J/AJ/162/102 LASSO; Robo-AO observation of 444 young stars (Salama+, 2021)
Large Adaptive optics Survey for Substellar Objects around young, nearby,
low-mass stars with Robo-AO.
Salama M., Ou J., Baranec C., Liu M.C., Bowler B.P., Barnes P., Bonnet M.,
Chun M., Duev D.A., Goebel S., Hall D., Jacobson S., Jensen-clem R.,
Law N.M., Lockhart C., Riddle R., Situ H., Warmbier E., Zhang Z.
<Astron. J., 162, 102-102 (2021)>
=2021AJ....162..102S 2021AJ....162..102S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple; Stars, dwarfs; Photometry, infrared;
Optical; Stars, masses
Keywords: Low mass stars; Binary stars; Brown dwarfs; Surveys
Optical observation; Infrared astronomy; Astronomical instrumentation
Abstract:
We present results from the Large Adaptive optics Survey for
Substellar Objects, where the goal is to directly image new substellar
companions (<70MJup) at wide orbital separations (≳50au) around
young (≲300Myr), nearby (<100pc), low-mass (∼0.1-0.8 M☉) stars.
We report on 427 young stars imaged in the visible (i') and
near-infrared (J or H ) simultaneously with Robo-AO on the Kitt Peak
2.1m telescope and later the Maunakea University of Hawaii 2.2m
telescope. To undertake the observations, we commissioned a new
infrared camera for Robo-AO that uses a low-noise high-speed SAPHIRA
avalanche photodiode detector. We detected 121 companion candidates
around 111 stars, of which 62 companions are physically associated
based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes and proper motions, another 45 require
follow-up observations to confirm physical association, and 14 are
background objects. The companion separations range from 2 to 1101 au
and reach contrast ratios of 7.7 mag in the near-infrared compared to
the primary. The majority of confirmed and pending candidates are
stellar companions, with ∼5 being potentially substellar and requiring
follow-up observations for confirmation. We also detected a 43±9
MJup and an 81±5MJup companion that were previously reported.
We found 34 of our targets have acceleration measurements detected
using Hipparcos-Gaia proper motions. Of those, 58-14+12% of the 12
stars with imaged companion candidates have significant accelerations
(χ2>11.8), while only 23-6+11% of the remaining 22 stars
with no detected companion have significant accelerations. The
significance of the acceleration decreases with increasing companion
separation. These young accelerating low-mass stars with companions
will eventually yield dynamical masses with future orbit monitoring.
Description:
The objective of Large Adaptive Optics Survey (LASSO) is to find new
substellar companions at wide separations in order to carry out
population studies of these rare objects.
We conducted the observations with the Robo-AO instrument first at the
Kitt Peak National Observatory 2.1m telescope in Arizona, and later at
the UH 2.2m telescope on Maunakea, Hawaii. Robo-AO is equipped with
both visible and infrared science cameras with a dichroic mirror
simultaneously sending wavelengths shorter than λ=950nm to the
visible camera and the longer wavelengths to the infrared camera.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table6.dat 131 125 Companion candidate detection measurements
table7.dat 134 58 Binary companion properties: physically
associated
table8.dat 141 45 Binary companion candidate properties:
physical association to be confirmed
table9.dat 108 8 Triple companion candidate properties
table11.dat 109 444 All observed targets
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See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)
B/sb9 : 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2004-2014)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
V/122 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2005)
II/314 : UKIDSS-DR8 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/ApJS/190/100 : NIR proper motion survey using 2MASS (Kirkpatrick+, 2010)
J/A+A/537/A67 : Multi-purpose Exoplanet Simulation System (Bonavita+, 2012)
J/A+A/546/A69 : Orbits of visual binaries and dynamical masses (Malkov+, 2012)
J/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 2012)
J/MNRAS/435/2161 : Catalogue of bright (K<9) M dwarfs (Frith+, 2013)
J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)
J/ApJ/792/119 : Companions to nearby stars from Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2014)
J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)
J/ApJ/833/96 : Hawaii IR parallax program. II. Ultracool dwarfs (Liu+, 2016)
J/A+A/597/A47 : CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfsII (Cortes-Contreras+ 2017)
J/AJ/153/117 : KOIs companions from high-resolution imaging (Hirsch+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/212 : Observations of binary stars at WIYN telescope (Horch+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/129 : PSYM-WIDE: planetary-mass comp. to YMG members (Naud+, 2017)
J/ApJ/844/103 : Orbit alignment in triple stars (Tokovinin, 2017)
J/AJ/155/180 : A catalog of cool dwarf targets for the TESS (Muirhead+, 2018)
J/ApJ/858/41 : PS1 proper-motion survey brown dwarfs. I. Taurus (Zhang+, 2018)
J/ApJS/234/1 : Catalog of M, L, & T dwarfs from PS1 3π Survey (Best+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/16 : UV emission of stars in LAMOST. I. Catalogs (Bai+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/78 : Double & multiple star systems GaiaDR2 (Jimenez-Esteban+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar multip. rate of M dwarfs within 25 pc (Winters+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/187 : Confirmed members of nearby young moving groups (Baron+, 2019)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf II. Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)
J/ApJ/877/60 : YMGs. I. Young binaries & lithium-rich stars (Bowler+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/63 : New AO obs. exoplanets & brown dwarf companions (Bowler+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/139 : Multiple M dwarf stars with Robo-AO & Gaia DR2 (Lamman+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
18 A1 --- Comp Companion identifier
20- 23 A4 --- f_2MASS Flag on 2MASS (1)
25- 28 F4.2 arcsec Sep [0.18/9.74] Separation
30- 33 F4.2 arcsec e_Sep [0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in Separation
35- 39 F5.1 deg PA [3.1/360] Position angle
41- 44 F4.1 deg e_PA [0.1/21] Uncertainty in PA
46- 49 F4.2 mag iDmag [0.17/6.5]? Robo-AO i' band magnitude difference
51- 54 F4.2 mag e_iDmag [0./0.6]? Uncertainty in iDelmag
56- 59 F4.2 mag JDmag [0.09/7.67]? Robo-AO J band magnitude difference
61- 64 F4.2 mag e_JDmag [0.05/2]? Uncertainty in JDelmag
66- 69 F4.2 mag HDmag [0.14/5.8]? Robo-AO H band magnitude difference
71- 74 F4.2 mag e_HDmag [0.09/0.6]? Uncertainty in HDelmag
76- 78 I3 --- iSNR [7/653]? Detection SNR in Robo-AO i band
80- 82 I3 --- JSNR [2/195]? Detection SNR in Robo-AO J band
84- 86 I3 --- HSNR [2/218]? Detection SNR in Robo-AO H band
88- 92 F5.2 mag GDmag [-0.76/6.43]? Gaia DR2 magnitude difference
94-100 E7.1 --- Rplx [0.0001/1]? Ratio Gaia DR2 primary-companion
parallax difference to primary parallax
102-108 E7.1 --- Rpm [0.001/1]? Ratio of Gaia DR2 primary-companion
proper motion difference primary proper motion
110-112 A3 --- Phys Physical association?
114 A1 --- f_Phys [bc] Flag on Phys (2)
116-119 F4.1 --- RUWEp [0.9/39]? Renormalized Unit Weight Error primary
121-124 F4.1 --- RUWEc [0.9/50]? Renormalized UnitWeight Error companion
126-131 F6.1 --- acc [1/1386]? Significance of acceleration between
Hipparcos and Gaia DR2 catalogs (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flags as follows:
SC = Sco-Cen member (7 occurrences)
a = Although 2MASS16304072-2018186 has a detection significance below
our threshold, we have confirmed that it is real from PanSTARRS
observations and a match in Gaia DR2 (1 occurrence).
Note (2): Flag as follows:
b = 2MASS J02514973+2929131 & 2MASS J13414631+5815197:
Cortes-Contreras+, 2017, J/A+A/597/A47;
2MASS J10364483+1521394: Calissendorff+, 2017A&A...604A..82C 2017A&A...604A..82C;
2MASS J19535443+4424541: Tokovinin+, 2017, J/ApJ/844/103;
2MASS J20301067+2650344: Malkov+, 2012, J/A+A/546/A69;
2MASS J19074283+3232396 & 2MASS J23350028+0136193:
Mann+, 2019, J/ApJ/871/63.
c = From Gaia EDR3 astrometry.
Note (3): Of primary component.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
18 A1 --- Comp Companion identifier
20- 21 A2 --- f_2MASS Flag on 2MASS (1)
23- 29 F7.2 AU Sep [2.78/1102] Separation
31- 35 F5.2 AU e_Sep [0.09/67] Uncertainty in Sep
37- 41 F5.2 mag imag [8.4/17.3]? Apparent i' band magnitude
43- 46 F4.2 mag e_imag [0/.6]? Uncertainty in imag
48- 52 F5.2 mag Jmag [7.04/14.4]? Apparent J band magnitude
54- 57 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.05/0.3]? Uncertainty in Jmag
59- 63 F5.2 mag Hmag [7.26/16.1]? Apparent H band magnitude
65- 68 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.09/0.5]? Uncertainty in Hmag
70- 74 F5.2 mag iMAG [6.54/16]? Absolute i' band magnitude
76- 79 F4.2 mag e_iMAG [0/0.6]? Uncertainty in iMag
81- 85 F5.2 mag JMAG [5.19/11.5]? Absolute J band magnitude
87- 90 F4.2 mag e_JMAG [0.05/2]? Uncertainty in JMag
92- 96 F5.2 mag HMAG [5.08/10.3]? Absolute H band magnitude
98-101 F4.2 mag e_HMAG [0.1/4]? Uncertainty in HMag
103 A1 --- l_i-J [>] Limit flag on i-J
104-108 F5.2 mag i-J [0.43/4.88]? The (i'-J) color
110-113 F4.2 mag e_i-J [0.05/0.6]? Uncertainty in i-J
115 A1 --- l_i-H [>] Limit flag on i-H
116-120 F5.2 mag i-H [0.4/3.52]? The (i'-H) color
122-125 F4.2 mag e_i-H [0.09/0.3]? Uncertainty in i-H
127 A1 --- Limit [>] Limit flag for the mass value (2)
128-130 I3 Mjup LoMass [12/511] Lower mass value (3)
132-134 I3 Mjup UpMass [15/615]? Upper mass value (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
SC = Sco-Cen member (3 occurrences)
Note (2): If the mass is a limit, then the LoMass is the limiting mass. The
UpMass will be blank.
Note (3): Estimated mass ranges are from evolutionary isochrone models
(Chabrier+, 2000ApJ...542..464C 2000ApJ...542..464C, Baraffe+, 2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
calculated for ages 10-200Myr, except Sco-Cen members were calculated
for 5-15Myr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
18 A1 --- Comp Companion identifier
20- 21 A2 --- f_2MASS Flag on 2MASS (1)
23- 28 F6.2 AU Sep [4.32/112] Separation
30- 33 F4.2 AU e_Sep [0.2/7] Uncertainty in Sep
35- 39 F5.2 mag imag [10.9/17]? Apparent i' band magnitude
41- 44 F4.2 mag e_imag [0.02/0.4]? Uncertainty in imag
46- 50 F5.2 mag Jmag [8.41/14.4]? Apparent J band magnitude
52- 55 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.05/0.6]? Uncertainty in Jmag
57- 61 F5.2 mag Hmag [9.14/13.5]? Apparent H band magnitude
63- 66 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.1/0.4]? Uncertainty in Hmag
68- 72 F5.2 mag iMAG [8.3/11.2]? Absolute i' band magnitude
74- 77 F4.2 mag e_iMAG [0.02/0.4]? Uncertainty in iMag
79- 83 F5.2 mag JMAG [6.33/11.5]? Absolute J band magnitude
85- 88 F4.2 mag e_JMAG [0.05/2]? Uncertainty in JMag
90- 93 F4.2 mag HMAG [6.16/9.71]? Absolute H band magnitude
95- 98 F4.2 mag e_HMAG [0.1/2]? Uncertainty in HMag
100 A1 --- l_i-J [>] Limit flag on i-J
101-105 F5.2 mag i-J [0.79/5.2]? The (i'-J) color
107-110 F4.2 mag e_i-J [0.06/0.6]? Uncertainty in i-J
112 A1 --- l_i-H [>] Limit flag on i-H
113-117 F5.2 mag i-H [2.07/3.51]? The (i'-H) color
119-122 F4.2 mag e_i-H [0.1/0.2]? Uncertainty in i-H
124-126 I3 Mjup LoMass [13/236] Lower mass value (2)
128-130 I3 Mjup UpMass [51/578] Upper mass value (2)
132-136 F5.2 % Prob [0.74/44]Probability Nbackground≥1
138-141 F4.2 % e_Prob [0.03/0.3] Uncertainty in Prob
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
SC = Sco-Cen member (1 occurrence)
Note (2): Estimated mass ranges are from evolutionary isochrone models
(Chabrier+, 2000ApJ...542..464C 2000ApJ...542..464C, Baraffe+, 2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
calculated for ages 10-200Myr, except Sco-Cen members were calculated
for 5-15Myr.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
18 A1 --- Comp Companion identifier
20- 25 F6.2 AU Sep [1.93/114] Separation
27- 30 F4.2 AU e_Sep [0.05/2] Uncertainty in Sep
32- 36 F5.2 mag imag [9.35/13.5]? Apparent i' band magnitude
38- 41 F4.2 mag e_imag [0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in imag
43- 47 F5.2 mag Jmag [8.1/11.7]? Apparent J band magnitude
49- 52 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.07/0.3]? Uncertainty in Jmag
54- 58 F5.2 mag iMAG [9.62/13.7]? Absolute i' band magnitude
60- 63 F4.2 mag e_iMAG [0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in iMAG
65- 69 F5.2 mag JMAG [6.51/11.2]? Absolute J band magnitude
71- 74 F4.2 mag e_JMAG [0.07/0.6]? Uncertainty in JMAG
76- 76 A1 --- l_i-J [>] Limit flag on i-J
77- 81 F5.2 mag i-J [1.19/3.8]? The (i'-J) color
83- 86 F4.2 mag e_i-J [0.07/0.4]? Uncertainty in i-J
88- 90 I3 Mjup LoMass [13/205] Lower mass value (1)
92- 94 I3 Mjup UpMass [54/547] Upper mass value (1)
96- 98 A3 --- Phys Physical association? (yes)
100-103 F4.2 % Prob [7.95]? Probability Nbackground≥1
105-108 F4.2 % e_Prob [0.13]? Uncertainty in Prob
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Estimated mass ranges are from evolutionary isochrone models
(Chabrier+, 2000ApJ...542..464C 2000ApJ...542..464C, Baraffe+, 2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
calculated for ages 10-200Myr, except Sco-Cen members were calculated
for 5-15Myr.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
18- 19 A2 --- f_2MASS Flag on 2MASS (1)
21- 22 I2 h RAh [0/23] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 25 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
33 A1 --- DE- [±] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
40- 44 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
46- 50 F5.2 mag Jmag [5.02/12.3] Apparent J band magnitude
52- 55 I4 yr Obs.Y [2017/2019] Year of the Observation
57- 59 A3 "month" Obs.M Month of the Observation
61- 62 I2 d Obs.D Day of the Observation
64- 67 F4.2 arcsec Seeing [0.66/2.47]? Seeing
69- 80 A12 --- Pipe Reduction pipeline identifier
82- 86 A5 --- Filt Filter(s) used; i, H or J
88- 90 F3.1 mag Con0.5 [0.1/4.1]? IR contrast limiting mag at 0.5arcsec
92- 94 F3.1 mag Con1 [1/6.3]? IR contrast limiting mag at 1arcsec
96- 98 F3.1 mag Con2 [1.4/8.6]? IR contrast limiting mag at 2arcsec
100-102 F3.1 mag Con3 [2.2/9]? IR contrast limiting mag at 3arcsec
104-107 I4 AU MaxSep [38/2140] Maximum separation
109 A1 --- Comp Companion candidate? (Yes)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
SC = Sco-Cen member (24 occurrences)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 01-Dec-2021