J/ApJ/769/82 H2 masses in a broad sample of galaxies (Stark+, 2013)
The fueling diagram: linking galaxy molecular-to-atomic gas ratios to
interactions and accretion.
Stark D.V., Kannappan S.J., Wei L.H., Baker A.J., Leroy A.K., Eckert K.D.,
Vogel S.N.
<Astrophys. J., 769, 82 (2013)>
=2013ApJ...769...82S 2013ApJ...769...82S
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Radio lines ; Redshifts
Keywords: galaxies: general; galaxies: interactions; galaxies: ISM
Abstract:
To assess how external factors such as local interactions and fresh
gas accretion influence the global interstellar medium of galaxies, we
analyze the relationship between recent enhancements of central star
formation and total molecular-to-atomic (H2/HI) gas ratios, using a
broad sample of field galaxies spanning early-to-late type
morphologies, stellar masses of 107.2-1011.2M☉, and diverse
stages of evolution. We find that galaxies occupy several loci in a
"fueling diagram" that plots H2/HI ratio versus mass-corrected
blue-centeredness, a metric tracing the degree to which galaxies have
bluer centers than the average galaxy at their stellar mass. Spiral
galaxies of all stellar masses show a positive correlation between
H2/HI ratio and mass-corrected blue-centeredness. When combined with
previous results linking mass-corrected blue-centeredness to external
perturbations, this correlation suggests a systematic link between
local galaxy interactions and molecular gas inflow/replenishment.
Intriguingly, E/S0 galaxies show a more complex picture: some follow
the same correlation, some are quenched, and a distinct population of
blue-sequence E/S0 galaxies (with masses below key scales associated
with transitions in gas richness) defines a separate loop in the
fueling diagram. This population appears to be composed of low-mass
merger remnants currently in late- or post-starburst states, in which
the burst first consumes the H2 while the galaxy center keeps
getting bluer, then exhausts the H2, at which point the burst
population reddens as it ages. Multiple lines of evidence suggest
connected evolutionary sequences in the fueling diagram. In
particular, tracking total gas-to-stellar mass ratios within the
fueling diagram provides evidence of fresh gas accretion onto low-mass
E/S0s emerging from their central starburst episodes. Drawing on a
comprehensive literature search, we suggest that virtually all
galaxies follow the same evolutionary patterns found in our broad
sample.
Description:
Our primary sample comes from the NFGS (Jansen et al. 2000,
J/ApJS/126/331; 2000, J/ApJS/126/271; see also Jansen & Kannappan
2001Ap&SS.276.1151J 2001Ap&SS.276.1151J), a set of ∼200 galaxies selected to span a broad
range of B-band luminosities and morphologies. The sample also
includes extensive supporting data relevant to this study (SDSS,
2MASS, Spitzer/IRAC and 21cm). See section 2.1.1.
To strengthen our results, we supplement our sample with galaxies from
the literature with available CO, HI, and multi-band imaging data. See
section 2.1.2.
CO(1-0) data, which we use to estimate molecular gas masses, already
existed for a handful of our NFGS galaxies prior to this study (Sage
et al. 1992A&A...265...19S 1992A&A...265...19S; Wei et al. 2010ApJ...725L..62W 2010ApJ...725L..62W). The rest
of the NFGS sample was observed with the Institut de Radioastronomie
Millimetrique (IRAM) 30m and Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO) 12m
single dish telescopes. Initial observing runs on the IRAM 30m took
place in Fall 2008 and used the ABCD receivers to observe the CO(1-0)
and CO(2-1) lines at 115 and 230GHz simultaneously in both polarizations.
Further observations were taken in Fall/Winter 2009/2010.
The ARO 12m observations took place between 2010 December and 2011 April.
See section 2.2.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 125 35 New IRAM 30m CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) measurements
table2.dat 84 27 New ARO 12m CO(1-0) measurements
table3.dat 184 323 Fueling diagram catalog
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
VIII/77 : HI spectral properties of galaxies (Springob+, 2005)
J/A+A/544/A65 : GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey. VI. (Catinella+, 2012)
J/A+A/534/A102 : AMIGA IX. Molecular gas properties (Lisenfeld+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/415/32 : COLD GASS survey (Saintonge+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/414/940 : ATLAS3D project. IV. (Young+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/170 : ALFALFA survey: the α.40 HI catalog (Haynes+, 2011)
J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectro. & abundances of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010)
J/ApJS/186/427 : Detailed morphology of SDSS galaxies (Nair+, 2010)
J/ApJ/708/841 : Star formation in E/S0 galaxies (Wei+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/403/683 : GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey (GASS) (Catinella+, 2010)
J/PASP/122/1397 : Stellar Structure in Galaxies with Spitzer (Sheth+, 2010)
J/MNRAS/394/1857 : H2/HI ratio in galaxies (Obreschkow+, 2009)
J/ApJ/703/1569 : Radial distribution in SINGS galaxies (Munoz-Mateos+, 2009)
J/AJ/136/2782 : Star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies (Leroy+, 2008)
J/AJ/136/2563 : HI Nearby Galaxy Survey, THINGS (Walter+, 2008)
J/ApJ/686/948 : CO in extragalactic giant molecular clouds (Bolatto+, 2008)
J/ApJS/165/307 : Ionization in neutral gas galaxies survey (Meurer+, 2006)
J/PASP/117/227 : Properties of 101 galaxies from the NFGS (Kewley+, 2005)
J/A+A/373/24 : Blue compact galaxies from SBS (Pustilnik+ 2001)
J/ApJS/126/331 : Spectrophotometry of nearby field galaxies (Jansen+ 2000)
J/ApJS/126/271 : Surface photometry of nearby field galaxies (Jansen+ 2000)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Galaxy name
11 A1 --- f_Name Offset from galaxy center (1)
13 A1 --- l_S1 Limit flag on S1
15- 19 F5.2 Jy.km/s S1 [0.7/81.5] CO(1-0) integrated flux density
21- 24 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_S1 [0.3/2]? S1 uncertainty
26- 29 I4 km/s cz1 [845/7686]? CO(1-0) velocity
31- 33 I3 km/s W1 [31/307]? CO(1-0) linewidth W50
35- 36 I2 km/s e_W1 ? W1 uncertainty
37 A1 --- u_W1 Low signal/noise for W1 (G1)
39- 43 F5.2 mJy rms1 [10.3/32.2] CO(1-0) rms
45- 48 I4 km/s min1 Lower range of velocity used in CO(1-0)
integration
49 A1 --- --- [-]
50- 53 I4 km/s max1 Upper range of velocity used in CO(1-0)
integration
55 A1 --- l_S2 Limit flag on S2
57- 62 F6.2 Jy.km/s S2 [1.2/147.3]? CO(2-1) integrated flux density
64- 67 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_S2 [0/3.3]? S2 uncertainty
69- 72 I4 km/s cz2 [849/7729]? CO(2-1) velocity
74- 76 I3 km/s W2 [8/271]? CO(2-1) linewidth W50
78- 79 I2 km/s e_W2 ? W2 uncertainty
80 A1 --- u_W2 Low signal/noise for W2 (G1)
82- 86 F5.2 mJy rms2 [10/50]? CO(2-1) rms
88- 91 I4 km/s min2 ? Lower range of velocity used in CO(2-1)
integration
92 A1 --- --- [-]
93- 96 I4 km/s max2 ? Upper range of velocity used in CO(2-1)
integration
98-101 F4.1 arcsec R25 [16.8/68.3]? B-band 25mag/arcsec2 isophotal
radius
103 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2
105-108 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2 [6.9/9.5]? Log of H2 mass (G2)
110-113 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 [0.01/0.2]? logMH2 uncertainty
115 A1 --- l_logMH2c Limit flag on logMH2c
117-120 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2c [7/9.8]? Beam-corrected H2 mass (G2)(G3)
122-125 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2c [0.05/0.2]? logMH2c uncertainty
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
e = Offset from center of UGC 9562 by +9", +11.5" to observe polar ring.
Upper limit integration on CO(1-0) flux based on integration range for
CO(2-1) detection. CO(2-1) measurements done at a resolution of 2.6km/s
due to extremely small linewidth.
f = Offset from center of UGC 9562 by -6", -9.7" to observe polar ring.
Upper limit integration on CO(1-0) flux based on integration range for
CO(2-1) detection. CO(2-1) measurements done at a resolution of 2.6km/s
due to extremely small linewidth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Galaxy name
10 A1 --- f_Name [ef*] Non-NFGS or offseted galaxy (1)
12 A1 --- l_S Limit flag on S
14- 19 F6.2 Jy.km/s S [5/148] CO(1-0) flux density
21- 25 F5.2 Jy.km/s e_S ? S uncertainty
27- 30 I4 km/s cz [747/7770]? CO(1-0) velocity
32- 34 I3 km/s W [30/325]? CO(1-0) linewidth W50
36- 37 I2 km/s e_W ? W uncertainty
38 A1 --- u_W Low signal/noise on W (G1)
40- 45 F6.2 mJy rms [44/259] CO(1-0) rms
47- 50 I4 km/s min Lower range of velocity used in CO(1-0)
integration
51 A1 --- --- [-]
52- 55 I4 km/s max Upper range of velocity used in CO(1-0)
integration
57- 60 F4.1 arcsec R25 [16.8/68.3]? B-band 25mag/arcsec2 isophotal
radius
62 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2
64- 67 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2 [7/9.8]? Log of H2 mass (G2)
69- 72 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 [0.02/0.2]? logMH2 uncertainty
74 A1 --- l_logMH2c Limit flag on logMH2c
76- 79 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2c ? Beam-corrected H2 mass (G2) (G3)
81- 84 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2c ? logMH2c uncertainty
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
e = Offset from center of NGC 7328 by +28.5", +1.2".
f = Offset from center of NGC 7328 by -27", -1.9".
* = Non-NFGS galaxy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Object name
25- 31 F7.3 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in degrees (J2000)
33- 39 F7.3 deg DEdeg Declination in degrees (J2000)
41- 45 F5.1 Mpc Dist [3.5/207] Assumed distance to galaxy
47- 50 F4.1 deg Inc Inclination
52- 55 F4.2 mag u-r [0.4/2.8] The (u-r) color index (1)
57- 61 F5.2 [Msun] logM* [7.3/11.6] Log of stellar mass
63- 66 F4.2 [Msun] e_logM* Uncertainty in logM*
68- 69 I2 --- HIref ? Reference for HI mass (2)
71- 72 I2 --- H2ref ? Reference for uncorrected
H2 mass (2)
74 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2
76- 80 F5.2 [Msun] logMH2 Log of beam & He corrected H2 mass
82- 85 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 Uncertainty in logMH2
87- 91 F5.2 10+20/cm2/K/km.s XCO(B) XCO derived from B luminosity (3)
93- 97 F5.2 10+20/cm2/K/km.s XCO(OH) ? XCO derived from O abundance 3)
99-104 F6.3 mag Dur The (u-r) blue-centeredness Δ(u-r)
106-110 F5.3 mag e_Dur Uncertainty in Dur
112-117 F6.3 mag DurMC Stellar mass-corrected (u-r)
blue-centeredness
119-123 F5.3 mag e_DurMC Uncertainty in DurMC
125-130 F6.3 mag Dug The (u-g) blue-centeredness Δ(u-g)
132-136 F5.3 mag e_Dug Uncertainty in Dug
138-143 F6.3 mag DugMC Stellar mass-corrected (u-g)
blue-centeredness
145-149 F5.3 mag e_DugMC Uncertainty in DugMC
151-156 F6.3 mag Dgr The (g-r) blue-centeredness Δ(g-r)
158-162 F5.3 mag e_Dgr Uncertainty in Dgr
164-169 F6.3 mag DgrMC Stellar mass-corrected (g-r)
blue-centeredness
171-175 F5.3 mag e_DgrMC Uncertainty in DgrMC
177 I1 --- T [0/1] Morphology (0=E/S0 or 1=Spiral)
179 I1 --- Pec [0/1] Flag to indicate a peculiar galaxy
(1=peculiar)
181 I1 --- Bar [0/1] Flag to indicate presence of bar
(1=bar present)
183-184 I2 --- r_Bar ? Bar classification reference (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Corrected for foreground and internal extinction,
K-corrections applied.
Note (2): References as follows:
0 = Stark et al. 2013ApJ...769...82S 2013ApJ...769...82S (this work);
1 = Albrecht et al. 2007A&A...462..575A 2007A&A...462..575A;
2 = Barone et al. 2000MNRAS.317..649B 2000MNRAS.317..649B;
3 = Catinella et al. 2010MNRAS.403..683C 2010MNRAS.403..683C (J/MNRAS/403/683);
4 = Catinella et al. 2012A&A...544A..65C 2012A&A...544A..65C (J/A+A/544/A65);
5 = Garland et al. 2004ApJ...615..689G 2004ApJ...615..689G;
6 = Garland et al. 2005ApJ...624..714G 2005ApJ...624..714G;
7 = Haynes et al. 2011AJ....142..170H 2011AJ....142..170H (J/AJ/142/170);
8 = Huchtmeier et al. 1995A&A...300..675H 1995A&A...300..675H;
9 = Kannappan, Fabricant, & Franx 2002AJ....123.2358K 2002AJ....123.2358K;
10 = Kannappan et al. 2013ApJ...777...42K 2013ApJ...777...42K;
11 = Kennicutt et al. 2003PASP..115..928K 2003PASP..115..928K;
12 = Leroy et al. 2005ApJ...625..763L 2005ApJ...625..763L;
13 = Leroy et al. 2009AJ....137.4670L 2009AJ....137.4670L;
14 = Meurer et al. 2006ApJS..165..307M 2006ApJS..165..307M (J/ApJS/165/307);
15 = Nair & Abraham 2010ApJS..186..427N 2010ApJS..186..427N (J/ApJS/186/427);
16 = Paturel et al. 2003, VII/237;
17 = Sage et al. 2007ApJ...657..232S 2007ApJ...657..232S;
18 = Saintonge et al. 2011MNRAS.415...32S 2011MNRAS.415...32S (J/MNRAS/415/32);
19 = Salzer et al. 2002AJ....124..191S 2002AJ....124..191S;
20 = Serra et al. 2012MNRAS.422.1835S 2012MNRAS.422.1835S;
21 = Smoker et al. 2000A&A...361...19S 2000A&A...361...19S;
22 = Springob et al. 2005ApJS..160..149S 2005ApJS..160..149S (VIII/77);
23 = Taylor et al. 1998AJ....116.2746T 1998AJ....116.2746T;
24 = Walter et al. 2008AJ....136.2563W 2008AJ....136.2563W (J/AJ/136/2563);
25 = Wei et al. 2010ApJ...708..841W 2010ApJ...708..841W (J/ApJ/708/841) and 2010ApJ...725L..62W 2010ApJ...725L..62W;
26 = Young et al. 2011MNRAS.414..940Y 2011MNRAS.414..940Y (J/MNRAS/414/940);
27 = Zhu et al. 1999AJ....118..145Z 1999AJ....118..145Z
Note (3): CO to H2 conversion factor XCO, determined as explained
in section 3.1.3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): Galaxies with S/N<6 where linewidths become extremely unreliable
and should be used with caution.
Note (G2): Masses include a factor of 1.4 to account for Helium.
Note (G3): Beam-corrected H2 mass (see Section 2.3.6).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 11-Dec-2014