J/ApJ/753/156 T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)
Further defining spectral type "Y" and exploring the low-mass end of the field
brown dwarf mass function.
Kirkpatrick J.D., Gelino C.R., Cushing M.C., Mace G.N., Griffith R.L.,
Skrutskie M.F., Marsh K.A., Wright E.L., Eisenhardt P.R., McLean I.S.,
Mainzer A.K., Burgasser A.J., Tinney C.G., Parker S., Salter G.
<Astrophys. J., 753, 156 (2012)>
=2012ApJ...753..156K 2012ApJ...753..156K
ADC_Keywords: Stars, late-type ; Spectral types ; Parallaxes, trigonometric ;
Photometry, infrared ; Stars, nearby
Keywords: brown dwarfs; solar neighborhood; stars: low-mass;
stars: luminosity function, mass function; surveys;
techniques: spectroscopic
Abstract:
We present the discovery of another seven Y dwarfs from the Wide-field
Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using these objects, as well as the
first six WISE Y dwarf discoveries from Cushing et al.
(2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C), we further explore the transition between
spectral types T and Y. We find that the T/Y boundary roughly
coincides with the spot where the J-H colors of brown dwarfs, as
predicted by models, turn back to the red. Moreover, we use
preliminary trigonometric parallax measurements to show that the T/Y
boundary may also correspond to the point at which the absolute H
(1.6µm) and W2 (4.6µm) magnitudes plummet. We use these
discoveries and their preliminary distances to place them in the
larger context of the solar neighborhood. We present a table that
updates the entire stellar and substellar constituency within 8pc of
the Sun, and we show that the current census has hydrogen-burning
stars outnumbering brown dwarfs by roughly a factor of six. This
factor will decrease with time as more brown dwarfs are identified
within this volume, but unless there is a vast reservoir of cold brown
dwarfs invisible to WISE, the final space density of brown dwarfs is
still expected to fall well below that of stars. We also use these new
Y dwarf discoveries, along with newly discovered T dwarfs from WISE,
to investigate the field substellar mass function. We find that the
overall space density of late-T and early-Y dwarfs matches that from
simulations describing the mass function as a power law with slope
-0.5<α<0.0; however, a power law may provide a poor fit to the
observed object counts as a function of spectral type because there
are tantalizing hints that the number of brown dwarfs continues to
rise from late-T to early-Y. More detailed monitoring and
characterization of these Y dwarfs, along with dedicated searches
aimed at identifying more examples, are certainly required.
Description:
Cushing et al. (2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C) identified the first six Y dwarfs
using WISE data, and we confirm seven more here. Coordinates and
photometry from the WISE All-Sky Release (Cat. II/311) are given in
Table 1 for all 13 of these Y dwarfs. Follow-up infrared photometry
with the Mt. Bigelow/2MASS, AAT/IRIS2, CTIO/NEWFIRM, SOAR/SpartanIRC,
SOAR/OSIRIS, Magellan/PANIC, Spitzer/IRAC, HST/WFC3, Keck/NIRSPEC and
Magellan/FIRE is listed in table 2.
Table 4 gives our update of all stars and brown dwarfs known or
suspected to lie within 8pc. This list relies heavily on previous
work, most notably the list compiled by Reid & Gizis
(1997AJ....113.2246R 1997AJ....113.2246R) with updates in Reid et al. (2004, Cat.
J/AJ/128/463) and I. N. Reid (2012, private communication) and the
list of the hundred nearest stars compiled by RECONS at their Web site
(http://www.recons.org/).
Table 6 presents a compilation of dwarfs that have measured
trigonometric parallaxes, photometry at H (1.6µm) and/or W2
(4.6µm), and types later than T4. Trigonometric parallaxes for the
Y dwarfs are taken from Marsh et al. (2013ApJ...762..119M 2013ApJ...762..119M) and
Beichman et al. (2013ApJ...764..101B 2013ApJ...764..101B).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 111 13 WISE all-sky release photometry of WISE Y dwarfs
table2.dat 142 14 Photometric follow-up of Y dwarfs
table4.dat 121 244 The census of stars and brown dwarfs within 8pc
of the Sun
table6.dat 119 62 Late-T and Y dwarfs with measured trigonometric
parallaxes
table7.dat 154 226 Photometry for objects in the all-sky late-T
and Y dwarf census
table8.dat 103 226 Distances for objects in Table 7
refs.dat 87 147 References
notes.dat 319 44 Notes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
III/235 : Spectroscopically Identified White Dwarfs (McCook+, 2008)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
III/198 : Palomar/MSU nearby star spectroscopic survey (Hawley+ 1997)
I/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)
I/238 : Yale Trigonometric Parallaxes, Fourth Edition (van Altena+ 1995)
J/ApJS/205/6 : T dwarf population revealed by WISE (Mace+, 2013)
J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)
J/ApJ/752/56 : The BDKP. III. Parallaxes for 70 BD* (Faherty+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/148 : IR photometry of brown dwarf and Hyper-LIRG (Griffith+, 2012)
J/ApJS/197/19 : First brown dwarfs discovered by WISE (Kirkpatrick+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/92 : New proper motion stars with pm≥0.18"/yr (Boyd+, 2011)
J/AJ/141/21 : CCD distance estimates of SCR targets (Winters+, 2011)
J/ApJ/710/1627 : Mid-IR photometry of cold brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2010)
J/A+A/522/A112 : i'z' phot. of L5 and later dwarf candidates (Reyle+, 2010)
J/ApJS/190/100 : NIR proper motion survey using 2MASS (Kirkpatrick+, 2010)
J/A+A/493/L27 : Parallaxes of 10 ultracool subdwarfs (Schilbach+, 2009)
J/ApJ/704/975 : Rotational velocities for M dwarfs (Jenkins+, 2009)
J/ApJ/689/1295 : Lithium test implications for BDs (Kirkpatrick+, 2008)
J/AJ/134/1162 : 11 new T dwarfs in 2MASS (Looper+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2825 : Star beyond the NLTT catalog (Reid+, 2007)
J/ApJS/173/104 : Stellar population in Chamaeleon I (Luhman, 2007)
J/ApJ/637/1067 : Near-IR spectral classification of T dwarfs (Burgasser+, 2006)
J/AJ/132/866 : New M dwarfs in solar neighborhood (Riaz+, 2006)
J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/2722 : New L and T dwarfs from the SDSS (Chiu+, 2006)
J/A+A/442/211 : Spectroscopic distances of 322 NLTT stars (Scholz+, 2005)
J/MNRAS/349/1069 : Chromospherically active binaries (Karatas+, 2004)
J/AJ/128/463 : A preliminary 20pc census from the NLTT cat. (Reid+, 2004)
J/AJ/127/3553 : JHK phot. and spectroscopy for L and T dwarfs (Knapp+, 2004)
J/AJ/127/2856 : Brown dwarfs in the 2MASS Survey (Burgasser+, 2004)
J/AJ/126/2487 : T dwarfs in the southern hemisphere (Burgasser+, 2003)
J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)
J/ApJ/564/421 : Spectra of T dwarfs. I. (Burgasser+, 2002)
J/AJ/123/2822 : Photometry of southern NLTT stars (Reid+, 2002)
J/AJ/123/2806 : Nearby stars in the NLTT catalogue (Reid+, 2002)
J/AJ/121/2148 : Precise spectral types for 372 A, F + G stars (Gray+, 2001)
J/AJ/106/773 : Mass-luminosity relation (Henry+, 1993)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [WISE]
6- 24 A19 --- WISE WISE designation (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
26 A1 --- n_WISE [a] Details in Cushing et al. 2011 (1)
28 A1 --- l_W1mag Limit flag on W1mag
30- 34 F5.2 mag W1mag [16.7/19.5] WISE W1 magnitude (3.35um)
36- 39 F4.2 mag e_W1mag [0.1/0.2]? W1mag uncertainty
41 A1 --- f_W1mag [b] W1 contamination (1)
43- 47 F5.2 mag W2mag [13.9/15.5] WISE W2 magnitude (4.6um)
49- 52 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.04/0.07] W2mag uncertainty
54 A1 --- l_W3mag Limit flag on W3mag
56- 60 F5.2 mag W3mag [11.8/13.7] WISE W3 magnitude (11.6um)
62- 65 F4.2 mag e_W3mag [0.1/0.6]? W3mag uncertainty
67 A1 --- l_W4mag Limit flag on W4mag
69- 72 F4.2 mag W4mag [8.7/9.8] WISE W4 magnitude (22.1um)
74- 77 F4.2 mag e_W4mag [0.3/0.4]? W4mag uncertainty
79 A1 --- l_W1-W2 Limit flag on W1-W2
81- 84 F4.2 mag W1-W2 [2.4/4.8] W1-W2 WISE color index
86- 89 F4.2 mag e_W1-W2 [0.1/0.2]? W1-W2 uncertainty
91 A1 --- f_W1-W2 [b] W1 contamination (1)
93 A1 --- l_W2-W3 Limit flag on W2-W3
95- 98 F4.2 mag W2-W3 [1.6/2.7] W2-W3 WISE color index
100-103 F4.2 mag e_W2-W3 [0.2/0.6]? W2-W3 uncertainty
105-111 A7 --- SpT MK spectral type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = For details about these sources, please see Cushing et al.
(2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C).
b = This source has a bluer W1-W2 color than it did in earlier WISE
processing: W1-W2=2.49±0.18 now versus W1-W2>3.04 before (Kirkpatrick
et al. 2011, Cat. J/ApJS/197/19). In both cases, the strong W2 detection
would have driven the photometry, but in the newer processing, the code
appears to have erroneously assigned to this object some of the W1 flux
from the bright star to the north, therefore producing a brighter W1
detection for WISE 1541-2250 than actually exists.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [WISE]
6- 24 A19 --- WISE WISE designation (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
26- 30 F5.2 mag F140W [19.5/23.2]? HST/WFC3 F140W magnitude (a broad
bandpass including most of the J and H bands)
32- 35 F4.2 mag e_F140W [0.2]? F140W uncertainty
37 A1 --- l_Jmag Limit flag on Jmag
39- 43 F5.2 mag Jmag [19.2/23.6] J-band magnitude
45- 48 F4.2 mag e_Jmag [0.05/0.4]? Jmag uncertainty
50 A1 --- f_Jmag [ai] Note on Jmag (2)
52 A1 --- l_Hmag Limit flag on Hmag
54- 58 F5.2 mag Hmag [18.7/23]? H-band magnitude (1.6µm)
60- 63 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.09/0.7]? Hmag uncertainty
65 A1 --- f_Hmag [ai] Note on Hmag (2)
67- 68 I2 --- r_Hmag [1/10] Hmag reference
70- 74 F5.2 mag [3.6] [16/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um (channel 1)
magnitude
76- 79 F4.2 mag e_[3.6] [0.02/0.1]? [3.6] uncertainty
81- 85 F5.2 mag [4.5] [13.9/15.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um (channel 2)
magnitude
87- 90 F4.2 mag e_[4.5] [0.02]? [4.5] uncertainty
92- 95 F4.2 mag [3.6/4.5] [2.1/3.3]? [3.6]-[4.5] color index
97-100 F4.2 mag e_[3.6/4.5] [0.03/0.1]? [3.6/4.5] uncertainty
102-105 F4.2 mag F140W-W2 [5.3/8.8]? F140W-W2 color index
107-110 F4.2 mag e_F140W-W2 [0.2/0.3]? F140W-W2 uncertainty
112 A1 --- l_J-W2 Limit flag on J-W2
114-117 F4.2 mag J-W2 [4.3/9.2] J-W2 color index
119-122 F4.2 mag e_J-W2 [0.08/0.4]? J-W2 uncertainty
124 A1 --- l_H-W2 Limit flag on H-W2
126-129 F4.2 mag H-W2 [3.6/8.5]? H-W2 color index
131-134 F4.2 mag e_H-W2 [0.1/0.7]? H-W2 uncertainty
136-142 A7 --- SpT MK spectral type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Flag as follows:
a = These values have been updated using an aperture with radius set to
1.5*FWHM(PSF) [1.5 times the full width at half maximum of the observed
point spread function], as opposed to the use of a standard, fixed
aperture size for all observations, as had been done in Cushing et al.
(2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C).
i = All J and H data are on the MKO-NIR filter system except for
WISE 0146+4234; see section 2.2.1 for further explanations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 26 A26 --- Name Discovery name (1)
28- 29 A2 --- n_Name Note on Name (see notes.dat file)
31- 49 A19 --- OName Other name
51- 52 A2 --- n_OName [b] Note on OName (see notes.dat file)
54- 62 A9 --- GName Gliese name (2)
64- 69 F6.2 mas Plx [125/770]? Trigonometric parallax (3)
71- 72 A2 --- n_Plx Note on Plx (see notes.dat file)
74 A1 --- u_Plx [~] Uncertainty flag on e_Plx
76- 80 F5.2 mas e_Plx [0.1/44]? Plx uncertainty (3)
82- 86 A5 --- r_Plx Plx reference(s) (see refs.dat file)
88- 97 A10 --- SpT MK spectral type
99-100 A2 --- n_SpT Note on SpT (see notes.dat file)
102-103 I2 --- r_SpT ? SpT reference (see refs.dat file)
105-113 A9 --- Abb Abbreviated sexagesimal J2000 position
(HHMM+DDMM)
115-117 I3 --- Sys [0/182] Rank of the system in distance from
the Sun (4)
119-121 I3 --- Ind [0/243] Individual rank of each object (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): This column is intended to provide homage to the original discoverer
or survey/mission responsible for first identifying the star as a
nearby object. Exceptions are made in the case of stars with common
names (e.g., Altair, Fomalhaut, and Vega), Bayer designations (e.g.,
α Cen A and B, p Eri AB), Flamsteed designations (e.g.,
36 Oph ABC), or designations in old stellar catalogs (e.g.,
Lalande 21185, Lacaille 9352, AC+79 3888). In some cases, it is
difficult to determine whether Willem Luyten or the Lowell Observatory
group led by Henry Giclas was the first to discover an object because
both groups were undergoing photographic proper motion surveys
simultaneously. For such objects, the Luyten designation is used if
the Lowell Observatory group lists one in its cross-references
(Giclas et al. 1971, 1978, Cat. I/112), and
the Giclas number is used if no Luyten designation is given.
Note (2): Running number in Gliese (1956ZA.....39....1G 1956ZA.....39....1G, 1969VeARI..22....1G 1969VeARI..22....1G) or
Gliese & Jahreiss (1979A&AS...38..423G 1979A&AS...38..423G). SIMBAD has made it common
practice to identify objects from any of these papers with a prefix of
"GJ," but this was originally meant for objects only from Gliese &
Jahreiss. Moreover, for new objects (identified only by "NN") in
Gliese & Jahreiss (1991, Cat. V/70), SIMBAD has created its own
numbering scheme; identifiers with GJ numbers higher than GJ 2159 are
solely a SIMBAD creation. Gliese & Jahreiss (1991) do not provide
catalog numbers for new objects nor are ones needed because all have
published, well-recognized names. Such was not necessarily the case
for earlier versions of the catalog - researchers in the early 1900's,
notably Robert Innes, did not always affix numbers or names to their
discoveries, and readers may not have had, as we do today, easy access
to discovery papers. In deference to the intent of the original
publications, we give a prefix of "Gl" to objects from Gliese (1956,
1969) and "GJ" only to those objects in Gliese & Jahreiss (1979).
Note (3): For cases where the error is blank, the value in "Plx" is actually a
spectrophotometric estimate based on the magnitude of the object and
its spectral type.
Note (4): Column "Sys" gives the rank of the system in distance from the Sun,
and Column "Ind" gives the individual rank of each object; for
example, Sirius A is in the fifth-closest stellar system to the Sun
but is tied with its companion, Sirius B, as the seventh-closest star.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 26 A26 --- Name Discovery name
28 A1 --- n_Name [b] Associated star (1)
30- 40 A11 --- r_Name Discovery reference(s) (see refs.dat file)
42- 46 A5 --- SpT MK spectral type
48 A1 --- n_SpT [d] Revised SpT (1)
50- 52 I3 --- r_SpT SpT reference (see refs.dat file)
54 A1 --- l_W1mag Limit flag on W1mag
56- 60 F5.2 mag W1mag [12.9/19]? WISE W1 (3.35um) magnitude
62- 65 F4.2 mag e_W1mag [0.02/0.4]? W1mag uncertainty
67- 71 F5.2 mag W2mag [11.2/16.3]? WISE W2 (4.6um) magnitude
73- 76 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.3]? W2mag uncertainty
78 A1 --- l_Hmag Limit flag on Hmag
80- 84 F5.2 mag Hmag [13.1/22.9]? H-band magnitude (1.6µm)
86- 89 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.01/0.4]? Hmag uncertainty
91 A1 --- f_Hmag [a] assumed error on Hmag (1)
93- 99 A7 --- r_Hmag Hmag reference(s) (see refs.dat file)
101-106 F6.4 arcsec Plx [0.01/0.3] Trigonometric parallax
108-113 F6.4 arcsec e_Plx [0.0003/0.05] Plx uncertainty
115 A1 --- f_Plx [c] discrepent Plx (1)
117-119 I3 --- r_Plx Plx reference (see refs.dat file)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = An H-band magnitude error of 0.1mag is assigned here since its value is
not specified in McCaughrean et al. (2004A&A...413.1029M 2004A&A...413.1029M).
b = The association of SDSS J175805.46+463311.9 to G 204-39 -- the latter
of which has a measured parallax -- was made by Faherty et al.
(2010AJ....139..176F 2010AJ....139..176F).
c = See discussion in Dupuy & Liu (2012, Cat. Cat. J/ApJS/201/19) regarding
the discrepancy between the parallax value quoted here and that
determined by Tinney et al. (2003AJ....126..975T 2003AJ....126..975T).
d = Cushing et al. (2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C) assign this binary a composite
type of T9 on the revised late-T dwarf classification scheme. Given the
Dupuy & Liu (2012, Cat. Cat. J/ApJS/201/19) measurements of the parallax
and the Liu et al. (2011ApJ...740..108L 2011ApJ...740..108L) H-band measurements of the
individual components, we infer spectral types of T8.5 and T9.5 based
on absolute H magnitudes of 17.8 and 20.2 mag.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Class MK spectral type category
9- 35 A27 --- Name Discovery name
37 A1 --- n_Name [b-fh] Individual notes (G1)
39- 49 A11 --- r_Name Name reference(s) (see refs.dat file)
51- 75 A25 --- WISE WISE designation (or note)
77- 83 A7 --- SpT MK spectral type
85- 91 A7 --- r_SpT SpT reference(s) (see refs.dat file)
93 A1 --- n_SpT [i] Revised spectral type (G1)
95 A1 --- l_Hmag [≳] Limit or uncertainty flag on Hmag
97-101 F5.2 mag Hmag [13.5/22.9]? H-band magnitude (G1.6µm)
103-106 F4.2 mag e_Hmag [0.01/0.8]? Hmag uncertainty
108 A1 --- f_Hmag [g] Combined Hmag (G1)
110-112 I3 --- r_Hmag ? Hmag reference (see refs.dat file)
114-118 F5.2 mag W2mag [11.2/16.5]? WISE W2 (4.6um) magnitude
120-123 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.3]? W2mag uncertainty
125 A1 --- f_W2mag [gj] Blended W2mag (G1)
127 A1 --- l_W1-W2 Limit flag on W1-W2
129-133 F5.3 mag W1-W2 [1.5/4.8]? WISE W1-W2 color index
135-138 F4.2 mag e_W1-W2 [0.03/0.6]? W1-W2 uncertainty
140 A1 --- f_W1-W2 [gj] Blended W1-W2 (G1)
142 A1 --- l_H-W2 Limit flag on H-W2
144-147 F4.2 mag H-W2 [1.8/8.5]? H-W2 color index
149-152 F4.2 mag e_H-W2 [0.04/0.8]? H-W2 uncertainty
154 A1 --- f_H-W2 [gj] Limit flag on H-W2 (G1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Class MK spectral type category
9- 10 I2 pc Dlim [10/20] Distance limit dmax (2)
12- 15 F4.2 --- <V/Vmax> [0/1] V/Vmax test (2)
17- 43 A27 --- Name Discovery name
45 A1 --- n_Name [lk] Note on Name (G1)
47- 53 A7 --- SpT MK spectral type
55- 60 F6.4 arcsec Plx [0.01/0.3]? Trigonometric parallax
62- 67 F6.4 arcsec e_Plx [0.0003/0.05]? Plx uncertainty
69- 71 I3 --- r_Plx ? Plx reference (see refs.dat file)
73 A1 --- l_DH Limit flag on DH
75- 79 F5.1 pc DH [2/189]? Distance estimated from Hmag
81 A1 --- u_DH Uncertainty flag on DH
83 A1 --- l_DW2 Limit flag on DW2
85- 88 F4.1 pc DW2 [3/49]? Distance estimated from W2mag
90 A1 --- l_Dist [≳] Limit or uncertainty flag on l_Dadopt
92- 96 F5.1 pc Dist [3/270] Adopted distance
98 A1 --- n_Dist [b-i] Note on adopted distance (3)
100-103 F4.2 --- V/Vmax [0/1]? V/Vmax (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): We have checked the distance distribution of objects in each spectral
type bin by performing the V/Vmax test (Schmidt 1968ApJ...151..393S 1968ApJ...151..393S),
which checks the uniformity of a distribution of objects in space.
The quantity V is the volume of space interior to object i at distance
di, and Vmax is the full volume of space contained within the
distance limit, dmax, of the sample. For a uniform sample, the
average value, <V/Vmax>, should be 0.5. See section 4.3.
Note (3): Flag as follows:
b = Distance estimate from Cuby et al. (1999A&A...349L..41C 1999A&A...349L..41C).
c = Geisler et al. (2011ApJ...732...56G 2011ApJ...732...56G) estimate that the primary (if this
is a true binary) has a type of T2. The J band combined light of the
system is 16.05mag from Chiu et al. (2006, Cat. J/AJ/131/2722). The J-band
absolute magnitude relation from Looper et al. (2008ApJ...685.1183L 2008ApJ...685.1183L) gives
MJ=14.45mag for a T2 dwarf, meaning that this system is no closer than
20.9pc.
d = Distance estimate from Lodieu et al. (2009MNRAS.395.1631L 2009MNRAS.395.1631L).
e = Distance estimate from Stumpf et al. (2010ApJ...724....1S 2010ApJ...724....1S).
f = Distance estimate from Burgasser et al. (2012ApJ...745...26B 2012ApJ...745...26B).
g = Assumed distance is that derived from the W2 estimate only because the
H-band measurement is very uncertain.
h = Assumed distance is that derived from the H estimate only because the W2
measurement is blended with a nearby source.
i = Distance estimate from Masters et al. (2012ApJ...752L..14M 2012ApJ...752L..14M).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Ref Reference code
5- 23 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode
25- 46 A22 --- Aut Author's name(s)
48- 87 A40 --- Comm Comment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: notes.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 A2 --- Code Code of the note
4-319 A316 --- Note Text of the note
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Notes:
Note (G1): Flag as follows:
a = WISE sources are given designations as follows. The prefix is "WISE" for
sources taken from the four-band cryogenic atlas source catalog,
"WISER" for sources taken from the four-band cryogenic atlas source
reject table, "WISEPC" for sources taken from the first-pass processing
operations co-add Source Working Database, or "WISEPA" for objects drawn
from the preliminary release Atlas Tile Source Working Database. The
suffix is the J2000 position of the source in the format
Jhhmmss.ss+ddmmss.s.
b = Also known as IC348 CH4 2 034449.52+320635.4.
c = Also known as HIP 73786B or Gl 576B.
d = This is a companion to G 204-39 from Faherty et al. (2010AJ....139..176F 2010AJ....139..176F),
d=13.6pc.
e = Object is seen on the WISE images but is not successfully extracted.
f = Object is not detected by WISE Pass2 processing, so the quoted WISE
photometry comes from Pass1.
g = These values represent the combined light of the composite system.
h = This object may not exist.
i = Cushing et al. (2011ApJ...743...50C 2011ApJ...743...50C) assigns this binary a composite type
of T9 on the revised late-T dwarf classification scheme. Given the
Dupuy & Liu (2012, Cat. J/ApJS/201/19) measurements of the parallax and
the Liu et al. (2011ApJ...740..108L 2011ApJ...740..108L) H-band measurements of the individual
components, we infer spectral types of T8.5 and T9.5 based on absolute
H magnitudes of 17.8 and 20.2mag.
j = Spitzer/IRAC follow-up of this sources shows that the WISE photometry is
blended with a bright, nearby source.
k = ULAS J150457.66+053800.8 is named "HIP 73786B (J1504+0538)" in table 8 of
the publication paper. The identification has been modified by the CDS to
match the one given in table 7.
l = this object may not exist.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 19-Feb-2014