J/ApJ/781/42 Optical photometry of SN 2010jl (Ofek+, 2014)
SN 2010jl: optical to hard X-ray observations reveal an explosion embedded in a
ten solar mass cocoon.
Ofek E.O., Zoglauer A., Boggs S.E., Barriere N.M., Reynolds S.P.,
Fryer C.L., Harrison F.A., Cenko S.B., Kulkarni S.R., Gal-Yam A.,
Arcavi I., Bellm E., Bloom J.S., Christensen F., Craig W.W., Even W.,
Filippenko A.V., Grefenstette B., Hailey C.J., Laher R., Madsen K.,
Nakar E., Nugent P.E., Stern D., Sullivan M., Surace J., Zhang W.W.
<Astrophys. J., 781, 42 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...781...42O 2014ApJ...781...42O (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae ; Photometry
Keywords: stars: mass-loss - supernovae: general -
supernovae: individual: SN 2010jl
Abstract:
Some supernovae (SNe) may be powered by the interaction of the SN
ejecta with a large amount of circumstellar matter (CSM). However,
quantitative estimates of the CSM mass around such SNe are missing
when the CSM material is optically thick. Specifically, current
estimators are sensitive to uncertainties regarding the CSM density
profile and the ejecta velocity. Here we outline a method to measure
the mass of the optically thick CSM around such SNe. We present new
visible-light and X-ray observations of SN 2010jl (PTF 10aaxf),
including the first detection of an SN in the hard X-ray band using
NuSTAR. The total radiated luminosity of SN 2010jl is extreme--at
least 9x1050erg. By modeling the visible-light data, we robustly
show that the mass of the circumstellar material within ∼1016cm of
the progenitor of SN 2010jl was in excess of 10M☉. This mass was
likely ejected tens of years prior to the SN explosion. Our modeling
suggests that the shock velocity during shock breakout was ∼6000km/s,
decelerating to ∼2600km/s about 2yr after maximum light. Furthermore,
our late-time NuSTAR and XMM spectra of the SN presumably provide the
first direct measurement of SN shock velocity 2yr after the SN maximum
light--measured to be in the range of 2000-4500km/s if the ions and
electrons are in equilibrium, and ≳2000km/s if they are not in
equilibrium. This measurement is in agreement with the shock velocity
predicted by our modeling of the visible-light data. Our observations
also show that the average radial density distribution of the CSM
roughly follows an r-2 law. A possible explanation for the
≳10M☉ of CSM and the wind-like profile is that they are the
result of multiple pulsational pair instability events prior to the SN
explosion, separated from each other by years.
Description:
We obtained multi-wavelength observations of SN 2010jl. The Palomar
Transient Factory (PTF; http://www.ptf.caltech.edu/iptf) detected
SN2010jl (PTF 10aaxf) on 2010 November 13.4, 10 days after its
discovery by Newton & Puckett (2010CBET.2532....1N 2010CBET.2532....1N). The PTF
data-reduction pipeline is presented by R. Laher et al. (in
preparation), and the photometric calibration is described by Ofek et
al. (2012PASP..124...62O 2012PASP..124...62O) and Ofek et al. 2012 (cat. II/313). The PTF
light curve of this supernova and the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS)
prediscovery data points from Stoll et al. (2011ApJ...730...34S 2011ApJ...730...34S) are
listed in Table1. ASAS first detected the SN on 2010 September 10,
about 15 days prior to I-band maximum light-soon after its solar
conjunction.
The Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) on board the Swift satellite
observed SN 2010jl on several occasions. The measurements, all of
which have been converted to the AB system, are listed in Table1.
The Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) observed SN 2010jl on multiple epochs
since the SN discovery. The log of Swift-XRT observations, along with
the source and background X-ray counts in the individual observations,
is presented in Table4.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
09 42 53.33 +09 29 41.8 SN 2010jl = PTF 10aaxf
----------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 38 331 Photometric observations
table4.dat 20 38 Swift-XRT observations
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See also:
II/313 : Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) photometric catalog 1.0 (Ofek+, 2012)
J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)
J/ApJ/768/47 : Swift/XRT 0.2-10keV observations of SN2009ip (Ofek+, 2013)
J/ApJ/763/42 : X-ray emission from 28 SNe (Ofek+, 2013)
J/AJ/144/131 : Photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2010jl (Zhang+, 2012)
J/AJ/137/4517 : UVOT light curves of supernovae (Brown+, 2009)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Inst Instrument name (ASAS, PTF, or Swift-UVOT) (1)
12- 14 A3 --- Flt Filter used (U, V, B, R, I, UM2, UW1, UW2, g)
16- 25 F10.5 d Time [-179/942] Time of the observation (2)
27- 32 F6.3 mag mag [13/21.8] Observed magnitude in Filter (3)
34- 38 F5.3 mag e_mag [0.002/0.13]? Error in mag
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Note (1): The codes for the instrumentation are defined as below:
PTF = Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; http://www.ptf.caltech.edu/iptf);
ASAS = All Sky Automated Survey prediscovery data points
(from Stoll et al., 2011ApJ...730...34S 2011ApJ...730...34S);
Swift-UVOT = Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope on board the Swift satellite.
Note (2): Relative to MJD55474 (20 days prior to the I-band peak magnitude).
Note (3): ASAS are Vega magnitudes while PTF and Swift are AB magnitudes.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 F8.2 d MJD Modified Julian Date of the observation
10- 14 F5.2 ks Exp [0.15/16] Exposure time
16- 17 I2 ct Sce [0/56] Source (number of counts in the 0.2-10keV
band within an aperture radius of 9'' centered
on SN2010jl)
19- 20 I2 ct Bckg [0/57] Background (number of counts in the
0.2-10keV band in an annulus of inner (outer)
radius 50'' (100'') around the source) (1)
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Note (1): In a sky annulus which area is 92.59 times the aperture area.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS]; Sylvain Guehenneux [CDS] 16-Dec-2015