J/ApJ/756/185 Kepler TTVs. V. Metrics catalog (Ford+, 2012)
Transit timing observations from Kepler.
V. Transit timing variation candidates in the first sixteen months from
polynomial models.
Ford E.B., Ragozzine D., Rowe J.F., Steffen J.H., Barclay T., Batalha N.M.,
Borucki W.J., Bryson S.T., Caldwell D.A., Fabrycky D.C., Gautier T.N.,
Holman M.J., Ibrahim K.A., Kjeldsen H., Kinemuchi K., Koch D.G.,
Lissauer J.J., Still M., Tenenbaum P., Uddin K., Welsh W.
<Astrophys. J., 756, 185 (2012)>
=2012ApJ...756..185F 2012ApJ...756..185F
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Planets ; Models
Keywords: planetary systems; planets and satellites: detection;
planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability;
techniques: miscellaneous
Abstract:
Transit timing variations provide a powerful tool for confirming and
characterizing transiting planets, as well as detecting non-transiting
planets. We report the results of an updated transit timing variation
(TTV) analysis for 1481 planet candidates based on transit times
measured during the first sixteen months of Kepler observations. We
present 39 strong TTV candidates based on long-term trends (2.8% of
suitable data sets). We present another 136 weaker TTV candidates
(9.8% of suitable data sets) based on the excess scatter of TTV
measurements about a linear ephemeris. We anticipate that several of
these planet candidates could be confirmed and perhaps characterized
with more detailed TTV analyses using publicly available Kepler
observations. For many others, Kepler has observed a long-term TTV
trend, but an extended Kepler mission will be required to characterize
the system via TTVs. We find that the occurrence rate of planet
candidates that show TTVs is significantly increased (∼68%) for planet
candidates transiting stars with multiple transiting planet candidates
when compared to planet candidates transiting stars with a single
transiting planet candidate.
Description:
We analyze the transit times observed by Kepler through the end of
quarter six (2010 September 20; Rowe et al. 2014, Cat. J/ApJ/784/45).
We include all active planet candidates from Borucki et al. (2011,
Cat. J/ApJ/736/19) and Batalha et al. (2013, Cat. J/ApJS/204/24) for
which there are at least three transits and the photometric
signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of a typical transit is at least three.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 334 1481 Kepler transit timing variation (TTV) metrics catalog
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See also:
J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)
J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)
J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)
J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/113 : Kepler TTVs. II. Confirmed multiplanet systems (Ford+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing obs. (Steffen+, 2012)
J/A+A/536/L9 : Detections of transit variations in KOI 806 (Tingley+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)
J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)
http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~eford/data/kepler/ : Kepler data from Ford et al.
http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/ : MAST Kepler home page
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 7 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler Object of Interest identifier (1)
9- 13 F5.1 --- S/N [3/677] Photometric signal-to-noise for
typical transit
15- 18 I4 --- nTT [3/1160] Number of transits used for analysis
20- 23 F4.1 h Dur [0.6/30] Batalha et al. 2013 (Cat. J/ApJS/204/24)
estimated transit duration
25 I1 --- Nd [1/4] Degree of polynomial selected for ephemeris
(1=linear, 2=quadratic, 3=cubic) (3)
27- 28 I2 --- Flag [0/63] TTV flag (2)
30- 39 F10.6 --- E1 Epoch of best-fit linear ephemeris
41- 48 F8.6 --- e_E1 Uncertainty in Elin
50- 59 F10.6 d P1 [0.37/224.8] Period of best-fit linear ephemeris
61- 68 F8.6 d e_P1 [0/0.02] Uncertainty in P1
70- 79 F10.6 --- Ef Epoch of best-fit polynomial ephemeris (3)
81- 88 F8.6 --- e_Ef Uncertainty in Ef
90- 99 F10.6 d Pf Period of best-fit polynomial ephemeris (3)
101-108 F8.6 d e_Pf Uncertainty in Pf
110-119 E10.3 --- c2 Coefficient c2 of polynomial ephemeris (3)
121-129 E9.3 --- e_c2 Uncertainty in c2
131-140 E10.3 --- c3 Coefficient c3 of polynomial ephemeris (3)
142-150 E9.3 --- e_c3 Uncertainty in c3
152-161 E10.3 --- c4 Coefficient c4 of polynomial ephemeris (3)
163-171 E9.3 --- e_c4 Uncertainty in c4
173-176 F4.1 min sigTT [01/80] Median transit time uncertainty
178-182 F5.1 min MAD [0/419] Median absolute deviation (6)
184-188 F5.1 min WRMS [0.1/442] Weighted root mean square deviation (6)
190-198 E9.3 --- pchi1 [0/1] p-value for χ2-test relative to
linear ephemeris
200-208 E9.3 --- pchi'1 [0/1] p-value for χ'2-test relative to
linear ephemeris (7)
210-218 E9.3 --- pchi2 [0/1] p-value for χ2-test relative to
quadratic ephemeris (Nd=2)
220-228 E9.3 --- pchi'2 [0/1] p-value for χ'2-test relative to
quadratic ephemeris (7)
230-238 E9.3 --- pchi3 [0/1] p-value for χ2-test relative to
cubic ephemeris
240-248 E9.3 --- pchi'3 [0/1] p-value for χ'2-test relative to
cubic ephemeris (7)
250-258 E9.3 --- pchi4 [0/1] p-value for χ2-test relative to
quartic ephemeris
260-268 E9.3 --- pchi'4 [0/1] p-value for χ'2-test relative to
quartic ephemeris (7)
270-279 E10.3 --- pF2.1 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing linear
and quadratic ephemerides (8)
281-290 E10.3 --- pF3.1 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing linear
and cubic ephemerides (8)
292-301 E10.3 --- pF3.2 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing quadratic
and cubic ephemerides (8)
303-312 E10.3 --- pF4.1 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing linear
and quartic ephemerides (8)
314-323 E10.3 --- pF4.2 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing quadratic
and quartic ephemerides (8)
325-334 E10.3 --- pF4.3 [0/1]?=-1 p-value for F-test comparing cubic
and quartic ephemerides (8)
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Note (1): All ephemerides and TTV statistics are calculated from Kepler
observations up to and including quarter six (Rowe et al.
2014ApJ...784...45R 2014ApJ...784...45R).
Note (2): Sum of flags Σfi where the fi's are:
1 = pχ2<10-3,
2 = pχ'2<10-3,
4 = MAD≥5σTT,
8 = pF,lin,quad<0.02 AND nTT$≥4$,
16 = pF,lin,cube<0.02 AND nTT≥5 AND IF(8-bit flag is set,
pF,quad,cube<0.02, TRUE),
32 = pF,lin,quar<0.02 AND nTT≥8 AND IF(16-bit flag is set,
pF,cube,quar<0.02, IF(8-bit flag is set, pF,quad,quar<0.02, TRUE)).
Note (3): the polynomial ephemeris defines the transit times as:
tn = t0 + n P[1 + Σi ci ni-1], i=2..Nd
c3=c4=0 for quadratic fit (Nd=2); c4=0 for cubic fit (Nd=3).
Note (6): Of transit times from a linear ephemeris.
Note (7): For description of χ'2 statistic and tests, see Section 3.1
of Ford et al 2011, Cat. J/ApJS/197/2
Note (8): Value of -1.0 if insufficient number of transits.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Ford et al. Paper I. 2011ApJS..197....2F 2011ApJS..197....2F Cat. J/ApJS/197/2
Ford et al. Paper II. 2012ApJ...750..113F 2012ApJ...750..113F Cat. J/ApJ/750/113
Steffen et al. Paper III. 2012MNRAS.421.2342S 2012MNRAS.421.2342S Cat. J/MNRAS/421/2342
Fabrycky et al. Paper IV. 2012ApJ...750..114F 2012ApJ...750..114F Cat. J/ApJ/750/114
Steffen et al. Paper VI. 2012ApJ...756..186S 2012ApJ...756..186S Cat. J/ApJ/756/186
Steffen et al. Paper VII. 2013MNRAS.428.1077S 2013MNRAS.428.1077S
Mazeh et al. Paper VIII. 2013ApJS..208...16M 2013ApJS..208...16M Cat. J/ApJS/208/16
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 15-May-2014