J/ApJ/752/146 Star forming complexes in Galactic WMAP sources (Lee+, 2012)
Milky Way star-forming complexes and the turbulent motion of the Galaxy's
molecular gas.
Lee E.J., Murray N., Rahman M.
<Astrophys. J., 752, 146 (2012)>
=2012ApJ...752..146L 2012ApJ...752..146L
ADC_Keywords: H II regions ; Milky Way ; Interstellar medium ;
Infrared sources ; Radio sources
Keywords: H II regions; infrared: ISM; stars: formation
Abstract:
We analyze Spitzer GLIMPSE, Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), and
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) images of the Milky Way to
identify 8µm and free-free sources in the Galaxy. Seventy-two of
the 88 WMAP sources have coverage in the GLIMPSE and MSX surveys
suitable for identifying massive star-forming complexes (SFCs). We
measure the ionizing luminosity functions of the SFCs and study their
role in the turbulent motion of the Galaxy's molecular gas. We find a
total Galactic free-free flux fν=46177.6Jy; the 72 WMAP sources
with full 8µm coverage account for 34263.5Jy (∼75%), with both
measurements made at ν=94GHz (W band). We find a total of 280 SFCs,
of which 168 have unique kinematic distances and free-free
luminosities. We use a simple model for the radial distribution of
star formation to estimate the free-free and ionizing luminosity for
the sources lacking distance determinations. The total dust-corrected
ionizing luminosity is Q=(2.9±0.5)x1053photons/s, which implies a
Galactic star formation rate of
{dot}M*=1.2±0.2{M}☉/yr. We present the (ionizing)
luminosity function of the SFCs and show that 24 sources emit half the
ionizing luminosity of the Galaxy. The SFCs appear as bubbles in
GLIMPSE or MSX images; the radial velocities associated with the
bubble walls allow us to infer the expansion velocity of the bubbles.
We calculate the kinetic luminosity of the bubble expansion and
compare it to the turbulent luminosity of the inner molecular disk.
SFCs emitting 80% of the total Galactic free-free luminosity produce a
kinetic luminosity equal to 65% of the turbulent luminosity in the
inner molecular disk. This suggests that the expansion of the bubbles
is a major driver of the turbulent motion of the inner Milky Way
molecular gas.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 163 280 Star Forming Complex (SFC) parameters
table2.dat 62 906 HII region Radio Recombination Line velocities
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See also:
II/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)
V/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)
V/112 : Catalog of Star-Forming Regions in the Galaxy (Avedisova, 2002)
VIII/58 : A Survey of Radio H II Regions in the Northern Sky (Lockman+ 1989)
VII/50 : CO Radial Velocities Toward Galactic H II Regions (Blitz+ 1982)
J/ApJS/208/20 : Nine-year WMAP point source catalogs (Bennett+, 2013)
J/ApJS/196/18 : CO survey of galactic molecular clouds. II. (Bieging+, 2011)
J/ApJ/738/27 : Galactic HII regions RRL and continuum data (Balser+, 2011)
J/ApJ/709/424 : HII regions identified with WMAPS and GLIMPSE (Murray+, 2010)
J/ApJ/719/1104 : Massive star forming complexes in GLIMPSE (Rahman+, 2010)
J/ApJ/690/706 : Distances of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2009)
J/ApJS/165/338 : Radio recombination lines in HII regions (Quireza+, 2006)
J/MNRAS/366/1096 : Kinematic distance ambiguity (Busfield+, 2006)
J/AJ/130/156 : Galactic radio compact HII regions at 1.4GHz (Giveon+, 2005)
J/AJ/129/348 : Radio compact HII regions in the Milky Way (Giveon+, 2005)
J/ApJS/154/553 : Inner galaxy massive star formation regions (Sewilo+, 2004)
J/ApJ/582/756 : Velocities of HII regions (Kolpak+, 2003)
J/A+A/397/213 : Galactic HII regions (Paladini+, 2003)
J/AJ/126/1423 : MSX 8.3um fluxes of star-forming regions (Kraemer+, 2003)
J/A+A/397/133 : Star-forming complexes in the Galaxy (Russeil+, 2003)
J/ApJS/148/97 : The WMAP First Year Source Catalog (WMAP1) (Bennett+, 2003)
J/ApJ/488/224 : 4.85 GHz fluxes of H II regions (Kuchar+ 1997)
J/A+AS/101/153 : Galactic H2O masers (Palagi+ 1993)
J/A+A/171/261 : Southern HII Regions radio recombination lines (Caswell+ 1987)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 -- Seq [0/279] SFC running sequence number
5- 8 A4 -- Name Host WMAP source (69 sources: G3 to G359)
10- 16 F7.3 deg GLON Galactic Longitude
18- 24 F7.3 deg GLAT Galactic Latitude
26- 30 F5.1 arcmin amaj [1/210] Semi-Major Axis
32- 36 F5.1 arcmin bmin [0.7/129] Semi-Minor Axis
38- 40 I3 deg PA Position Angle
42- 47 F6.1 km/s Vlsr [-210/118]? Local Standard of Rest Velocity
49 A1 -- n_Vlsr [ac] Note on Vlsr computation (1)
51- 54 F4.1 km/s dVm [1.6/18.5]? Measured Half-Spread Velocity
56- 59 F4.1 km/s dVc [2.8/48.7]? Corrected Half-Spread Velocity
61 A1 -- n_dVc [bc] Note on dVc computation (1)
63- 66 F4.1 kpc Dfar [0.3/15]? Far Kinematic Distance (2)
68- 71 F4.1 kpc e_Dfar [0.1/31]? Error in Dfar
73- 75 F3.1 kpc Dnear [0/8.4]? Near Kinematic Distance
77- 79 F3.1 kpc e_Dnear [0.1/9]? Error in Dnear
81 I1 -- n_Dnear [0/1]? Note on Dnear computation (3)
83- 87 F5.1 pc Rfar [0.2/212]? Geometric Mean of Radius calculated
with Dfar
89- 93 F5.1 pc e_Rfar ? Error in Rfar
95- 98 F4.1 pc Rnear [0/75]? Geometric Mean of Radius calculated
with Dnear
100-103 F4.1 pc e_Rnear ? Error in Rnear
105-108 I4 Jy Flux [0/2077] 94GHz Free-free flux density
110-113 I4 Jy e_Flux [0/2625] Error in flux density
115-121 F7.4 10+51/s Qfar [0/37]? Ionizing Luminosity calculated with Dfar
123-129 F7.4 10+51/s e_Qfar ? Error in Qfar
131-136 F6.4 10+51/s Qnear [0/8]? Ionizing Luminosity calculated with Dnear
138-143 F6.4 10+51/s e_Qnear ? Error in Qnear
145-148 F4.1 Myr Tfar [0.2/32]? Dynamical Time calculated with Dfar
150-153 F4.1 Myr Tnear [0/10]? Dynamical Time calculated with Dnear
155 A1 -- KDA [FN] Result of Kinematic Distance Ambiguity
resolution: Far or Near
157-163 A7 -- r_KDA Reference(s) for KDA (4)
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Note (1): Note as follows:
a = This SFC selection is motivated by Cotera et al. 2005ApJ...622..333C 2005ApJ...622..333C
and Lang et al. 2001AJ....121.2681L 2001AJ....121.2681L. Vlsr is determined by taking the
average between filaments E1, E2 and the Arches cluster velocity
(Cotera et al. 2005ApJ...622..333C 2005ApJ...622..333C).
b = The expansion velocity is determined by taking the mean FWHM velocity
among E2, W1, W2 filaments (Cotera et al. 2005ApJ...622..333C 2005ApJ...622..333C;
Lang et al. 2001AJ....121.2681L 2001AJ....121.2681L).
c = Velocities are taken from Lang et al. 1997ApJ...474..275L 1997ApJ...474..275L
Note (2): If the only distance entry is far kinematic distance, this indicates
unique distance measurement.
Note (3): Note on Dfar as follows:
0 = Distance calculated with Clemens 1985ApJ...295..422C 1985ApJ...295..422C rotation curve
1 = Manual distance assignment to 4kpc/12kpc due to association with
3kpc molecular ring.
Exceptions:
G359 SFC0 = refer to Note (1) Arches cluster
G359 SFC1 = refer to Note (2) Quintuplet cluster
G348 SFC252 = manual distance assignment to 2kpc based on
Murray & Rahman, 2010, Cat. J/ApJ/709/424
G355 SFC272 = manual distance assignment to 1.2kpc based on
Russeil, 2003, Cat. J/A+A/397/133
Note (4): The KDA Ref. indicates the literatures used to resolve kinematic
distance ambiguity. In cases where no reference is given, the
kinematic distance is either unique, undetermined, or we present both
the near and far distances. Reference as follows:
1 = Anderson, L.D., & Bania, T.M. 2009, Cat. J/ApJ/690/706
2 = Busfield, A.L., et al. 2006, Cat. J/MNRAS/366/1096
3 = Sewilo, M., et al. 2004, Cat. J/ApJS/154/553
4 = Fish, V.L., et al. 2003ApJ...587..701F 2003ApJ...587..701F
5 = Kolpak, M. A., et al. 2003, Cat. J/ApJ/582/756
6 = Palagi, F., et al. 1993, Cat. J/A+AS/101/153
7 = Caswell, J.L., & Haynes, R.F. 1987, Cat. J/A+A/171/261
8 = Gillespie, A.R., et al. 1977, Cat. VII/50
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 -- Seq [2/279] Corresponding SFC sequence number (254 SFC)
5- 34 A30 -- Name HII region name (770 regions)
36- 43 F8.4 deg GLON Galactic longitude
45- 52 F8.4 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
54- 59 F6.1 km/s Vlsr [-212/119] Local Standard of Rest Velocity
61- 62 I2 -- Ref HII region reference (1)
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Note (1): References as follows:
1 = Caswell, J. L., & Haynes, R. F. 1987, Cat. J/A+A/171/261
2 = Heiles, C., Reach, W. T., & Koo, B. 1996ApJ...466..191H 1996ApJ...466..191H;
3 = Kim, K., & Koo, B. 2001ApJ...549..979K 2001ApJ...549..979K;
4 = Kuchar, T. A., & Clark, F. O. 1997, Cat. J/ApJ/488/224/table3
(87GB, Cat. VIII/14);
5 = Kuchar, T. A., & Clark, F. O. 1997, Cat. J/ApJ/488/224/table4
(PMN, Cat. VIII/38);
6 = Lockman, F. J. 1989, Cat. VIII/58;
7 = Lockman, F. J., Pisano, D. J., & Howard, G. J. 1996ApJ...472..173L 1996ApJ...472..173L;
8 = Paladini, R., et al. 2003, Cat. J/A+A/397/213;
9 = Quireza, C., et al. 2006, Cat. J/ApJS/165/338;
10 = Wilson, T. L., et al. 1970A&A.....6..364W 1970A&A.....6..364W;
11 = Caswell, J. L. 1972AuJPh..25..443C 1972AuJPh..25..443C;
12 = Dieter, N. H. 1967ApJ...150..435D 1967ApJ...150..435D
13 = Wink, J. E., Wilson, T. L., & Bieging, J. H. 1983A&A...127..211W 1983A&A...127..211W;
14 = Peeters, E., et al. 2002A&A...381..571P 2002A&A...381..571P;
15 = Araya, E., et al. 2007ApJS..170..152A 2007ApJS..170..152A
16 = Russeil, D., et al. 2005A&A...429..497R 2005A&A...429..497R
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 06-Feb-2014