J/ApJ/784/126 Infrared photometry of all known members in Taurus (Esplin+, 2014)
A WISE survey of circumstellar disks in Taurus.
Esplin T.L., Luhman K.L., Mamajek E.E.
<Astrophys. J., 784, 126 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...784..126E 2014ApJ...784..126E (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Associations, stellar ; Photometry, infrared ; Spectra, infrared ;
Spectral types
Keywords: accretion, accretion disks - brown dwarfs - protoplanetary disks -
stars: formation - stars: low-mass - stars: pre-main sequence
Abstract:
We have compiled photometry at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22µm from the
all-sky survey performed by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
(WISE) for all known members of the Taurus complex of dark clouds.
Using these data and photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope, we
have identified members with infrared excess emission from
circumstellar disks and have estimated the evolutionary stages of the
detected disks, which include 31 new full disks and 16 new candidate
transitional, evolved, evolved transitional, and debris disks. We have
also used the WISE All-Sky Source Catalog to search for new
disk-bearing members of Taurus based on their red infrared colors.
Through optical and near-infrared spectroscopy, we have confirmed 26
new members with spectral types of M1-M7. The census of disk-bearing
stars in Taurus should now be largely complete for spectral types
earlier than ∼M8(M≳0.03M☉).
Description:
To construct a census of the circumstellar disks in Taurus, we begin
by compiling a list of all known members of the region. We adopt the
352 members from Luhman et al. 2010 (cat. J/ApJS/186/111), 4
additional stars that have good evidence of membership from previous
studies (Section 5.4), 32 members found in a subsequent survey by K.
Luhman (in preparation; 33 if GZ Tau A and B are counted separately),
and 25 new members (26 if BS Tau A and B are counted separately) that
we have confirmed with spectroscopy (Section 5.3). We also adopt as a
member HD 285957, which has a proper motion consistent with that of
the Taurus subgroup L1551 (Zacharias et al. 2013, cat. I/322; Luhman
et al. 2009ApJ...703..399L 2009ApJ...703..399L) and exhibits evidence of youth in the form
of Li absorption (Wichmann et al. 2000A&A...359..181W 2000A&A...359..181W; Sestito et al.
2008, cat. J/A+A/488/943).
We make use of mid-infrared photometry for members of Taurus measured
with Spitzer's Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and the Multiband Imaging
Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). We consider the four bands of IRAC
(3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0µm) and the 24µm band of MIPS, which are
denoted as [3.6], [4.5], [5.8], [8.0], and [24], respectively. IRAC
produced images with a field of view of 5.2'*5.2' and FWHM of
1.6''-1.9'' for [3.6] to [8.0]. MIPS had a field of view of 5.4'*5.4'
and a FWHM of 5.9'' for [24].
Photometry from most Spitzer images for most members of Taurus has
been measured by Luhman et al. 2010 (cat. J/ApJS/186/111) (see also
Hartmann et al. 2005ApJ...629..881H 2005ApJ...629..881H; Luhman et al. 2006, cat.
J/ApJ/647/1180; Guieu et al. 2007, cat. 2007A&A...465..855G 2007A&A...465..855G; Rebull et
al. 2010, cat. J/ApJS/186/259). We have measured photometry of the
members that were not considered in Luhman et al. 2010 (cat.
J/ApJS/186/111) and all known members appearing in Spitzer images that
have become publicly available since that study (Astronomical
Observation Requests 26470912, 26471168 26477056, 26475264, 26472704,
26473216, and 23272448). These data were measured with the methods
described by Luhman et al. 2010 (cat. J/ApJS/186/111) and are
presented in Tables 2 and 3. Members identified after Luhman et al.
2010 (cat. J/ApJS/186/111) that were not detected or observed by
Spitzer are not included in these tables. In Table1, we have
constructed a compilation of all Spitzer photometry from Luhman et al.
2010 (cat. J/ApJS/186/111) and Tables 2 and 3 for all known members of
Taurus.
In addition to the Spitzer data, we also utilize the more recent
mid-infrared photometry measured by WISE. The four WISE photometric
bands are centered at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22µm and are denoted as W1
through W4. The first three bands have an angular resolution of ∼6''
while W4 has a resolution of ∼12''. For unconfused areas near the
ecliptic plane, WISE typically achieved a signal-to-noise ratio of 5
at W1=16.8, W2=15.6, W3=11.3, and W4=8.0. To compile the WISE
photometry in Taurus, we began by retrieving all sources from the WISE
All-Sky Source Catalog (Cutri et al. 2012, cat. II/311) within 2'' of
the known members. In total, we report WISE photometry in at least one
WISE band for 401 of the entries in Table1.
We obtained optical and near-infrared spectra of 10 and 41 WISE
candidates, respectively. We also performed infrared spectroscopy on
candidate companions to BS Tau and 2MASSJ04485789+2913548. The optical
observations were performed with the Marcario Low-Resolution
Spectrograph (LRS) on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) on the nights
of 2012 December 5, 8, and 9. The instrument was operated with the G3
grism and the 2'' slit, which provided a wavelength coverage of
6200-9100Å and a resolution of R=1100. The near-infrared spectra
were collected with SpeX (Rayner et al. 2003PASP..115..362R 2003PASP..115..362R) at the
NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on the nights of 2012 December
28, 2013 January 1 and 3, and 2013 August 26. The SpeX data were
collected in the prism mode with a 0.8'' slit, providing a wavelength
coverage of 0.8-2.5µm and a resolution of R=100 for all targets
except 2MASS J04221376+1525298, which was observed with the short
cross-dispersed (SXD) mode (R=800). Our classifications are presented
in Table6. The 34 remaining viable candidates that have not been
observed with spectroscopy are presented in Table7.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 278 414 Spitzer and WISE data for members of Taurus
table2.dat 113 50 New IRAC photometry for members of Taurus
table3.dat 63 45 New MIPS 24µm photometry for members of Taurus
table5.dat 75 1004 Infrared excess sources that are probable
non-members
table6.dat 60 52 Infrared excess sources observed with spectroscopy
table7.dat 64 34 Infrared excess sources with undetermined
membership in Taurus
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See also:
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
I/322 : UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)
I/317 : The PPMXL Catalog (Roeser+ 2010)
I/305 : The Guide Star Catalog, Version 2.3.2 (GSC2.3) (STScI, 2006)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/284 : The USNO-B1.0 Catalog (Monet+ 2003)
I/267 : The APM-North Catalogue (McMahon+, 2000)
J/ApJ/771/110 : Early-type stars in Taurus-Auriga (Mooley+, 2013)
J/ApJ/758/31 : IR photometry for members of Upper Sco (Luhman+, 2012)
J/ApJ/731/8 : Multiple star formation in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2011)
J/ApJS/196/4 : New young star candidates in Taurus-Auriga (Rebull+, 2011)
J/A+A/519/A83 : T Tau stars toward the Taurus-Auriga region (Takita+ 2010)
J/ApJS/186/111 : Spitzer observations of Taurus members (Luhman+, 2010)
J/A+A/446/485 : New very low-mass members in Taurus (Guieu+, 2006)
J/ApJ/647/1180 : Infrared photometry of Taurus SFR (Luhman+, 2006)
J/ApJ/581/1194 : Taurus-Auriga PMS stars ages and Teff (Palla+, 2002)
J/A+A/325/647 : High-resolution spectra south of Taurus (Neuhaeuser+ 1997)
J/A+A/312/439 : New T Tauri stars in Taurus-Auriga (Wichmann+, 1996)
J/ApJS/101/117 : UBVRIJHKLMNQ photometry in Taurus-Auriga (Kenyon+ 1995)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 A5 --- --- [2MASS]
7- 23 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS name (cat. II/246; JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
25- 28 A4 --- --- [WISE]
29 A1 --- f_WISE [A] Source names for HBC 360, HBC 361, and
IRAM 04191+1522 are from the ALLWISE source
catalog (Cutri et al. 2013, cat. II/328)
31- 49 A19 --- WISE Source name from WISE All-Sky source catalog
(Cutri et al. 2012, cat. II/311)
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s format)
51- 73 A23 --- Name Other frequently used object designation(s)
75- 83 A9 --- SpT Spectral type
85- 89 F5.2 --- Aj [0/11.4]? J-band extinction
91-100 A10 --- f_Aj ? Method of extinction estimation (1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, CTTS, J-H, J-K, SpeX, or
opt. spec.) (1)
102-106 F5.2 mag [3.6] [5.8/15.2]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6µm band magnitude
108-111 F4.2 mag e_[3.6] [0.02/0.17]? Error in [3.6] band magnitude
113-117 A5 --- f_[3.6] ? Flag on [3.6] band magnitude (nodet, out, or
sat) (2)
119-123 F5.2 mag [4.5] [5/14.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5µm band magnitude
125-128 F4.2 mag e_[4.5] [0.02/0.12]? Error in [4.5] band magnitude
130-134 A5 --- f_[4.5] ? Flag on [4.5] band magnitude (nodet, out, or
sat) (2)
136-140 F5.2 mag [5.8] [2.5/14.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8µm band magnitude
142-145 F4.2 mag e_[5.8] ? Error in [5.8] band magnitude
147-151 A5 --- f_[5.8] ? Flag on [5.8] band magnitude (nodet or out) (2)
153-157 F5.2 mag [8.0] [2.7/14.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0µm band magnitude
159-162 F4.2 mag e_[8.0] [0.03/0.12]? Error in [8.0] band magnitude
164-166 A3 --- f_[8.0] ? Flag on [8.0] band magnitude (out or sat) (2)
168-171 F4.2 mag [24] [0.55/9.9]? Spitzer/MIPS 24µm band magnitude
173-176 F4.2 mag e_[24] [0.04/0.25]? Error in [24] band magnitude
178-182 A5 --- f_[24] ? Flag on [24] band magnitude (bin, nodet, out,
sat, or unres) (2)
184-188 F5.2 mag W1mag [3.25/15.25]? WISE W1 band (3.4µm) magnitude
190-193 F4.2 mag e_W1mag [0.02/0.14]? Error in W1 band magnitude
195-199 A5 --- f_W1mag ? Flag on W1 band magnitude (bin, bl, ext, nodet,
or unres) (2)
201-205 F5.2 mag W2mag [6/14.3]? WISE W2 (4.6µm) band magnitude
207-210 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.09]? Error in W2 band magnitude
212-216 A5 --- f_W2mag ? Flag on W2 band magnitude (bin, bl, err, ext,
or unres) (2)
218-222 F5.2 mag W3mag [-0.41/12.2]? WISE W3 band (12µm) magnitude
224-227 F4.2 mag e_W3mag [0.01/0.42]? Error in W3 band magnitude
229-233 A5 --- f_W3mag ? Flag on W3 band magnitude (bin, bl, ext, false,
nodet, or unres) (2)
235-239 F5.2 mag W4mag [-2.6/8.7]? WISE W4 band (22µm) magnitude
241-244 F4.2 mag e_W4mag [0.01/0.5]? Error in W4 band magnitude
246-250 A5 --- f_W4mag ? Flag on W4 band magnitude (bin, bl, false,
nodet, or unres) (2)
252 A1 --- E4.5 [NY] Excess present in [4.5]? (Y=yes, N=no) (3)
254 A1 --- E8.0 [NY] Excess present in [8.0]? (Y=yes, N=no) (4)
256 A1 --- E24 [NY] Excess present in [24]? (Y=yes, N=no) (5)
258 A1 --- EW2 [NY] Excess present in W2? (Y=yes, N=no) (3)
260 A1 --- EW3 [NY] Excess present in W3? (Y=yes, N=no) (6)
262 A1 --- EW4 [NY] Excess present in W4? (Y=yes, N=no) (5)
264-278 A15 --- Disk Disk type (debris/ev trans, ev or trans, evolved,
full, full/0, full/I, or
transitional) (7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Method of extinction estimation defined as follows:
J-H = Derived from 2MASS J-H color index assuming photospheric
near-infrared color;
J-K = Derived from 2MASS J-K color index assuming photospheric
near-infrared color;
CTTS = Derived from J-H and H-K color indices assuming intrinsic CTTS
colors from Meyer et al. (1997AJ....114..288M 1997AJ....114..288M);
opt. spec. = Derived from an optical spectrum;
SpeX = Derived from SpeX (Rayner et al., 2003PASP..115..362R 2003PASP..115..362R)
spectrum;
1 = Briceno et al. (1998AJ....115.2074B 1998AJ....115.2074B);
2 = Luhman (2000ApJ...544.1044L 2000ApJ...544.1044L);
3 = Strom & Strom (1994ApJ...424..237S 1994ApJ...424..237S);
4 = Beck et al. (2007AJ....133.1673B 2007AJ....133.1673B);
5 = White & Ghez (2001ApJ...556..265W 2001ApJ...556..265W);
6 = DeWarf et al. (2003ApJ...590..357D 2003ApJ...590..357D);
7 = Calvet et al. (2004AJ....128.1294C 2004AJ....128.1294C).
Note (2): Flag on magnitude defined as follows:
nodet = Non-detection;
sat = Saturated;
out = Outside of the camera's field of view;
bin = Includes an unresolved binary companion;
unres = Too close to a bright star to be detected;
bl = Photometry may be affected by blending with a nearby star;
ext = Photometry is known or suspected to be contaminated by
extended emission (no data given when extended emission dominates);
false = Detection from WISE catalog that appears false or unreliable based
on visual inspection;
err = W2 magnitudes brighter than ∼6mag are erroneous.
Note (3): See Section 3.1 for more details.
Note (4): See Section 3.2 for further details.
Note (5): See Section 3.4 for additional details.
Note (6): See Section 3.3 for details.
Note (7): Classes from Espaillat et al. (2012ApJ...747..103E 2012ApJ...747..103E), as follows:
full = Disk optically thick at infrared wavelengths and lack
significant clearing of primordial dust and gas;
transitional = Disk with large inner holes in its dust distribution;
evolved = Disk becoming optically thin but have not experienced
significant clearing;
ev trans = Evolved transitional disk (optically thin and have large
hole);
debris = Disk composed of dust generated by collisions of
planetesimals;
0 = Known or suspected protostar (class 0; see Furlan et al.
2008ApJS..176..184F 2008ApJS..176..184F, and Furlan et al. 2011ApJS..195....3F 2011ApJS..195....3F);
I = Known or suspected protostar (class 1; see Furlan et al.
2008ApJS..176..184F 2008ApJS..176..184F, and Furlan et al. 2011ApJS..195....3F 2011ApJS..195....3F);
no entry = Lack excess emission.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS name (cat. II/246; JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 41 A23 --- Name Common name
43- 47 F5.2 mag [3.6] [6.5/14.6]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6µm band magnitude
49- 51 A3 --- f_[3.6] [out] Flag on [3.6] (out=absent measurement) (1)
53- 56 F4.2 mag e_[3.6] [0.02/0.1]? Uncertainty in [3.6]
58- 62 F5.2 mag [4.5] [6.3/14.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5µm band magnitude
64- 66 A3 --- f_[4.5] [out] Flag on [4.5] (out=absent measurement) (1)
68- 71 F4.2 mag e_[4.5] [0.02/0.1]? Uncertainty in [4.5]
73- 77 F5.2 mag [5.8] [6.1/14.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8µm band magnitude
79- 81 A3 --- f_[5.8] [out] Flag on [5.8] (out=absent measurement) (1)
83- 86 F4.2 mag e_[5.8] [0.03/0.1]? Uncertainty in [5.8]
88- 92 F5.2 mag [8.0] [5.1/14.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0µm band magnitude
94- 96 A3 --- f_[8.0] [out] Flag on [8.0] (out=absent measurement) (1)
98-101 F4.2 mag e_[8.0] [0.03/0.16]? Uncertainty in [8.0]
103-113 A11 --- Date Date
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Note (1): Measurement that is absent because of a position outside the field of
view of the camera.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS name (cat. II/246; JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 41 A23 --- Name Common name
43- 46 F4.2 mag [24] [2.8/9.4]? Spitzer/MIPS 24µm band magnitude (1)
48- 51 F4.2 mag e_[24] [0.04/0.24]? Uncertainty in [3.6] (1)
53- 63 A11 --- Date Date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): No entry = measurement that is absent because of non-detection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 A19 --- WISE Source name from WISE All-Sky Source Catalog
(Cutri et al. 2012, cat. II/311)
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s format)
21- 37 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS name (cat. II/246; JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
39 A1 --- C [NY] USNO/2MASS candidate? (Y=yes, or N=no)
41 A1 --- IR [NY?] IRAC excess? (Y=yes, N=no, or ?)
43 A1 --- pm [NY] Proper motion candidate? (Y=yes, N=no)
45- 54 A10 --- Visual Results from visual inspection (blend, false,
extended, galaxy, or mismatched) (3)
56- 75 A20 --- Sp Spectroscopic classification (4)
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Note (3): Probable non-membership based on the following criteria:
false = Spurious WISE detection in all bands or bands that seem to
show excesses;
mismatched = Different sources dominate in W1/W2 and W3/W4;
galaxy = Resolved galaxy;
extended = Extended in 2MASS, DSS or SDSS images, indicating that it may
be a galaxy;
blend = Unreliable photometry because of blending with other sources.
Note (4): Probably non-members based on the listed spectroscopic classification.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Mm Member (new or non-)
5- 21 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS name (cat. II/246; JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
23 A1 --- f_2MASS Flag on 2MASS (b, c, d, e, f, g, or h) (1)
25 A1 --- l_SpT [<] Limit flag on SpT (<)
26- 45 A20 --- SpT Spectral type
47- 51 F5.1 0.1nm EWHa [5/105]? The Hα equivalent width
(Wλ(Hα)) (in Å)
53- 55 F3.1 0.1nm e_EWHa [0.5/5]? Uncertainty in EWHa
57- 60 A4 --- Inst Instrument (LRS or SpeX) (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag defined as follows:
b = UCAC4 (Zacharias et al. 2012, cat. I/322) proper motion measurements
consistent with Taurus membership;
c = The PPMXL (Roeser et al. 2010, cat. I/317) proper motions are
inconsistent with Taurus, but based on six astrometric positions
(UKIDSS, see DR9 in Lawrence et al. 2012, cat. II/319; WISE, see Cutri
et al. 2013, cat. II/328; 2MASS, cat. II/246; The Guide Star Catalog,
see Version 2.3.2 (GSC2.3) in Lasker et al. 2008, cat. I/305;
USNO-B1.0, Monet et al. 2003, cat. I/284; APM-North, McMahon et al.
2000, cat. I/267), we calculate a proper motion of
µαq,µδ=14±4,-19±4mas/yr, which is in good
agreement with that of the neighboring L1551 cluster (Tau VI; Luhman et
al. 2009ApJ...703..399L 2009ApJ...703..399L);
d = Companion to 2MASS J04485789+2913548;
e = Haro 6-39;
f = BS Tau A+B;
g = The spectrum indicates that it is young, but it is probably too far
from the known Taurus population to be a member;
h = Spectra obtained for both components of a close pair.
Note (2): Instrument defined as follows:
LRS = The Marcario Low-Resolution Spectrograph (LRS) on the Hobby-Eberly
Telescope (HET);
Spex = Medium-resolution 0.8-5.5µm spectrograph (Rayner et al.,
2003PASP..115..362R 2003PASP..115..362R) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 A19 --- WISE WISE identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
21 A1 --- f_WISE [b] Flag on WISE (b=classified as a young
stellar object by Gutermuth et al. 2009,
cat. J/ApJS/184/18)
23- 27 F5.2 mag W1mag [13.1/14] WISE W1 band (3.4µm) magnitude
29- 32 F4.2 mag e_W1mag [0.03] Uncertainty in W1mag
34- 38 F5.2 mag W2mag [11.4/12.9] WISE W2 band (4.6µm) magnitude
40- 43 F4.2 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.04] Uncertainty in W2mag
45- 49 F5.2 mag W3mag [8.1/10.6] WISE W3 band (12µm) magnitude
51- 54 F4.2 mag e_W3mag [0.02/0.12] Uncertainty in W3mag
56- 59 F4.2 mag W4mag [6.1/8.3]? WISE W4 band (22µm) magnitude
61- 64 F4.2 mag e_W4mag [0.05/0.27]? Uncertainty in W4mag
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS]; Sylvain Guehenneux [CDS] 03-Aug-2016