J/AJ/161/203 A sample of 7146 M or K-dwarfs from KIC and Gaia (Anderson+, 2021)
Higher compact multiple occurrence around metal-poor M-dwarfs and late-K-dwarfs.
Anderson S.G., Dittmann J.A., Ballard S., Bedell M.
<Astron. J., 161, 203 (2021)>
=2021AJ....161..203A 2021AJ....161..203A
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Stars, dwarfs; Stars, M-type; Stars, K-type;
Stars, late-type; Cross identifications; Photometry, ugriz;
Effective temperatures; Parallaxes, trigonometric
Keywords: Exoplanet astronomy ; Planet hosting stars ; Exoplanets ;
Main sequence ; M dwarf stars ; Sloan photometry
Abstract:
The planet-metallicity correlation serves as a potential link between
exoplanet systems as we observe them today and the effects of bulk
composition on the planet formation process. Many observers have noted
a tendency for Jovian planets to form around stars with higher
metallicities; however, there is no consensus on a trend for smaller
planets. Here, we investigate the planet-metallicity correlation for
rocky planets in single and multi-planet systems around Kepler M-dwarf
and late-K-dwarf stars. Due to molecular blanketing and the dim nature
of these low-mass stars, it is difficult to make direct elemental
abundance measurements via spectroscopy. We instead use a combination
of accurate and uniformly measured parallaxes and photometry to obtain
relative metallicities and validate this method with a subsample of
spectroscopically determined metallicities. We use the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and
Anderson-Darling (AD) test to compare the compact multiple planetary
systems with single-transiting planet systems and systems with no
detected transiting planets. We find that the compact multiple
planetary systems are derived from a statistically more metal-poor
population, with a p-value of 0.015 in the K-S test, a p-value of
0.005 in the Mann-Whitney U-test, and a value of 2.574 in the AD test
statistic, which exceeds the derived threshold for significance by a
factor of 25. We conclude that metallicity plays a significant role in
determining the architecture of rocky planet systems. Compact
multiples either form more readily, or are more likely to survive on
gigayear timescales, around metal-poor stars.
Description:
We compiled an initial list of M-dwarfs and late-K-dwarfs from the
Kepler Input Catalog (KIC). The most recent version of the KIC (10)
was released in August of 2008 and is available through the Mikulski
Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) data archive.
We cross-matched Gaia DR2 sources with our sample. This cross-match
was done by comparing the KIC coordinates to Gaia DR2 coordinates
propagated to the KIC reference epoch (J2000) using Gaia proper
motions. We utilize the 1" matching table.
Finally, some planet systems detected by Kepler are known to be false
positives. We eliminated all known false-positive systems listed in
the NASA Exoplanet Archive in order to obtain our final sample.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 173 7146 Full sample M and late-K-dwarfs data
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See also:
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/PASP/121/117 : Fe & Ti abundances 12 low-metallicity M stars (Woolf+, 2009)
J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler candidate multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)
J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/90 : Stellar parameters K5 & later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)
J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)
J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)
J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)
J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar properties Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)
J/ApJS/213/5 : Cool KOIs. VI. H- and K- band spectra (Muirhead+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)
J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habit. planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)
J/ApJ/814/130 : Planet occurrence rates calculated for KOIs (Mulders+, 2015)
J/ApJS/220/16 : SpeX NIR survey of 886 nearby M dwarfs (Terrien+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)
J/ApJ/828/99 : Kepler pipeline transit sig. recovery.III (Christiansen+,2016)
J/ApJ/818/153 : MEarth photometry: nearby M-dwarf magnitudes (Dittmann+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/8 : Impact stellar multiplicity planetary systems I (Kraus+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/187 : Planet occurrence & stellar metallicity KOIs (Mulders+, 2016)
J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program I Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)
J/ApJ/866/99 : Revised rad KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+,2018)
J/AJ/156/254 : CKS .VI. Kepler multis & singles (Weiss+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/259 : Robo-AO detected close binaries in Gaia DR2 (Ziegler+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/75 : Mid-type M dwarfs planet occurrences (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf.II Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar multiplicity rate Mdwarfs within 25pc (Winters+, 2019)
http://archive.stsci.edu/ : MAST homepage
http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archives homepage
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC Kepler Input Catalog identifier
10- 15 F6.3 mag gmag [11.5/21.6] Apparent g band magnitude
17- 22 F6.3 mag rmag [10.5/20.1] Apparent r band magnitude
24- 29 F6.3 mag imag [10/19.4] Apparent i band magnitude
31- 36 F6.3 mag Jmag [8.54/17] 2MASS apparent J band magnitude
38- 43 F6.3 mag Hmag [7.9/16.5] 2MASS apparent H band magnitude
45- 50 F6.3 mag Ksmag [7.79/15.8] 2MASS apparent Ks band magnitude
52- 58 F7.4 mag BPmag [11.2/20.7] Gaia DR2 apparent blue magnitude
60- 66 F7.4 mag Gmag [10.5/19.2] Gaia DR2 apparent broad magnitude
68- 74 F7.4 mag RPmag [9.67/18.3] Gaia DR2 apparent red magnitude
76- 82 F7.4 mas plx [1/52.2] Gaia DR2 parallax
84- 86 F3.1 --- NKOIs [0/5] Number of Kepler Objects of Interest
88- 90 F3.1 --- NPlanet [0/6] Number of confirmed planets
92- 97 F6.4 --- GOF [0/6.82] Gaia DR2 goodnes of fit; section 3.3
99-104 F6.3 [cm/s2] logg [-2/0.56] log surface gravity (1)
106-111 F6.1 K Teff [2500/4499] Effective temperature (2)
113-117 F5.3 mag e_gmag [0.025] Uncertainty in gmag
119-122 F4.2 mag e_rmag [0.02] Uncertainty in rmag
124-127 F4.2 mag e_imag [0.02] Uncertainty in imag
129-133 F5.3 mag e_Jmag [0/0.28] Uncertainty in Jmag
135-139 F5.3 mag e_Hmag [0/0.39] Uncertainty in Hmag
141-145 F5.3 mag e_Ksmag [0/0.24] Uncertainty in Ksmag
147-152 F6.4 mas e_plx [0/0.82] Uncertainty in plx
154-159 F6.4 mag e_BPmag [0/0.16] Uncertainty in Bpmag
161-166 F6.4 mag e_Gmag [0.0002/0.03] Uncertainty in Gmag
168-173 F6.4 mag e_RPmag [0/0.06] Uncertainty in Rpmag
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Note (1): From Huber+, 2014, J/ApJS/211/2.
Note (2): From Berger+, 2018A&A...866...99B 2018A&A...866...99B and Huber+, 2014, J/ApJS/211/2.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 30-Jul-2021