J/AJ/167/196 The solar neighborhood LI. RECONS & TESS obs. (Kar+, 2024)
The solar neighborhood LI: a variability survey of nearby M dwarfs with planets
from months to decades with TESS and the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9m telescope.
Kar A., Henry T.J., Couperus A.A., Vrijmoet E.H., Jao W.-C.
<Astron. J., 167, 196 (2024)>
=2024AJ....167..196K 2024AJ....167..196K
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Stars, M-type; Stars, nearby; Photometry, VRI
Keywords: Exoplanet systems ; Habitable planets ; M dwarf stars ;
Planet hosting stars ; Solar neighborhood ; Surveys ;
Exoplanet surface variability ; Stellar activity
Abstract:
We present the optical photometric variability of 32 planet-hosting
M dwarfs within 25pc over timescales of months to decades. The primary
goal of this project-A Trail to Life Around Stars (ATLAS)-is to follow
the trail to life by revealing nearby M dwarfs with planets that are
also "quiet," which may make them more amiable to habitability. There
are 69 reported exoplanets orbiting the 32 stars discussed here,
providing a rich sample of worlds for which environmental evaluations
are needed. We examine the optical flux environments of these planets
over month-long timescales for 23 stars observed by TESS, and find
that 17 vary by less than 1% (∼11mmag). All 32 stars are being
observed at the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9m telescope, with a median duration of
19.1yr of optical photometric data in the VRI bands. We find over
these extended timescales that six stars show optical flux variations
less than 2%, 25 vary from 2% to 6% (∼22-67mmag), and only one,
Proxima Centauri, varies by more than 6%. Overall, LHS 1678 exhibits
the lowest optical variability levels measured over all timescales
examined, thereby providing one of the most stable photometric
environments among the planets reported around M dwarfs within 25pc.
More than 600 of the nearest M dwarfs are being observed at the 0.9m
telescope in the RECONS program that began in 1999, and many more
planet hosts will undoubtedly be revealed, providing more destinations
to be added to the ATLAS sample in the future.
Description:
The A Trail to Life Around Stars (ATLAS) project is described in
Section 2.
Our selection criteria resulted in 32 systems with 69 reported
exoplanets that have at least 3yr of RECONS observations in the
ongoing program (Henry+ 2018, J/AJ/155/265). These 32 M dwarfs that
constitute the ATLAS sample are shown in the observational H-R diagram
of Figure 1, are listed in Table 1, and comprise the set for which we
discuss our variability measurements from RECONS and TESS
observations. See Section 3.
Since 1999, the REsearch Consortium On Nearby Stars (RECONS;
www.recons.org) program has conducted astrometric and photometric
measurements of red dwarfs in the solar neighborhood with the Small
and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System (SMARTS)/Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) 0.9m telescope in Chile.
Observations are made using Johnson-Kron-Cousins VRI filters with
central wavelengths of 5438Å, 6425Å, and 8075Å, respectively.
See Section 4.
We use TESS data to study 23 of the 32 stars in the ATLAS sample that
have been observed so far for these midterm variability signatures.
See Section 5.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 163 32 32 M dwarfs in the ATLAS sample
table2.dat 58 14 Results of methodology tests on white dwarfs
and rotating M dwarfs
lcs/* . 32 Individual CTIO/SMARTS 0.9m telescope LCs
in ASCII format (Data behind Figure 3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)
J/A+A/410/671 : X-ray emission in cool main sequence stars (Messina+, 2003)
J/AJ/141/21 : CCD distance estimates of SCR targets (Winters+, 2011)
J/A+A/541/A9 : M dwarfs activity & radial velocity (Gomes da Silva+, 2012)
J/A+A/556/A126 : GJ667C Doppler & activity data (Anglada-Escude+, 2013)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)
J/ApJ/764/3 : Hα indices in M low-mass stars (Robertson+, 2013)
J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)
J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)
J/AJ/150/6 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVI. Var. of M dwarfs (Hosey+, 2015)
J/ApJ/809/77 : Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (Sullivan+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs (Benedict+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/124 : M dwarfs-long-term photometric variability (Clements+, 2017)
J/ApJ/842/83 : Praesepe members rot. periods from K2 LCs (Douglas+, 2017)
J/ApJ/834/85 : Hα emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/32 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIX. Nearby WDs (Subasavage+, 2017)
J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV. RECONS (Henry+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/217 : Stellar data for M dwarfs in MEarth-South (Newton+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/102 : TESS Input Catalog & Candidate Target List (Stassun+, 2018)
J/A+A/629/A111 : L 98-59 (TOI 175) HARPS observations (Cloutier+, 2019)
J/ApJ/879/100 : Rot. periods for Hyades & Praesepe members (Douglas+, 2019)
J/ApJ/904/140 : Ruprecht 147 & rot. data for 5 other cl. (Curtis+, 2020)
J/A+A/638/A20 : M dwarfs X-ray activity & rot. relations (Magaudda+, 2020)
J/A+A/635/A43 : Stellar rot. periods from K2 C0-18 (Reinhold+, 2020)
J/A+A/639/A77 : Proxima Cen RV, FWHM and fluxes (Suarez Mascareno+, 2020)
J/A+A/653/A41 : L 98-59 (TOI-175) ESPRESSO observations (Demangeon+, 2021)
J/AJ/164/251 : ZTF measured rotational period of M- or G-dwarfs (Lu+, 2022)
J/A+A/661/A29 : First eROSITA study of nearby M dwarfs (Magaudda+, 2022)
J/A+A/675/A168 : Stellar properties of 177 M dwarfs (Mignon+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- Name Name used in this work
14- 34 A21 --- Simbad Valid Simbad name
36- 37 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
39- 40 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
42- 45 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
47 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
48- 49 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
51- 52 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
54- 55 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination, Gaia DR3 (J2000)
57- 61 F5.2 mag Vmag [9.8/18.8] Apparent V band (Vega) magnitude
63- 67 F5.2 mag Rmag [8.68/16.52] Apparent R band (Vega) magnitude
69- 73 F5.2 mag Imag [7.14/14.1] Apparent I band (Vega) magnitude
75 A1 --- Filt Monitoring filter for RECONS 0.9m
77- 80 F4.1 yr Cov [7/23.3] Time Coverage for RECONS 0.9m
82- 85 F4.1 mmag sigma [5.4/36] Standard deviation, RECONS 0.9m,
σ for comparison to other efforts
87- 90 F4.1 mmag IDR [13/94] Interdecile range, RECONS 0.9m
92- 100 I9 --- TIC [16909043/471012766] TESS Input Catalog
identifier
102- 104 F3.1 mmag sig-avg1 [0.1/9.7]? PDCSAP σ average
106- 109 F4.1 mmag IDR-avg1 [0.3/21.7]? PDCSAP IDR average
111- 113 F3.1 mmag sig-avg2 [0.5/9.8]? Unpopular pipeline σ average
115- 118 F4.1 mmag IDR-avg2 [1/26.1]? Unpopular pipeline IDR average
120- 123 A4 --- Sec Number of Sectors, N.O.=Not Observed
125- 130 A6 --- Blend TESS Blending-based contamination note (s)
132- 163 A32 --- FileName Name of the ASCII file in subdirectory "lcs";
column added by CDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Subset [1/3] Test subset (1)
3- 14 A12 --- Name Name used in this work
16- 24 I9 --- TIC [4400550/447382925] TESS Input Catalog ID
26- 30 F5.2 mag Tmag [9.7/13.4] TESS Magnitude (2)
32- 33 I2 --- Sector [1/14] Sector
35- 38 F4.1 mmag FSAP-IDR [2.6/18.5] Interdecile range, SAP Flux
40- 43 F4.1 mmag FP-IDR [0.8/18.1] Interdecile range, PDCSAP Flux
45- 48 F4.1 mmag Polyu-IDR [1.7/91.3] Interdecile range, unpopular w/
polynomial
50- 53 F4.1 mmag Poly-IDR [1/11.7] Interdecile range, unpopular w/o
polynomial
55- 58 F4.1 d Prot [3.3/91.7]? Literature Rotation period
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Test subsets as follows, with sources and rotation period source:
1 = White Dwarfs, photometrically stable w/o variability,
Jao+ (2011AJ....141..117J 2011AJ....141..117J); Subasavage+ (2017, J/AJ/154/32)
2 = Kepler M-dwarfs, McQuillan+ 2013, J/MNRAS/432/1203
3 = MEarth Mdwarfs, Newton+ 2018, J/AJ/156/217
Note (2): TESS magnitude from the TESS Input Catalog (TIC), v8.2
Paegert+ 2021arXiv210804778P 2021arXiv210804778P ; Cat. IV/39
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: lcs/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 yr Year [1999.6/2023.5] Nightly mean date
in decimal years
20- 37 F18.10 d JD Nightly mean Julian Date
39- 59 F21.17 mmag dMag [-78.4/77.1] Nightly mean change in magnitude
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
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(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 02-Sep-2024