J/ApJ/753/83 Associations to 1FGL sources (Ackermann+, 2012)
A statistical approach to recognizing source classes for unassociated sources
in the first Fermi-LAT catalog.
Ackermann M., Ajello M., Allafort A., Antolini E., Baldini L., Ballet J.,
Barbiellini G., Bastieri D., Bellazzini R., Berenji B., Blandford R.D.,
Bloom E.D., Bonamente E., Borgland A.W., Bouvier A., Brandt T.J.,
Bregeon J., Brigida M., Bruel P., Buehler R., Burnett T.H., Buson S.,
Caliandro G.A., Cameron R.A., Caraveo P.A., Casandjian J.M., Cavazzuti E.,
Cecchi C., Celik O., Charles E., Chekhtman A., Chen A.W., Cheung C.C.,
Chiang J., Ciprini S., Claus R., Cohen-Tanugi J., Conrad J., Cutini S.,
de Angelis A., DeCesar M.E., De Luca A., de Palma F., Dermer C.D.,
do Couto e Silva E., Drell P.S., Drlica-Wagner A., Dubois R., Enoto T.,
Favuzzi C., Fegan S.J., Ferrara E.C., Focke W.B., Fortin P., Fukazawa Y.,
Funk S., Fusco P., Gargano F., Gasparrini D., Gehrels N., Germani S.,
Giglietto N., Giordano F., Giroletti M., Glanzman T., Godfrey G.,
Grenier I.A., Grondin M.-H., Grove J.E., Guillemot L., Guiriec S.,
Gustafsson M., Hadasch D., Hanabata Y., Harding A.K., Hayashida M.,
Hays E., Healey S.E., Hill A.B., Horan D., Hou X., Johannesson G.,
Johnson A.S., Johnson T.J., Kamae T., Katagiri H., Kataoka J., Kerr M.,
Knodlseder J., Kuss M., Lande J., Latronico L., Lee S.-H.,
Lemoine-Goumard M., Longo F., Loparco F., Lott B., Lovellette M.N.,
Lubrano P., Madejski G.M., Mazziotta M.N., McEnery J.E., Mehault J.,
Michelson P.F., Mignani R.P., Mitthumsiri W., Mizuno T., Monte C.,
Monzani M.E., Morselli A., Moskalenko I.V., Murgia S., Nakamori T.,
Naumann-Godo M., Nolan P.L., Norris J.P., Nuss E., Ohsugi T., Okumura A.,
Omodei N., Orlando E., Ormes J.F., Ozaki M., Paneque D., Panetta J.H.,
Parent D., Pelassa V., Pesce-Rollins M., Pierbattista M., Piron F.,
Pivato G., Porter T.A., Raino S., Rando R., Ray P.S., Razzano M.,
Reimer A., Reimer O., Reposeur T., Romani R.W., Sadrozinski H.F.-W.,
Salvetti D., Parkinson P.M.S., Schalk T.L., Sgro C., Shaw M.S.,
Siskind E.J., Smith P.D., Spandre G., Spinelli P., Suson D.J.,
Takahashi H., Tanaka T., Thayer J.G., Thayer J.B., Thompson D.J.,
Tibaldo L., Tibolla O., Torres D.F., Tosti G., Tramacere A., Troja E.,
Usher T.L., Vandenbroucke J., Vasileiou V., Vianello G., Vilchez N.,
Vitale V., Waite A.P., Wallace E., Wang P., Winer B.L., Wolff M.T.,
Wood D.L., Wood K.S., Yang Z., Zimmer S.
<Astrophys. J., 753, 83 (2012)>
=2012ApJ...753...83A 2012ApJ...753...83A
ADC_Keywords: Gamma rays ; Active gal. nuclei ; X-ray sources ; Radio sources
Keywords: catalogs; galaxies: active; gamma rays: general; methods: statistical;
pulsars: general
Abstract:
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) First Source Catalog (1FGL)
provided spatial, spectral, and temporal properties for a large number
of γ-ray sources using a uniform analysis method. After
correlating with the most-complete catalogs of source types known to
emit γ rays, 630 of these sources are "unassociated" (i.e., have
no obvious counterparts at other wavelengths). Here, we employ two
statistical analyses of the primary γ-ray characteristics for
these unassociated sources in an effort to correlate their γ-ray
properties with the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and pulsar
populations in 1FGL. Based on the correlation results, we classify 221
AGN-like and 134 pulsar-like sources in the 1FGL unassociated sources.
The results of these source "classifications" appear to match the
expected source distributions, especially at high Galactic latitudes.
While useful for planning future multiwavelength follow-up
observations, these analyses use limited inputs, and their predictions
should not be considered equivalent to "probable source classes" for
these sources. We discuss multiwavelength results and catalog
cross-correlations to date, and provide new source associations for
229 Fermi-LAT sources that had no association listed in the 1FGL
catalog. By validating the source classifications against these new
associations, we find that the new association matches the predicted
source class in ∼80% of the sources.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table4.dat 85 630 Summary of γ-ray properties and
classification results
table7.dat 217 630 Summary of follow-up observations and
association efforts
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
VIII/81 : Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS V2.1) (Mauch+ 2008)
IX/29 : ROSAT All-Sky Survey Faint Source Catalog (Voges+ 2000)
IX/10 : ROSAT All-Sky Bright Source Catalogue (1RXS) (Voges+ 1999)
VIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)
VIII/40 : GB6 catalog of radio sources (Gregory+ 1996)
VIII/38 : The Parkes-MIT-NRAO 4.85GHz (PMN) Surveys (Griffith+ 1993-1996)
J/ApJS/209/9 : Unidentified gamma-ray sources. IV. X-ray (Paggi+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/25 : Swift X-ray observations of 1FGL sources (Takeuchi+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/424/2832 : Pulsars in γ-ray sources (Lee+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/31 : Fermi LAT second source catalog (2FGL) (Nolan+, 2012)
J/ApJ/722/520 : Gamma-ray light curves of Fermi blazars (Abdo+, 2010)
J/ApJ/718/587 : The Fermi-AT20G catalog (Mahony+, 2010)
J/ApJ/715/429 : First Fermi-LAT AGN catalog (1LAC) (Abdo+, 2010)
J/ApJS/188/405 : Fermi-LAT first source catalog (1FGL) (Abdo+, 2010)
J/ApJS/186/1 : The 4th IBIS/ISGRI soft gamma-ray survey catalog (Bird+, 2010)
J/ApJS/183/46 : Fermi/LAT bright gamma-ray source list (0FGL) (Abdo+, 2009)
J/A+A/493/339 : XMM-Newton serendipitous Survey. V. (Watson+, 2009)
J/ApJ/700/597 : FERMI LAT detected blazars (Abdo+, 2009)
J/ApJ/590/109 : Gamma-ray blazar in northern sky (Sowards-Emmerd+, 2003)
J/ApJS/123/79 : Third EGRET catalog (3EG) (Hartman+, 1999)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- 1FGL The 1FGL name (JHHMM.m+DDMMa)
16- 22 F7.3 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
24- 30 F7.3 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
32- 38 F7.3 deg GLON Galactic longitude
40- 46 F7.3 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
48 A1 --- Var [T] Variable flag (1)
50 A1 --- BSL [T] Bright source list flag (2)
52- 55 F4.2 --- CTPr [0.2/1] Classification Tree predictor value (3)
57- 59 A3 --- CTCl [AGN/PSR ] Classification Tree classification
61- 64 F4.2 --- LRPr [0/1] Logistic Regression predictor value (3)
66- 68 A3 --- LRCl [AGN/PSR ] Logistic Regression classification
70- 77 A8 --- Combo Combined classification (AGN, PSR or Conflict)
79 A1 --- Rad [T] Follow-up radio imaging recommended? (T=true)
81 A1 --- Time [T] Follow-up radio timing recommended? (T=true)
83 A1 --- Xray [T] Follow-up X-ray observations
recommended? (T=true)
85 A1 --- TeV [T] Follow-up γ-ray observations recommended?
(T=true)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
T = source found to be variable in the 1FGL catalog analysis
(Abdo et al. 2010, Cat. J/ApJS/188/405).
Note (2):
T = source was reported in the Fermi-LAT Bright Source List
(Abdo et al. 2009ApJ...699.1171A 2009ApJ...699.1171A).
Note (3): We have implemented two different data mining techniques to
determine likely source classifications for the 1FGL unassociated sources:
* Classification Trees (CT; section 3.2 - Breiman et al. 1984,
"Classification and Regression Trees", new edition (Monterey, CA:
Wadsworth and Brooks))
* Logistic Regression (LR; Section 3.3 -
Hosmer & Lemeshow 2000, Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd ed. (New
York: Wiley)).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- 1FGL The 1FGL name (JHHMM.m+DDMMa)
15- 21 F7.3 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
23- 29 F7.3 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
31- 37 F7.3 deg GLON Galactic longitude
39- 45 F7.3 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
47- 60 A14 --- EGRET EGRET name (Cat. J/ApJS/123/79) (4)
62-105 A44 --- Assoc Association identifier(s)
107-120 A14 --- Class Classification of the associated source (8)
122-153 A32 --- NewObs New observation (5)
155-160 F6.3 --- FoM [-1/1]? Figure of Merit value (6)
162-204 A43 --- Det Waveband or catalog with association candidates
206-217 A12 --- Ref Reference(s) (7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (4): Designator for an EGRET source that is positionally associated.
Note (5): Indicates what (if any) additional data was considered
in determining the new association.
Note (6): For sources that were associated using the technique defined in
the 1LAC paper (Abdo et al. 2010ApJ...718..348A 2010ApJ...718..348A; figure of merit (FoM)
methodology developed by Sowards-Emmerd et al. 2003 (J/ApJ/590/109));
a "-1" value indicates an affiliation, which does not have enough
information to calculate a FoM.
Note (7): Reference as follows:
1 = Abdo et al. (2010ApJ...719.1433A 2010ApJ...719.1433A);
2 = Abdo et al. (2010ApJ...712..459A 2010ApJ...712..459A);
3 = Abdo et al. (2010ApJ...718..348A 2010ApJ...718..348A);
4 = Abdo et al. (2011Sci...331..739A 2011Sci...331..739A);
5 = Aharonian et al. (2006ApJ...636..777A 2006ApJ...636..777A);
6 = Aharonian et al. (2008A&A...477..353A 2008A&A...477..353A);
7 = Bird et al. (2010, Cat. J/ApJS/186/1);
8 = Castro & Slane (2010ApJ...717..372C 2010ApJ...717..372C);
9 = Cusumano et al. (2010HEAD...11.3508C 2010HEAD...11.3508C);
10 = Ghirlanda et al. (2010MNRAS.407..791G 2010MNRAS.407..791G);
11 = Mahony et al. (2010, Cat. J/ApJ/718/587);
12 = Mirabal (2009arXiv0908.1389M 2009arXiv0908.1389M);
13 = Mirabal et al. (2010arXiv1007.2644M 2010arXiv1007.2644M);
14 = Stephen et al. (2010MNRAS.408..422S 2010MNRAS.408..422S);
15 = Voges et al. (1999, Cat. IX/10; 2000, Cat. IX/29);
16 = Watson et al. (2008, Cat. J/A+A/493/339).
Note (8): Associated classifications are:
AGN = Active Galaxy Nucleus
BLL = BL Lac object
FSRQ = Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar
HMXB = High-Mass X-ray Binary
MSP = Milli-second pulsat
PSR = Pulsar
PWN = Plusar Wind Nebula
SNR = SuperNova REmnant
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 14-Feb-2014