J/ApJ/784/45 Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)
Validation of Kepler's multiple planet candidates.
III. Light curve analysis and announcement of hundreds of new multi-planet
systems.
Rowe J.F., Bryson S.T., Marcy G.W., Lissauer J.J., Jontof-Hutter D.,
Mullally F., Gilliland R.L., Issacson H., Ford E., Howell S.B.,
Borucki W.J., Haas M., Huber D., Steffen J.H., Thompson S.E., Quintana E.,
Barclay T., Still M., Fortney J., Gautier Iii T.N., Hunter R.,
Caldwell D.A., Ciardi D.R., Devore E., Cochran W., Jenkins J., Agol E.,
Carter J.A., Geary J.
<Astrophys. J., 784, 45 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...784...45R 2014ApJ...784...45R
ADC_Keywords: Planets ; Stars, double and multiple
Keywords: planetary systems; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters
Abstract:
The Kepler mission has discovered more than 2500 exoplanet candidates
in the first two years of spacecraft data, with approximately 40% of
those in candidate multi-planet systems. The high rate of multiplicity
combined with the low rate of identified false positives indicates
that the multiplanet systems contain very few false positive signals
due to other systems not gravitationally bound to the target star.
False positives in the multi-planet systems are identified and
removed, leaving behind a residual population of candidate
multi-planet transiting systems expected to have a false positive rate
less than 1%. We present a sample of 340 planetary systems that
contain 851 planets that are validated to substantially better than
the 99% confidence level; the vast majority of these have not been
previously verified as planets. We expect ∼two unidentified false
positives making our sample of planet very reliable. We present
fundamental planetary properties of our sample based on a
comprehensive analysis of Kepler light curves, ground-based
spectroscopy, and high-resolution imaging. Since we do not require
spectroscopy or high-resolution imaging for validation, some of our
derived parameters for a planetary system may be systematically
incorrect due to dilution from light due to additional stars in the
photometric aperture. Nonetheless, our result nearly doubles the
number verified exoplanets.
Description:
Given that the Kepler pipeline is continually undergoing substantial
improvements, we restrict ourselves to exoplanet candidates found with
Q1-Q8 (May 2009-Dec 2010) light curves. This includes the Q1-Q5
(Borucki et al. 2011, Cat. J/ApJ/736/19) and Q1-Q6 (Batalha et al.
2013, Cat. J/ApJS/204/24) lists and a subset of the Q1-Q8 catalog
(Burke et al. 2014, Cat. J/ApJS/210/19).
We used a diverse set of measurements to estimate the properties of
each stellar host of the Kepler multis that we validate as planets
(see section 3).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 85 481 Stellar parameters
table3.dat 183 1210 Transit model parameters
table4.dat 53 9008 Transit Time Variation (TTV) measurements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)
J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)
J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/429/2001 : 150 new transiting planet candidates (Huang+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)
J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)
J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/423/122 : Abundances of 93 solar-type Kepler targets (Bruntt+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems TTVs (Steffen+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/420/L23 : Non-resonant Kepler planetary systems (Veras+, 2012)
J/ApJ/756/185 : Kepler TTVs. V. Metrics catalog (Ford+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/113 : Kepler TTVs. II. Confirmed multiplanet systems (Ford+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/15 : The Kepler-20 planetary system (Gautier+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/30 : Effective temperature scale for KIC (Pinsonneault+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/24 : The first three quarters of Kepler mission (Tenenbaum+, 2012)
J/A+A/546/A10 : Multiplicity in planet-host stars (Lillo-Box+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/42 : Infrared photometry of 90 KOIs (Adams+, 2012)
J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)
J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)
J/PASP/123/412 : Exoplanet Orbit Database (Wright+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's cand. multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- KOI [41/3057] Kepler Object of Interest identifier
6- 12 A7 --- --- [Kepler-]
13- 15 I3 --- Kepler ? Kepler number
17- 24 I8 --- KIC Kepler Input Catalog identifier (V/133)
26- 29 I4 K Teff [3568/7036] Effective temperature
31- 33 I3 K e_Teff ? Uncertainty in Teff
35- 39 F5.3 [cm/s2] log(g) [3.3/4.8] Log of the surface gravity
41- 45 F5.3 [cm/s2] e_log(g) ? Uncertainty in log(g)
47- 51 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H] [-1.5/0.6] Metallicity
53- 56 F4.2 [Sun] e_[Fe/H] ? Uncertainty in [Fe/H]
58- 62 F5.3 Rsun R* [0.4/4.3] Stellar radius
64- 68 F5.3 Rsun e_R* ? Uncertainty in R*
70- 74 F5.3 g/cm3 rho* [0.02/6.7]? Stellar density ρ*
76- 80 F5.3 g/cm3 e_rho* ? Uncertainty in rho*
82- 83 I2 --- Flag Stellar parameter flag (1)
85 I1 --- Bl Blend flag (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Stellar parameter flag as follows:
-1 = solar parameters assumed;
0 = original KIC (Cat. J/AJ/142/112);
1 = Revised KIC (modified KIC photometric classification from adjustments
to original KIC values of Teff, logg and [Fe/H] to match Yale-Yonsei
(Demarque et al. 2004ApJS..155..667D 2004ApJS..155..667D) stellar evolution models);
2 = SPC (Stellar Parameter Classification analysis of spectra taken at
various telescopes; Buchhave et al. 2012, Cat. J/other/Nat/486.375);
3 = Specmatch (SpecMatch fitting (see section 3 and Petigura et al.
2013ApJ...770...69P 2013ApJ...770...69P) using spectra taken at the Keck I telescope);
4 = SME (Spectrometry Made Easy (Valenti et al. 1996A&AS..118..595V 1996A&AS..118..595V)
analysis using spectra taken at the Keck I telescope);
5 = Asteroseismology (see Huber et al. 2013ApJ...767..127H 2013ApJ...767..127H).
Note (2): Blend flag as follows:
0 = nearby star detected that may produce blend;
1 = no measurement;
2 = has speckle;
3 = has spectral matching;
4 = has both.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler planet identifier
9- 15 A7 --- --- [Kepler-]
16- 18 I3 --- Kepler ? Kepler number
20 A1 --- m_Kepler [b-h] Planet identifier
22- 31 F10.6 d Per [0.3/800] Orbital period
33 A1 --- f_Per [t] TTV taken into account (1)
35- 43 F9.7 d e_Per [0/7]? Uncertainty in Per
45- 49 F5.2 Rgeo Rp [0.3/95] Planetary radius
51 A1 --- l_Rp [*] Minimal value of radius (2)
53- 57 F5.2 Rgeo e_Rp Uncertainty in Rp
59- 65 F7.1 Earth S Flux received on planet (relative to Earth)
67- 73 F7.1 Earth e_S Uncertainty in S
75- 78 F4.2 --- b Impact parameter
80- 83 F4.2 --- E_b Upper uncertainty in b
85- 88 F4.2 --- e_b Lower uncertainty in b
90- 96 F7.5 --- Rp/R* Ratio of planetary to stellar radii
98-104 F7.5 --- e_Rp/R* Uncertainty in Rp/R*
106-112 F7.4 g/cm3 rho Stellar density assuming a circular orbit
114-119 F6.4 g/cm3 e_rho Uncertainty in rho
121-128 F8.1 ppm Depth [-1382.8/160398] Transit depth
130-136 F7.1 ppm e_Depth [1.1/10596] Uncertainty in Depth
138-143 F6.3 h Dur [0.4/52.4] Transit duration
145-149 F5.3 h e_Dur Uncertainty in Dur
151-161 F11.5 d T0 Barycentric Julian Date of eclipse midpoint,
BJD--2454900
163-171 F9.5 d e_T0 Uncertainty in T0
173-178 F6.1 --- S/N [1/2262] Signal-to-Noise ratio
180-181 I2 --- fp False positive flag (4)
183 I1 --- Dyn Dynamic test flag, 2=passes (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
t = the transit-timing-variations were accounted for in the transit models.
Note (2):
* = Known to be planet hosting stellar binaries. As dilution is not
accounted for, the actual planet radii are larger.
Note (4): False positive flag as follows:
-1 = false-alarm;
0 = false-positive or false alarm;
1 = Period/Epoch collision;
2 = not clean centroid;
3 = nearby stars makes unclean;
4 = unsaturated manual centroid pass;
5 = saturated pass;
6 = Q1-Q12 autopass;
7 = Q1-Q15 autopass.
Note (5): Dynamic test flag is:
0 = failed dynamic test;
1 = dynamic test not performed;
2 = passes dynamic test.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [KOI-]
5- 11 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler planet identifier
13- 16 I4 --- n Transit number
18- 30 F13.8 --- tn [54.3/1178] Measured transit time
32- 42 F11.8 d TTVn Observed minus calculated transit time
44- 53 F10.8 d e_TTVn Uncertainty in TTVn
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Lissauer et al. Paper I. 2012ApJ...750..112L 2012ApJ...750..112L
Lissauer et al. Paper II. 2014ApJ...784...44L 2014ApJ...784...44L
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 16-May-2014