J/ApJ/785/33 High quality Spitzer/MIPS obs. of F4-K2 stars (Sierchio+, 2014)
The decay of debris disks around solar-type stars.
Sierchio J.M., Rieke G.H., Su K.Y.L., Gaspar A.
<Astrophys. J., 785, 33 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...785...33S 2014ApJ...785...33S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared ; Abundances, [Fe/H] ; Stars, ages
Keywords: circumstellar matter; infrared: planetary systems
Abstract:
We present a Spitzer MIPS study of the decay of debris disk excesses
at 24 and 70µm for 255 stars of types F4-K2. We have used multiple
tests, including consistency between chromospheric and X-ray activity
and placement on the H-R diagram, to assign accurate stellar ages.
Within this spectral type range, at 24µm, 13.6%±2.8% of the stars
younger than 1 Gyr have excesses at the 3σ level or more,
whereas none of the older stars do, confirming previous work. At
70µm, 22.5%±3.6% of the younger stars have excesses at ≥3σ
significance, whereas only 4.7-2.2+3.7% of the older stars do. To
characterize the far-infrared behavior of debris disks more robustly,
we doubled the sample by including stars from the DEBRIS and DUNES
surveys. For the F4-K4 stars in this combined sample, there is only a
weak (statistically not significant) trend in the incidence of
far-infrared excess with spectral type (detected fractions of
21.9-4.3+4.8%, late F; 16.5-3.3+3.9%, G; and
16.9-5.0+6.3%, early K). Taking this spectral type range together,
there is a significant decline between 3 and 4.5 Gyr in the incidence
of excesses, with fractional luminosities just under 10-5. There is
an indication that the timescale for decay of infrared excesses varies
roughly inversely with the fractional luminosity. This behavior is
consistent with theoretical expectations for passive evolution.
However, more excesses are detected around the oldest stars than are
expected from passive evolution, suggesting that there is late-phase
dynamical activity around these stars.
Description:
We used specific criteria to draw samples of stars from the entire
Spitzer Debris Disk Database (see section 2.1.1). V magnitudes were
taken from Hipparcos and transformed to Johnson V. All stars were also
required to have observations on the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
Ks system.
Additional measurements were obtained at SAAO on the 0.75m telescope
using the MarkII Infrared Photometer (transformed as described by Koen
et al. 2007MNRAS.380.1433K 2007MNRAS.380.1433K), and at the Steward Observatory 61 in
telescope using a NICMOS2-based camera with a 2MASS filter set and a
neutral density filter to avoid saturation. These measurements will be
described in a forthcoming paper (K. Y. L. Su et al., in preparation).
The original programs in which our sample stars were measured are
identified in Table 1. A large majority (93%) come from seven Spitzer
programs: (1) the MIPS Guaranteed Time Observer (GTO) Sun-like star
observations (Trilling+ 2008ApJ...674.1086T 2008ApJ...674.1086T); (2) Formation and
Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS; Meyer+ 2006, J/PASP/118/1690);
(3) Completing the Census of Debris Disks (Koerner+
2010ApJ...710L..26K 2010ApJ...710L..26K); (4) potential Space Interferometry
Mission/Terrestrial Planet Finder (SIM/TPF) targets (Beichman+
2006ApJ...652.1674B 2006ApJ...652.1674B); (5) an unbiased sample of F-stars (Trilling+
2008ApJ...674.1086T 2008ApJ...674.1086T); and (6) two coordinated programs selecting stars
on the basis of indicators of youth (Low+ 2005ApJ...631.1170L 2005ApJ...631.1170L;
Plavchan+ 2009ApJ...698.1068P 2009ApJ...698.1068P). See section 2.1.2.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 123 255 Spitzer star sample
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See also:
V/130 : Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood III (Holmberg+, 2009)
V/136 : Teff and metallicities for Tycho-2 stars (Ammons+, 2006)
IX/10 : ROSAT All-Sky Bright Source Catalogue (1RXS) (Voges+ 1999)
V/89 : Ages, Metallicities, Galactic Orbit of F stars (Marsakov+ 1995)
J/ApJ/775/55 : Spitzer IR excesses in A-K stars (Ballering+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A11 : DUNES survey observational results (Eiroa+, 2013)
J/ApJ/768/25 : Spitzer & Herschel obs. of debris disks (Gaspar+, 2013)
J/ApJ/753/147 : Herschel observations stars in THA (Donaldson+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/98 : 24um observations of AFGKM stars of 3 clusters (Urban+, 2012)
J/A+A/541/A40 : Metallicity of solar-type stars (Maldonado+, 2012)
J/ApJ/745/147 : Binaries among debris disk stars (Rodriguez+, 2012)
J/AZh/88/1217 : Solar-like activity of low-mass stars (Kasova+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/416/3108 : Membership of Sco OB2 moving group (Rizzuto+, 2011)
J/AZh/88/750 : Stars of galactic sub-structure abundances (Mishenina+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/410/190 : Young runaway stars within 3kpc (Tetzlaff+, 2011)
J/ApJ/725/875 : Chromospheric activity for CPS stars (Isaacson+, 2010)
J/A+A/520/A79 : FGK stars chromospheric activity (Martinez-Arnaiz+, 2010)
J/ApJ/705/1226 : Planet-bearing stars in Spitzer (Bryden+, 2009)
J/A+A/493/1099 : CaII HK emission in rapidly rotating stars (Schroeder+, 2009)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/A+A/483/903 : Mount Wilson index for F-K stars (Buccino+, 2008)
J/PASP/119/994 : MIPS 24um calibrators (Engelbracht+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2524 : Spectra of young nearby stars (White+, 2007)
J/PASP/118/1690 : Spitzer solar-type stars list (Meyer+, 2006)
J/MNRAS/372/163 : Activity indices for southern stars (Jenkins+, 2006)
J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)
J/A+A/450/735 : Effective temperatures and radii of stars (Masana+, 2006)
J/MNRAS/360/1345 : F- and G-type stars in solar neighbourhood (Karatas+, 2005)
J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/ApJ/620/1010 : Spitzer 24µm photometry of A dwarfs (Rieke+, 2005)
J/other/ARA+A/42.685 : Young stars near the Sun (Zuckerman+, 2004)
J/ApJS/152/261 : Chromospheric Ca II emission in nearby stars (Wright+, 2004)
J/A+A/417/651 : NEXXUS ROSAT survey of coronal X-ray (Schmitt+, 2004)
J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)
J/AJ/125/3311 : JHKL'M photometry of northern bright stars (Kidger+, 2003)
J/A+A/365/545 : Remnant disks around MS stars IR flux (Habing+, 2001)
J/MNRAS/298/332 : Chromospheric activity-age relation (Rocha-Pinto+ 1998)
J/A+AS/131/209 : JHK(L') photometry of giant stars (Alonso+ 1998)
J/A+A/329/943 : F + G solar neighbourhood stars new ages (Ng+ 1998)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name HD identifier or HIP6276
9- 16 A8 --- SpT MK Spectral type from SIMBAD (F4V to K1V)
24- 28 I5 Myr Age [15/10100] Age
30- 47 A18 --- r_Age Reference(s) for Age (1)
49- 53 F5.1 mas Plx [10/168] Parallax from Hipparcos (see I/239)
55- 59 F5.2 [-] [Fe/H] [-0.9/0.4]? Metallicity
61- 64 F4.2 mag Vmag [2.82/8.65] The Johnson V band magnitude
66- 70 F5.3 mag Ksmag [1.28/7.24] The Ks band magnitude
in 2MASS system
72- 80 A9 --- r_Ksmag Reference(s) for Ksmag (2)
82- 86 I5 --- PID Spitzer PID indentifier
88- 95 I8 --- AOR Spitzer AOR key
97-103 F7.2 mJy F24 [9/2225] Spitzer/MIPS 24um band flux density
105-109 F5.2 mJy e_F24 [0.1/11] Uncertainty in F24
111-117 F7.2 mJy F70 [-9/1776]? Spitzer/MIPS 70um band flux density
119-123 F5.2 mJy e_F70 [1/90]? Uncertainty in F70
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Note (1): Reference of Age as follows:
1 = Schroeder et al. 2009, J/A+A/493/1099
2 = Henry et al. 1996, J/AJ/111/439
3 = Wright et al. 2004, J/ApJS/152/261
4 = Rocha-Pinto & Maciel 1998, J/MNRAS/298/332
5 = Isaacson & Fischer 2010, J/ApJ/725/875
6 = X-ray from RASS
7 = White et al. 2007, J/AJ/133/2524
8 = Gray et al. 2006, J/AJ/132/161
9 = Gray et al. 2003, J/AJ/126/2048
10 = Martinez-Arnaiz et al. 2010, J/A+A/520/A79
11 = Kasova & Livshits 2011, J/AZh/88/1217
12 = Jenkins et al. 2006, J/MNRAS/372/163
13 = Zuckerman & Song 2004, J/other/ARA+A/42.685
14 = Montes et al. 2001, J/MNRAS/328/45
15 = logg<4
16 = Duncan et al. 1991, III/159
17 = Buccino & Mauas 2008, J/A+A/483/903
18 = Rizzuto et al. 2011, J/MNRAS/416/3108
19 = Barrado y Navascues 1998A&A...339..831B 1998A&A...339..831B
20 = Karatas et al. 2005, J/MNRAS/360/1345
21 = Schmitt & Liefke 2004, J/A+A/417/651
22 = Ng & Bertelli 1998, J/A+A/329/943
23 = Mamajek 2009IAUS..258..375M 2009IAUS..258..375M
24 = Mishenina et al. 2011, J/AZh/88/750
Note (2): Reference of K photometry as follows:
1 = 2MASS;
2 = this work;
3 = Carter (1990MNRAS.242....1C 1990MNRAS.242....1C)
4 = Glass (1974MNSSA..33...53G 1974MNSSA..33...53G)
5 = Bouchet et al. (1991A&AS...91..409B 1991A&AS...91..409B)
6 = Johnson et al. (1966, II/5)
7 = Selby et al. (1988A&AS...74..127S 1988A&AS...74..127S)
8 = Kidger & Martin-Ruiz (2003, J/AJ/125/3311)
9 = Alonso et al. (1998, J/A+AS/131/209)
10 = Aumann & Probst (1991ApJ...368..264A 1991ApJ...368..264A)
11 = Allen & Gallagher (1983MNRAS.203..777A 1983MNRAS.203..777A)
12 = UKIRT (1994,
http://www.jach.hawaii.edu/UKIRT/astronomy/calib/phot_cal/bright_stds.html)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 01-Dec-2016