J/AJ/164/86 Kinematic and astrometric data for SBN stars (Kobulnicky+, 2022)
Kinematics of the Central Stars Powering Bowshock Nebulae and the Large
Multiplicity Fraction of Runaway OB Stars.
Kobulnicky H.A., Chick W.T.
<Astron. J., 164, 86 (2022)>
=2022AJ....164...86K 2022AJ....164...86K
ADC_Keywords: H II regions; Stars, OB; Stars, early-type; Spectra, optical;
Radial velocities; Proper motions; Parallaxes, trigonometric
Keywords: Runaway stars ; Massive stars ; Early-type stars ; Stellar
kinematics ; OB stars ; H II regions ; Circumstellar dust ;
High-velocity stars
Abstract:
OB stars powering stellar bowshock nebulae (SBNe) have been presumed
to have large peculiar velocities. We measured peculiar velocities of
SBN central stars to assess their kinematics relative to the general
O-star population using Gaia EDR3 data for 267 SBN central stars and a
sample of 455 Galactic O stars to derive projected velocities v2D. For
a subset of each sample, we obtained new optical spectroscopy to
measure radial velocities and identify multiple-star systems. We find
a minimum multiplicity fraction of 36%±6% among SBN central stars,
consistent with >28% among runaway Galactic O stars. The large
multiplicity fraction among runaways implicates very efficient
dynamical ejection rather than binary-supernova origins. The median
v2D of SBN central stars is v2D =14.6km/s, larger than the median
v2D=11.4km/s for non-bowshock O stars. Central stars of SBNe have a
runaway (v2D>25km/s) fraction of 24-7+9%, consistent with the
22-3+3% for control-sample O stars. Most (76%) SBNe central stars
are not runaways. Our analysis of alignment (ΔPA) between the
nebular morphological and v2D kinematic position angles reveals two
populations: a highly aligned (σPA=25°) population that
includes stars with the largest v2D (31% of the sample) and a random
(nonaligned) population (69%). SBNe that lie within or near HII
regions comprise a larger fraction of this latter component than SBNe
in isolated environments, implicating localized ISM flows as a factor
shaping their orientations and morphologies. We outline a new
conceptual approach to computing the solar local standard of rest
motion, yielding [U☉,V☉,W☉]=[5.5,7.5,4.5]km/s.
Description:
The stellar sources for this work were selected from Kobulnicky+,
2016, J/ApJS/227/18 (K16) catalog of 709 morphologically identified
SBNe candidates and their central stars.
We obtained 119 new optical spectra using the Wyoming Infrared
Observatory (WIRO) 2.3m and Apache Point Observatory (APO) 3.5m
telescopes.
We acquired 81 spectra on the nights of 2019 July 29; August 16, 28,
and 19; and September 4 using the WIRO Long Slit spectrograph.
Observational methodologies for WIRO spectra closely follow those
described in Paper I. During each observation, sources were positioned
within a 1.2x120" slit oriented north-south. A 2000line/mm grating
yielded a spectral resolution of 1.26Å FWHM (R∼4000) with a
spectral coverage of 5400-6800Å. Exposure times ranged from 1x30 to
2x300s, depending on source brightness and seeing.
We acquired 38 spectra using the Double Imaging Spectrograph (DIS) on
the APO 3.5m telescope over seven nights: 2019 May 24, 2019 July 3 and
9, 2019 September 4 and 25, and 2019 October 22 and 29. The
1200line/mm grating of the red spectrograph arm yielded a reciprocal
dispersion of 0.58Å/pix over the 5700-6900Å wavelength range.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 101 25 Kinematic data of 25 runaway GOSC stars
table2.dat 133 267 Astrometric data for selected SBN central stars
table3.dat 43 267 Kinematic data for SBN central stars
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See also:
B/sb9 : SB9; 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2004-2014)
III/84 : Galactic O Stars (Cruz-Gonzalez+ 1974)
III/135 : Henry Draper Catalogue and Extension (Cannon+ 1918-1924; ADC 1989)
III/182 : HDE Charts; positions, proper motions (Nesterov+ 1995)
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
III/274 : Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS) (Sota+, 2014)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
V/31 : Kinematic data for O-B5 stars (Rubin+, 1962)
V/122 : SB9; 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2005)
V/125 : Photometry and Spectroscopy for Luminous Stars (Reed 2005)
J/ApJS/2/389 : Observations of O and B stars (Hiltner, 1956)
J/AJ/106/1906 : NGC 6611; A Cluster Caught in the Act (Hillenbrand+ 1993)
J/ApJ/454/151 : OB Associations of the Northern Milky Way (Massey+ 1995)
J/ApJS/105/419 : Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars (Barnbaum+ 1996)
J/AJ/133/1092 : vsini of B0-B3 stars in 7 young clusters (Wolff+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/410/190 : Young runaway stars within 3kpc (Tetzlaff+, 2011)
J/ApJS/213/34 : Velocities of Cygnus OB2 massive binaries (Kobulnicky+, 2014)
J/A+A/578/A45 : E-BOSS. II. Catalogue second release (Peri+, 2015)
J/ApJS/227/18 : Candidate stellar bowshock nebula from MIR (Kobulnicky+, 2016)
J/ApJ/817/113 : RIOTS4; spectroscopic survey SMC field OB stars (Lamb+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/4 : GOSSS III. 142 add. O-type systems (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016)
J/A+A/596/A116 : Radial velocities of K-M dwarfs (Sperauskas+, 2016)
J/A+A/612/A50 : New massive members of Cygnus OB2 (Berlanas+, 2018)
J/A+A/618/A110 : IR nebulae around bright massive stars (Bodensteiner+, 2018)
J/ApJ/867/L8 : Gaia kinematic of runaway & field OB stars in SMC (Oey+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/488/1141 : Milky Way Project bubbles & bow shocks (Jayasinghe+, 2019)
J/A+A/626/A20 : MONOS. I. Spectral classifications (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2019)
J/ApJ/885/131 : ∼200 high-mass SFR plx & proper motion with VLBI (Reid+, 2019)
J/A+A/624/A66 : Massive runaway and walkaway stars models (Renzo+, 2019)
J/ApJS/251/29 : Stellar bow shock nebulae spectroscopic obs. (Chick+, 2020)
J/A+A/658/A69 : RVs of B stars in NGC 6231 (Banyard+, 2022)
http://gosc.cab.inta-csic.es/ : Galactic O-star catalog
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- GOSC [20/474] Galactic O-star catalog identification
number (1)
5- 14 A10 --- OName Alias or other common name
16- 20 F5.3 --- RUWE [0.83/1.3] Gaia EDR3 re-normalized unit weight
error
22- 23 I2 km/s v2D [25/86] projected two-dimensional peculiar
velocity
25- 25 I1 km/s e_v2D [1/6] Uncertainty in v2D
27- 30 I4 km/s RVel [-184/14] mean Heliocentric radial velocity
32- 33 I2 km/s e_RVel [2/30] Uncertainty on RVel
35- 37 I3 km/s RVel-rms [4/104] radial velocity RMS
39- 43 F5.3 --- Prob [0/1] probability of the null hypothesis (2)
45- 52 A8 --- SpT literature spectral type and luminosity class
54-101 A48 --- HJD Observation date(s) for radial velocities,
HJD-2458000
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Note (1): GOSC identifiers are available via: http://gosc.cab.inta-csic.es/
Note (2): Probability P(chi2, nu) for each stars set of radial velocities
being consistent with the null hypothesis (no velocity variability)
using a chi-squared test with ν degrees of freedom, where ν is the
number of radial velocity measurements minus one. Sources with P(chi2,
nu)<0.05 are inconsistent with the null hypothesis of a single-star
system and are interpreted as candidate multiple-star systems.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- SBN SBN identifier (1)
5- 19 A15 --- OName Alias or other common name
21- 28 F8.4 deg RAdeg [6/344] Right Ascension (ICRS at Epoch=2016.0)
30- 37 F8.4 deg DEdeg [-64/72] Declination (ICRS at Epoch=2016.0)
39- 57 I19 --- Gaia Gaia EDR3 Identifier
59- 63 F5.2 mag Gmag [4.55/19.1] Gaia EDR3 G-band magnitude
65- 69 A5 --- Env K16 environment class (2)
71- 76 F6.4 mas plx [0.08/5.71] Gaia EDR3 parallax
78- 83 F6.4 mas e_plx [0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in plx
85- 92 F8.4 mas/yr pmRA [-29.6/5.87] Gaia EDR3 proper motion in RA
94- 99 F6.4 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.007/0.3] Uncertainty in pmRA
101-108 F8.4 mas/yr pmDE [-42.3/43.6] Gaia EDR3 proper motion in DE
110-115 F6.4 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.009/0.3] Uncertainty in pmDE
117-117 I1 --- Code [1/3] Group Code (3)
119-129 A11 --- SpT Spectral Type (4)
131-133 A3 --- Ref Literature reference for SpT (5)
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Note (1): The SBN identifier is either the K16 catalog identification
number from Kobulnicky+, 2016, J/ApJS/227/18 or an identification
index that includes the additional stars drawn from Jayasinghe+, 2019,
J/MNRAS/488/1141.
Note (2): Environment class as follows:
I = isolated (155 instances)
FH = facing an H II region (50 instances)
H = within an H II region (30 instances)
FB = facing a bright-rimmed cloud (30 instances). An FB designation often
entails an H designation, so some objects have a compound environment
class (e.g., FB/H).
Note (3): Codes as follows:
1 = Multiple Star Candidates group (16 occurrences)
2 = Single Star Candidates group (36 occurrences)
3 = Group 3 (215 occurrences)
Note (4): Spectral type, either from Paper I where sources were classified
into three broad categories O/OB/B, or from the literature, in which
case the spectral type and luminosity class is enclosed in parentheses.
Note (5): References for literature spectral types --
A16 = Alexander+, 2016AJ....152..190A 2016AJ....152..190A
B96 = Barnbaum+, 1996, J/ApJS/105/419
B18 = Berlanas+, 2018, J/A+A/612/A50
C93 = Cannon & Pickering, 1993, III/135
G11 = Gvaramadze+, 2011A+A...529A..14G 2011A+A...529A..14G
H56 = Hiltner, 1956, J/ApJS/2/389
H64 = Hardorp+, 1964LS....C03....0H 1964LS....C03....0H
H93 = Hillenbrand+, 1993, J/AJ/106/1906
H75 = Houk & Cowley, 1975mcts.book.....H 1975mcts.book.....H
H78 = Houk, 1978mcts.book.....H 1978mcts.book.....H
H88 = Houk & Smith-Moore, 1988mcts.book.....H 1988mcts.book.....H
K10 = Kobulnicky+, 2010ApJ...710..549K 2010ApJ...710..549K
M16 = Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/4
M54 = Munch+, 1954BOTT....1i..29M 1954BOTT....1i..29M
M95 = Massey+, 1995, J/ApJ/454/151
N95 = Nesterov+, 1995, III/182
P12 = Parthasarathy+, 2012PASJ...64...57P 2012PASJ...64...57P
R03 = Reed, 2003, V/125
R19 = Roman-Lopes & Roman-Lopes, 2019MNRAS.484.5578R 2019MNRAS.484.5578R
S11 = Sota+, 2011, III/274
S14 = Sota+, 2014, III/274
S17 = Sana+, 2017A&A...599L...9S 2017A&A...599L...9S
S60 = Stock+, 1960LS....C02....0S 1960LS....C02....0S
S71 = Stephenson & Sanduleak, 1971, III/43
V93 = Vijapurkar & Drilling, 1993ApJS...89..293V 1993ApJS...89..293V
W07 = Wolff+, 2007, J/AJ/133/1092
W71 = Walborn, 1971ApJS...23..257W 1971ApJS...23..257W
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- SBN SBN identifier (1)
5- 7 I3 km/s v2D [1/106] Projected 2-dimensional peculiar velocity
9- 10 I2 km/s e_v2D [1/90] Uncertainty in v2D
12- 15 I4 km/s v3D [4/216]? Calculated 3-dimensional velocity (2)
17- 20 I4 km/s e_v3D [2/111]? Uncertainty in v3D (2)
22- 24 I3 deg PAm [0/358] Morphological position angle (3)
26- 28 I3 deg PAk [3/359] Kinematic position angle (4)
30- 32 I3 deg e_PAk [1/117] Uncertainty in PAk
34- 37 I4 deg DeltaPA [-180/178] difference between PAm & PAk, PAm-PAk
39- 41 I3 deg e_DeltaPA [8/118] Uncertainty in DeltaPA
43- 43 I1 --- Code [1/3] Code (5)
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Note (1): The SBN identifier is either the K16 catalog identification
number from Kobulnicky+, 2016, J/ApJS/227/18 or an identification
index that includes the additional stars drawn from Jayasinghe+, 2019,
J/MNRAS/488/1141.
Note (2): v3D and its uncertainty are calculated where radial velocities
were measured for the Multiple Star Candidates and Single Star
Candidates. The largest source of uncertainty in the v2D calculations is
the distance uncertainty arising from the linear dependence of each
velocity component on distance.
Note (3): The morphological position angle (PAm) from the central star to the
apex of the SBN, in degrees from North toward East in Equatorial
coordinates, as tabulated in K16. This position angle was measured by eye
based upon Spitzer Space Telescope 24um and WISE 22um archival images and
carries an estimated uncertainty of 8degrees.
Note (4):position angle (PAk) of the star's v2D vector and its associated
uncertainty in degrees.
Note (5): Code as follows:
1 = Multiple Star Candidates group (16 occurrences)
2 = Single Star Candidates group (36 occurrences)
3 = Group 3 (215 occurrences)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Chick et al. Paper I : 2020ApJS..251...29C 2020ApJS..251...29C Cat. J/ApJS/251/29
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 07-Nov-2022