 --- Method Method used (1)
89- 89 A1 --- Bkg [X] unassociated chance alignment of a
background star (114 occurrences)
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Note (1): Method as follows:
Aper = aperture photometry (144 occurrences)
PSF = PSF fitting photometry (89 occurrences)
Sat = primary saturated, no relative photometry available (116 occurrences)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- HD ? Henry Draper catalog identifier
8- 13 I6 --- HIP ? Hipparcos catalog identifier
15- 28 F14.6 d BJD [2446957/2458886] Barycentric Julian Date of
observation
30- 38 F9.2 m/s RVel [-21848/11103] Radial velocity
40- 44 F5.2 m/s e_RVel [0.08/40.32] Uncertainty in RV
46- 49 A4 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
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Note (1): Instruments as follows:
apf = Automated Planet Finder/ Levy
j = Keck/HIRES post CCD Upgrade
k = Keck/HIRES pre CCD Upgrade
lick = Lick/Hamilton archival data from Fischer+, 2014, J/ApJS/210/5
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- HD ? Henry Draper catalog identifier
8- 13 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos catalog identifier
15- 16 A2 --- Comp Companion designation
18- 21 F4.2 Msun Mass0 [0.6/1.32] Mass, primary
23- 26 F4.2 Msun e_Mass0 [0.01/0.11] Uncertainty in Mass0
28- 31 A4 --- Mass0s Source method for primary mass (1)
33- 36 F4.2 Msun MassC [0.02/1.4]? Mass, companion
38- 41 F4.2 Msun e_MassC [0/0.15]? Uncertainty in MassC
43- 51 A9 --- MassCs Source method for companion mass (1)
53- 60 A8 --- r_MassC Mass references
62- 69 F8.2 au a [0.03/23804] Separation, semi-major axis
71- 77 F7.2 au e_a [0.0/1372.88] Uncertainty in a
79- 82 A4 --- as Source method for semi-major axis (2)
84- 92 A9 --- r_a Separation references
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Note (1): Source method as follows:
Spec = spectroscopic determination of stellar properties
BV = mass inferred from B-V color
Dyn = mass inferred from orbital motion
Dyn- = mass lower limit (Msini) inferred from radial velocities
Phot = mass inferred from relative photometry
Type = mass inferred from published spectral type
Note (2): Source method as follows:
Dyn = Semi-major axis inferred from orbital motion
Proj = Projected separation measured from image
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- HD ? Henry Draper catalog identifier
8- 13 I6 --- HIP ? Hipparcos catalog identifier
15- 26 F12.6 d Per [0.73/40000] Period
28- 33 A6 d E_Per Upper uncertainty on Per
35- 40 A6 d e_Per Lower uncertainty on Per
42- 52 F11.8 au a [0.015/21.2]? semi-major axis (1)
54- 59 A6 au E_a Upper uncertainty on a
61- 67 A7 au e_a Lower uncertainty on a
69- 75 F7.1 m/s K [1.2/18951] Radial velocity semi-amplitude
77- 81 F5.1 m/s E_K [0.2/610] Upper uncertainty on K
83- 87 F5.1 m/s e_K [0.2/690] Lower uncertainty on K
89- 95 F7.3 Mjup Msini [0.011/586]? Mass * sin(inclination) (1)
97-102 F6.3 Mjup E_Msini [0.001/70]? Upper uncertainty on Msini
104-109 F6.3 Mjup e_Msini [0.001/83]? Lower uncertainty on Msini
111-116 F6.4 --- e [0.004/0.93] eccentricity
118-123 F6.4 --- E_e [0.0002/0.4] Upper uncertainty on e
125-130 F6.4 --- e_e [0.0002/0.3] Lower uncertainty on e
132-138 F7.4 rad omega [-3.087/3] argument of periastron
140-145 F6.4 rad E_omega [0.0005/5.8] Upper uncertainty on omega
147-152 F6.4 rad e_omega [0.0005/4.9] Lower uncertainty on omega
154-162 F9.3 d T0 [-9030/23200] time of conjunction, JD-2450000
164-171 F8.3 d E_T0 [0.001/2600] Upper uncertainty on T0
173-180 F8.3 d e_T0 [0.001/3100] Lower uncertainty on T0
182-183 A2 --- Desig Designation (2)
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Note (1): The semi-major axis and Msini values were left as nulls for false
positives.
Note (2): Designations as follows:
PC = Candidate planetary companion (10 occurrences)
P = Planetary companion (44 occurrences)
S = Stellar companion (28 occurrences)
FP = false positive (53 occurrences)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 --- Ref [1/89] Reference number
4- 28 A25 --- Autor Main autor of the reference
30- 48 A19 --- BIB BIBcode
50- 65 A16 --- Cat Catalog identifier for VIZIER
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 19-May-2021