J/AJ/163/178 The Solar Neighborhood. XLIV. M dwarfs with SOAR (Vrijmoet+, 2022)
The Solar Neighborhood.
XLIX. New Discoveries and Orbits of M-dwarf Multiples with Speckle
Interferometry at SOAR.
Vrijmoet E.H., Tokovinin A., Henry T.J., Winters J.G., Horch E., Jao W.-C.
<Astron. J., 163, 178 (2022)>
=2022AJ....163..178V 2022AJ....163..178V
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple; Photometry, VRI; Colors;
Parallaxes, trigonometric; Positional data
Keywords: Speckle interferometry ; Binary stars ; Astrometric binary
stars ; Astrometry ; M stars ; Low mass stars
Abstract:
We present the first results of a multiyear program to map the orbits
of M-dwarf multiples within 25pc. The observations were conducted
primarily during 2019-2020 using speckle interferometry at the
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope in Chile, using the
High-Resolution Camera mounted on the adaptive optics module
(HRCam+SAM). The sample of nearby M dwarfs is drawn from three
sources: multiples from the RECONS long-term astrometric monitoring
program at the SMARTS 0.9m; known multiples, for which these new
observations will enable or improve orbit fits; and candidate
multiples flagged by their astrometric fits in Gaia Data Release 2
(DR2). We surveyed 333 of our 338 M dwarfs via 830 speckle
observations, detecting companions for 63% of the stars. Most notably,
this includes new companions for 76% of the subset selected from Gaia
DR2. In all, we report the first direct detections of 97 new stellar
companions to the observed M dwarfs. Here we present the properties of
those detections, the limits of each nondetection, and five orbits
with periods 0.67-29yr already observed as part of this program.
Companions detected have projected separations of 0.024-2.0"
(0.25-66au) from their primaries and have ΔI≲5.0mag. This
multiyear campaign will ultimately map complete orbits for nearby M
dwarfs with periods up to 3yr, and provide key epochs to stretch
orbital determinations for binaries to 30yr.
Description:
The observations presented here were made over 2018-2020, with most
completed between 2019 July and 2020 December, representing the first
half of our planned 3yr program.
All of the observations used High-Resolution Camera (HRCam), the
high-resolution camera mounted on the SOAR Adaptive Module (SAM), in
the seeing-limited mode (no laser guide star was used). Frames were
taken almost exclusively in the Kron-Cousins I filter, usually in
2-3 sets (data cubes) of 400 frames per target, with integrations
typically 24ms per frame. These sets were each later processed
independently to verify results. Most observations use the HRCam
narrow 3" field of 200x200pixels, whereas pairs known to have
separations of 1.4" or more were observed with the 400x400 field. The
resolution limit in I is usually 40-45mas depending on target
brightness and sky conditions, but can be as close as 35mas in some
cases.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 128 338 Target list for the SOAR speckle program for 25pc
M dwarfs
table2.dat 66 482 Results of observations through 2020 in the SOAR
speckle program for 25pc M dwarfs
refs.dat 72 46 References used
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See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)
III/119 : Spectral classifications of proper motion stars (Bidelman+ 1985)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/AJ/108/2338 : Photographic astrometry. VIII. (Heintz 1994)
J/A+A/341/121 : Visual binary orbits and masses (Soederhjelm 1999)
J/AJ/121/2189 : Stars within 8 pc of the Sun (Oppenheimer+, 2001)
J/A+A/505/859 : M dwarfs radial velocities (Zechmeister+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/403/1949 : UBV(RcIc)JHK photometry of HIP nearby stars (Koen+, 2010)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/AJ/139/743 : Speckle interferometry in 2008-09 (Tokovinin+, 2010)
J/AJ/144/64 : Solar neighborhood. XXVIII. Substellar comp (Dieterich+, 2012)
J/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 20)
J/AJ/143/93 : Rotational velocities in early-M stars (Reine+, 2012)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 201
J/MNRAS/429/859 : New companions to nearby low-mass stars (Jodar+, 2013)
J/ApJ/784/156 : Parallaxes 1507 nearby mid-to-late M dwarfs (Dittmann+, 2014)
J/ApJS/214/17 : Orbital monitoring of AstraLux binaries (Janson+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/85 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIII. 45 M dwarfs (Riedel+, 2014)
J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)
J/AJ/150/50 : Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2014 (Tokovinin+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/449/2618 : M-dwarfs in Multiples (MinMs) survey. I. (Ward-Duong+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/5 : Solar neighborhood. XXXV. Dist to M dwarfs (Winters+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)
J/ApJS/231/15 : Astrometric monitoring ultracool dwarf binaries (Dupuy+, 2017)
J/ApJ/846/93 : Multiplicity of M dwarfs in young moving groups (Shan+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/110 : Orbits based SOAR speckle interferometry. II (Tokovinin, 2017)
J/AJ/153/14 : Solar neighbor. XXXVIII. Near M dwarf systems (Winters+, 2017)
J/A+A/619/A32 : CARMENES SB2 orbital parameters (Baroch+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV RECONS discoveries (Henry+, 2018)
J/A+A/614/A76 : CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs. III. (Jeffers+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/215 : Speckle interferometry of red dwarf stars (Mason+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/49 : The solar neighborhood. XLIII New nearby stars (Riedel+, 2018)
J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of Hipparcos stars Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain M dwarf. II. Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/48 : Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2018 (Tokovinin+, 2019)
J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar mult. rate of M dwarfs within 25pc (Winters+, 2019)
J/AJ/160/7 : 2019 SOAR speckle interfer. of binary stars (Tokovinin+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/215 : Solar neighborhood.XLVI. New Mdwarf binaries (Vrijmoet+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/106 : Radial velocities of 12 Psc and HD 159062 (Bowler+, 2021)
J/ApJS/254/42 : Hipparcos-Gaia (EDR3) Catalog of Accelerations (Brandt, 2021)
J/AJ/162/41 : Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2020 (Tokovinin+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh [0/23] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 11 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
13 A1 --- DE- [±] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
20- 23 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
25- 34 A10 --- WDS WDS catalog identifier (1)
36- 47 A12 --- Dis Discoverer code
49- 62 A14 --- Name Common identifier
64- 70 F7.3 arcsec plx [14.1/769] Parallax
72- 77 F6.3 arcsec e_plx [0.01/15] Uncertainty in plx
79- 83 A5 --- r_plx Reference for plx
85- 89 F5.2 mag Vmag [7.34/18.6] Apparent V band Vega magnitude
91- 95 A5 --- r_Vmag Reference for Vmag
97-101 F5.2 mag (V-K) [3.55/11.5] The (V-K) color (2)
103-105 A3 --- PB System with perturbations in RECONS
astrometry residuals; S2.1 (3)
107-111 A5 --- Mult Known binary from literature; S2.2 (3)
113-115 A3 --- DR2mult System with multiplicy evidence
in Gaia DR2; S2.3 (3)
117-121 A5 --- SOARRes SOAR resolutions/non-resolutions from
previous work (4)
123-128 A6 --- rOrbit Orbit reference (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): For resolved systems not already noted in the WDS catalog
(Mason+, 2001, B/wds), the WDS code given is the anticipated code for
the future entry.
Note (2): All K magnitudes in the color are from Cutri+, 2003, II/246
Note (3): Code as follows:
x = the flag is checked
UnP = unpublished results from coauthor Winters (to be published speckle
survey results)
Note (4): In the yearly SOAR series (e.g., Tokovinin et al. 2019a,
Tokovinin 2020b, Tokovinin 2021), except those noted with the "T2"
flag, which are given in Table 2.
Note (5): For the existing orbit in the literature from the Sixth Catalog of
Orbits of Visual Binary Stars (Hartkopf+, 2001AJ....122.3472H 2001AJ....122.3472H), with
flag "T3" noting orbits newly presented in this work in Table 4 and
Figure 2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- WDS WDS catalog identifier (1)
15- 19 A5 --- Res First resolution (2)
21- 29 F9.4 yr Obs.Y [2018/2021] Fractional year of the observation
31- 32 A2 --- Res? Resolved? Yes or No
34- 39 F6.4 arcsec Sep [0.02/0.94]? Angular separation between
components
41- 45 F5.1 deg PA [5/360]? Position angle between components
47- 49 F3.1 mag Dmag [0/4.6]? Magnitude difference between components
51- 56 F6.4 arcsec Sepmin [0.03/0.29]? Minimum separation distinguishable
for pairs with Dmag< 1 (3)
58- 60 F3.1 mag Dmag0.15 [0/3.6]? Magnitude difference 0.15" from primary
(3)
62- 64 F3.1 mag Dmag1.0 [1.6/5.7]? Magnitude difference 1" from primary
(3)
66- 66 A1 --- Flags Observation flags (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): For resolved systems not already noted in the WDS catalog
(Mason+, 2001, B/wds), the WDS code given is the anticipated code for
the future entry.
Note (2): Codes as follows:
* = new resolution of a system already known in the literature to be a
multiple, but which has never previously been resolved
** = new resolution of a system that was previously a multiple candidate
at best, with its multiplicity not established in the literature;
these are new multiples
none = Systems not resolved here and never resolved previously
Jan14 = Janson+, 2014, J/ApJS/214/17
Jao14 = Jao+, 2014AJ....147...21J 2014AJ....147...21J
Jod13 = Jodar+, 2013, J/MNRAS/429/859
Kar20 = Karmakar+, 2020MNRAS.498..737K 2020MNRAS.498..737K
Mar00 = Martin+, 2000ApJ...529L..37M 2000ApJ...529L..37M
War15 = Ward-Duong+, 2015, J/MNRAS/449/2618
Note (3): For observations with no detected companion.
Note (4): Flags as follows:
q = quadrant has been determined;
p = Delmag determined photometrically from average image;
: = noisy data;
y = magnitude difference in y band (all others in I band).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 A6 --- Ref Reference
8- 25 A18 --- Autor Main autor
27- 45 A19 --- BIB BIBcode
47- 62 A16 --- Cat. Catalog in vizier
64- 72 A9 --- Note Additionnal note or comment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
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(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 02-May-2022