J/ApJ/792/119 Companions to nearby stars from Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2014)
Wide cool and ultracool companions to nearby stars from Pan-STARRS 1.
Deacon N.R., Liu M.C., Magnier E.A., Aller K.M., Best W.M.J., Dupuy T.,
Bowler B.P., Mann A.W., Redstone J.A., Burgett W.S., Chambers K.C.,
Draper P.W., Flewelling H., Hodapp K.W., Kaiser N., Kudritzki R.-P.,
Morgan J.S., Metcalfe N., Price P.A., Tonry J.L., Wainscoat R.J.
<Astrophys. J., 792, 119 (2014)>
=2014ApJ...792..119D 2014ApJ...792..119D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, nearby ; Stars, dwarfs ;
Spectral types ; Magnitudes ; Stars, distances ; Stars, ages ;
Abundances, [Fe/H] ; Proper motions ; Spectroscopy ; Surveys
Keywords: binaries: general - brown dwarfs - stars: low-mass - surveys
Abstract:
We present the discovery of 57 wide (>5'') separation, low-mass
(stellar and substellar) companions to stars in the solar neighborhood
identified from Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1) data and the spectral
classification of 31 previously known companions. Our companions
represent a selective subsample of promising candidates and span a
range in spectral type of K7-L9 with the addition of one DA white
dwarf. These were identified primarily from a dedicated common proper
motion search around nearby stars, along with a few as serendipitous
discoveries from our Pan-STARRS 1 brown dwarf search. Our discoveries
include 23 new L dwarf companions and one known L dwarf not previously
identified as a companion. The primary stars around which we searched
for companions come from a list of bright stars with well-measured
parallaxes and large proper motions from the Hipparcos catalog (8583
stars, mostly A-K dwarfs) and fainter stars from other proper motion
catalogs (79170 stars, mostly M dwarfs). We examine the likelihood
that our companions are chance alignments between unrelated stars and
conclude that this is unlikely for the majority of the objects that we
have followed-up spectroscopically. We also examine the entire
population of ultracool (>M7) dwarf companions and conclude that while
some are loosely bound, most are unlikely to be disrupted over the
course of ∼10 Gyr. Our search increases the number of ultracool M
dwarf companions wider than 300 AU by 88% and increases the number of
L dwarf companions in the same separation range by 82%. Finally, we
resolve our new L dwarf companion to HIP 6407 into a tight (0.13'', 7.4 AU)
L1+T3 binary, making the system a hierarchical triple. Our search for
these key benchmarks against which brown dwarf and exoplanet
atmosphere models are tested has yielded the largest number of
discoveries to date.
Description:
Pan-STARRS 1 is a wide-field 1.8m telescope situated on Haleakala on
Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. Run by a consortium of astronomical
research institutions, it has been surveying the sky north of
δ=-30° since 2010 May. Just over half of the telescope's
operating time is reserved for the 3π Survey, a multi-filter,
multi-epoch survey of three-fourths of the sky (∼30,000 deg2). We
conducted our search over several iterations of the Pan-STARRS 1 3π
database. In all our searches we queried the most up-to-date
Pan-STARRS 1 3π database using the Desktop Virtual Observatory
software (Magnier et al. 2008, IAU Symp. 248, A Giant Step: from Milli-
to Micro-arcsecond Astrometry (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 553).
Initially, our search involved combining 2MASS and Pan-STARRS 1 data
to calculate proper motions in a similar process to that used by
Deacon et al. (2011, J/AJ/142/77). For this PS1 + 2MASS search, we
required that objects had more than one detection in the yP1 band. PS1
detections were required to have a significance greater than 5σ to
be included in the astrometric and photometric solutions of their
parent object. We also required that the objects be classified as good
quality, point-source detections in both Pan-STARRS 1 and 2MASS.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 157 92 Summary Information on Our Wide Companions
table3.dat 119 89 PS1 Data of Our Wide Companions
table4.dat 83 114 Astrometric Data on Our Data of Our Multiple
Systems
table5.dat 98 62 The Data of Our Non-Hipparcos and Serendipitous
Pairs
table6.dat 89 156 The IR Data of Our Secondaries
table7.dat 76 89 The WISE Data of Our Companions
table8.dat 88 101 Log of Spectroscopic Observations
table9.dat 67 25 Spectroscopic Classification of Our L Dwarf
Companions
table12.dat 135 98 Known Companions with Spectral Type M7 or Later
that have Projected Separations of 100 AU
or More
refs.dat 45 79 References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2014)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
J/ApJS/190/100 : NIR proper motion survey using 2MASS (Kirkpatrick+, 2010)
J/AJ/142/77 : New T dwarfs identified in Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/437/3603 : NIR proper motion catalogue from UKIDSS-LAS (Smith+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/455/4212 : Pan-STARRS 1: occurrence in the Kepler field (Dacon+, 2016)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ABCD] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
21- 23 A3 --- n_ID Note on ID (G2)
25- 36 A12 --- WDS Washington Double Star catalog designation
(Cat. B/wds, WDS JHHMMm+DDMMA in Simbad)
38- 39 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
41- 42 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
44- 48 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
50 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
51- 52 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
54- 55 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
57- 60 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
62- 66 A5 --- SpTypeP Primary spectral type
68- 72 A5 --- SpTypeS Secondary spectral type
74 A1 --- n_SpTypeS [ld] Note on SpTypeS (G3)
76- 81 F6.3 mag yP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 y band magnitude
83- 87 F5.3 mag e_yP1mag ? Error in yP1mag
89- 94 F6.3 mag Jmag ? 2MASS J band magnitude
96-101 F6.4 mag e_Jmag ? Error in Jmag
102 A1 --- l_Jmag [h] Note on Jmag (4)
104 A1 --- l_distP [>] Limit flag on distP
105-109 F5.1 pc distP ? Primary distance
111-114 F4.1 pc E_distP ? Upper limit uncertainty in distP
116-119 F4.1 pc e_distP ? Lower limit uncertainty in distP
120 A1 --- n_distP Note on distP (G4)
122 A1 --- l_Sepa [~] Limit flag on Sepa
123-128 F6.1 arcsec Sepa ? Separation
130 A1 --- l_Sep [~>] Limit flag on Sep
131-135 I5 AU Sep ? Separation
137-141 A5 [-] [Fe/H] ? Metallicity
142 A1 --- n_[Fe/H] Note on [Fe/H] (6)
144-145 A2 --- l_Age [≤ ] Limit flag on Age
146-155 A10 Gyr Age Age
156-157 A2 --- n_Age Note on Age (7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (4): Note as follows:
h = The 2MASS photometry is only an upper limit; photometry taken from
UKIDSS Lawrence et al. (2007MNRAS.379.1599L 2007MNRAS.379.1599L).
Note (6): Note as follows:
j = Casagrande et al. (2011A&A...530A.138C 2011A&A...530A.138C);
o = Metallicity from Lee et al. (2011AJ....141...90L 2011AJ....141...90L);
u = Not explained in the paper.
Note (7):
* = Simultaneously discovered by Allen et al. (2012AJ....144...62A 2012AJ....144...62A);
1 = Object primary is a spectroscopic binary;
aa = This work, approximate maximum age from disk-like kinematics;
i = Valenti & Fischer (2005ApJS..159..141V 2005ApJS..159..141V);
j = Casagrande et al. (2011A&A...530A.138C 2011A&A...530A.138C);
k = Metallicity definition depends on source; metallicities from
Valenti & Fischer (2005ApJS..159..141V 2005ApJS..159..141V) are [M/H] while those from
Casagrande et al. (2011A&A...530A.138C 2011A&A...530A.138C) are [Fe/H].
x = This work, minimum age calculated from lack of activity and the activity
lifetimes of West et al. (2008AJ....135..785W 2008AJ....135..785W), approximate maximum age
from disk-like kinematics;
y = This work, minimum age calculated from limiting X-ray flux and the
relations of Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008ApJ...687.1264M 2008ApJ...687.1264M), approximate
maximum age from disk-like kinematics;
z = This work, minimum age is that from Shkolnik et al. (2009ApJ...699..649S 2009ApJ...699..649S)
for objects with no X-ray emission, approximate maximum age from
disk-like kinematics.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ABCD] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
21- 23 A3 --- n_ID Note on ID (G2)
25- 26 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 29 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
44- 47 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
49- 53 A5 --- SpType Spectral type
54 A1 --- n_SpType [d] Note on SpType (G3)
56- 61 F6.3 mag gP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 g band magnitude
63- 67 F5.3 mag e_gP1mag ? Error in gP1mag
69- 74 F6.3 mag rP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 r band magnitude
76- 80 F5.3 mag e_rP1mag ? Error in rP1mag
82- 87 F6.3 mag iP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 i band magnitude
89- 93 F5.3 mag e_iP1mag ? Error in iP1mag
95-100 F6.3 mag zP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 z band magnitude
102-106 F5.3 mag e_zP1mag ? Error in zP1mag
108-113 F6.3 mag yP1mag ? Pan-STARRS 1 y band magnitude
115-119 F5.3 mag e_yP1mag ? Error in yP1mag
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- ID Object identifier (HIP NNNNNN)
12 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
14- 18 F5.1 pc Dist ? Distance
20- 23 F4.1 pc E_Dist ? Upper limit uncertainty in Dist
25- 28 F4.1 pc e_Dist ? Lower limit uncertainty in Dist
29 A1 --- n_Dist Note on Dist (G4)
31- 36 A6 arcsec/yr pmRA Proper motion along RA, pmRA*cosDE
38- 43 F6.4 arcsec/yr e_pmRA Error in pmRA
45- 50 A6 arcsec/yr pmDE Proper motion along DE
52- 57 F6.4 arcsec/yr e_pmDE Error in pmDE
59- 62 F4.2 --- dpmRA ? Proper motion difference along RA,
dpmRA*cosDE (G5)
64- 67 F4.2 --- dpmDE ? Proper motion difference along DE (G5)
69- 72 F4.2 --- dpm ? Proper motion difference (G5)
74- 78 F5.1 arcsec Sepa ? Projected Separation
80- 83 I4 AU Sep ? Projected Separation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [CDE] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [B] Multiplicity index on ID
21 A1 --- l_Dist [>] Limit flag on Dist
22- 26 F5.1 pc Dist Distance
28- 31 F4.1 pc E_Dist ? Upper limit uncertainty in Dist
33- 37 F5.2 pc e_Dist ? Lower limit uncertainty in Dist
38- 39 A2 --- n_Dist Note on Dist (2)
41- 46 A6 arcsec/yr pmRA Proper motion along RA, pmRA*cosDE
48- 52 F5.3 arcsec/yr e_pmRA Error in pmRA
53 A1 --- n_pmRA [fghi] Note on pmRA (3)
55- 60 A6 arcsec/yr pmDE Proper motion along DE
62- 66 F5.3 arcsec/yr e_pmDE Error in pmDE
67 A1 --- n_pmDE [fghi] Note on pmDE (3)
69- 73 A5 --- dpmRA ? Proper motion difference along RA,
dpmRA*cosDE (G5)
75- 79 A5 --- dpmDE ? Proper motion difference along DE (G5)
81- 84 F4.2 --- dpm ? Proper motion difference (G5)
86- 91 F6.1 arcsec Sepa ? Projected Separation
93 A1 --- l_Sep [>] Limit flag on Sep
94- 98 I5 AU Sep ? Projected Separation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Note as follows:
a = Photometric distance from Lepine (2005AJ....129.1483L 2005AJ....129.1483L);
b = Photometric distance from 2MASS magnitudes and Dupuy & Liu
(2012ApJS..201...19D 2012ApJS..201...19D);
c = Photometric distance from Lepine & Gaidos (2011AJ....142..138L 2011AJ....142..138L);
d = Photometric distance from spectral type and spectrophotometric relations
of Kraus & Hillenbrand (2007AJ....134.2340K 2007AJ....134.2340K);
e = Trigonometric parallax from van Leeuwen (2007A&A...474..653V 2007A&A...474..653V);
] = Denotes distance from trigonometric parallax; all other distances are
photometric.
Note (3): Note as follows:
f = Proper motion from Lepine & Shara (2005AJ....129.1483L 2005AJ....129.1483L);
g = Proper motion from Lepine & Gaidos (2011AJ....142..138L 2011AJ....142..138L);
h = Proper motion from Salim & Gould (2003ApJ...582.1011S 2003ApJ...582.1011S);
i = Proper motion from Hog et al. (2000 Cat. I/259).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ABCD] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
21- 26 F6.3 mag Ymag ? Y band magnitude
28- 32 F5.3 mag e_Ymag ? Error in Ymag
34 A1 --- l_Jmag [>] Limit flag on Jmag
35- 41 F7.4 mag Jmag ? J band magnitude
43- 48 F6.4 mag e_Jmag ? Error in Jmag
49 A1 --- n_Jmag [*] Note on Jmag (2)
51 A1 --- l_Hmag [>] Limit flag on Hmag
52- 58 F7.4 mag Hmag ? H band magnitude
60- 65 F6.4 mag e_Hmag ? Error in Hmag
66 A1 --- n_Hmag [*] Note on Hmag (2)
68 A1 --- l_K/Ksmag [>] Limit flag on K/Ksmag
69- 74 F6.3 mag K/Ksmag ? K or Ks band magnitude
76- 80 F5.3 mag e_K/Ksmag ? Error in K/Ksmag
81 A1 --- n_K/Ksmag [*] Note on K/Ksmag (2)
83- 88 A6 --- Source Data source
89 A1 --- n_Source [+D] Note on Source (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Note as follows:
* = Object has a confusion flag (ccflag) set in this filter.
Note (3): Note as follows:
+ = Object saturated in VISTA data (Emerson & Sutherland 2010Msngr.139....2E 2010Msngr.139....2E);
D = Photometry from the 2MASS reject table
(Skrutskie et al. 2006AJ....131.1163S 2006AJ....131.1163S).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ABCD] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
21- 26 F6.3 mag W1mag ? WISE W1 band magnitude
28- 32 F5.3 mag e_W1mag ? Error in W1mag
33 A1 --- n_W1mag [*] Note on W1mag (2)
35- 40 F6.3 mag W2mag ? WISE W2 band magnitude
42- 46 F5.3 mag e_W2mag ? Error in W2mag
47 A1 --- n_W2mag [*] Note on W2mag (2)
49 A1 --- l_W3mag [>] Limit flag on W3mag
50- 55 F6.3 mag W3mag ? WISE W3 band magnitude
57- 61 F5.3 mag e_W3mag ? Error in W3mag
62 A1 --- n_W3mag [*] Note on W3mag (2)
64 A1 --- l_W4mag [>] Limit flag on W4mag
65- 69 F5.3 mag W4mag ? WISE W4 band magnitude
71- 75 F5.3 mag e_W4mag ? Error in W4mag
76 A1 --- n_W4mag [+] Note on W4mag (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Note as follows:
* = Has contaminated photometry in at least one WISE band.
Note (3): Note as follows:
+ = Too close to their primary to have an independent photometry measurement
in WISE (Cat. II/311).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ACDFG] Companion group (G1)
3- 18 A16 --- ID Object identifier
19 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
21- 31 A11 "date" Date Observation date
33- 36 I4 s tint Integration time
38- 49 A12 --- Cond Observation condition
51 A1 --- l_Seeing Limit flag on Seeing
52- 54 F3.1 arcsec Seeing Seeing
56- 61 A6 arcsec Slit Slit width
63- 67 A5 --- Mode Spectra mode (SXD, prism)
69- 72 I4 --- Res Resolution in λ/Δλ
74- 78 F5.3 --- Airmass Airmass
80- 88 A9 --- Stand Standard star used for each object
(HD NNNNNN)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Group [ABCH] Companion group (G1)
3- 17 A15 --- ID Object identifier
18 A1 --- m_ID [BC] Multiplicity index on ID
20 A1 --- n_ID [b] Note on ID (2)
22- 25 A4 --- SpType Visual spectral type
26 A1 --- n_SpType [a] Note on SpType (3)
28- 32 F5.3 --- H2OJ H2O J flux index
34- 37 A4 --- SpTypeH2OJ H2O J spectral type
39- 44 F6.4 --- H2OH H2O H flux index
46- 49 A4 --- SpTypeH2OH H2O H spectral type
51- 55 F5.3 --- CH4K CH4 K flux index
57- 60 A4 --- SpTypeCH4K CH4 K spectral type
62- 66 A5 --- SpTypeF Final spectral type
67 A1 --- n_SpTypeF [c] Note on SpTypeF (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Note as follows:
b = No good standard comparison was found; the best match in the SpeX prism
library was the L5.5 2MASS J17502484-0016151
(Kendall et al. 2007A&A...466.1059K 2007A&A...466.1059K).
Note (3): Note as follows:
a = No good standard comparison was found; the best match in the SpeX prism
library was the L1 2MASSWJ143928.4+192915
(Burgasser et al. 2004AJ....127.2856B 2004AJ....127.2856B).
Note (4): Note as follows:
c = Using spectral decomposition we determined that HIP 6407B is likely itself
a double consisting of an L1 and a T5. We later resolved this companion
as a tight binary itself. See Section 5.2.1 for more details.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table12.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 25 A25 --- ID Object identifier (1)
26 A1 --- n_ID [x] Note on ID (2)
28- 29 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 32 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
34- 39 F6.3 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
41 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
42- 43 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
48- 52 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
53 A1 --- n_DEs Note on position (2)
55- 60 I6 AU Sep ? Separation of binary system
61 A1 --- --- [-]
62- 64 I3 AU Sep2 ? Upper value of separation interval
66- 72 F7.2 arcsec Sepa Separation of binary system
74 A1 --- l_SpTypeC Limit flag on SpTypeC
75- 81 A7 --- SpTypeC Companion spectral type
82 A1 --- n_SpTypeC Note on SpTypeC (2)
84- 93 A10 --- SpTypeP Primary spectral type
94 A1 --- n_SpTypeP [*wy+] Note on SpTypeP (2)
96 A1 --- l_Mass [~<] Limit flag on Mass
97-110 A14 Msun Mass Companion mass interval
111 A1 --- n_Mass Note on Mass (2)
113 A1 --- l_Age [~<>] Limit flag on Age
114-125 A12 Gyr Age Age interval
126 A1 --- n_Age Note on Age (2)
128-135 A8 --- Ref References in refs.dat file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Based on Table 1 from Faherty et al. (2010AJ....139..176F 2010AJ....139..176F). This only
contains objects that are spectrally confirmed companions. We do not include
untyped candidate companions but make an exception for the Y dwarf companion
to WD 0806-661 (Luhman et al. 2011ApJ...730L...9L 2011ApJ...730L...9L), which is too faint in the
near-infrared for spectral confirmation.
Note (2): Note as follows:
a = Binks & Jeffries (2014MNRAS.438L..11B 2014MNRAS.438L..11B);
b = Artigau et al. (2009ApJ...692..149A 2009ApJ...692..149A);
c = Chauvin et al. (2005A&A...438L..29C 2005A&A...438L..29C);
e = Song et al. (2003ApJ...599..342S 2003ApJ...599..342S);
f = Reid et al. (2008AJ....136.1290R 2008AJ....136.1290R);
g = Burgasser et al. (2005AJ....129.2849B 2005AJ....129.2849B);
h = Marois et al. (2007ApJ...654L.151M 2007ApJ...654L.151M);
i = King et al. (2010A&A...510A..99K 2010A&A...510A..99K);
j = Liu et al. (2007ApJ...660.1507L 2007ApJ...660.1507L);
k = Pecaut et al. (2012ApJ...746..154P 2012ApJ...746..154P);
l = Lafreniere et al. (2010ApJ...719..497L 2010ApJ...719..497L);
m = Bowler et al. (2014ApJ...784...65B 2014ApJ...784...65B);
n = Bowler et al. (2011ApJ...743..148B 2011ApJ...743..148B);
o = Position from SIMBAD;
p = Position from Washington Double Star Catalogue (Cat. B/wds);
q = Position from Webb et al. (1999ApJ...512L..63W 1999ApJ...512L..63W);
r = Position from 2MASS (Cat. II/246);
s = Position from Faherty et al. (2009AJ....137....1F 2009AJ....137....1F);
t = Position calculated using the position of the primary and the separation
and position angle quoted in the discovery paper;
u = Position of primary; discovery paper does not quote a position angle so
calculation of the secondary's position is not possible.
v = West et al. (2008AJ....135..785W 2008AJ....135..785W).
w = Zhang et al. (2010MNRAS.404.1817Z 2010MNRAS.404.1817Z);
x = This object is listed in Smith et al. (J/MNRAS/437/3603) as a companion
to both components of the LSPM J1202+0742 system (the N and S components).
We call it LSPM J1202+0742 C.
y = Spectral type estimated from 2MASS photometry and empirical SEDs for
Kraus & Hillenbrand (2007AJ....134.2340K 2007AJ....134.2340K).
z = Liu et al. (2010ApJ...722..311L 2010ApJ...722..311L).
* = The primary star is a spectroscopic binary;
+ = Both of these components of xi UMa are themselves spectroscopic binaries.
D = This mass estimate was based on the spectrophotometric properties of
the object before it was determined to be an unresolved binary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference number
4- 22 A19 --- Bibcode Reference bibcode
25- 45 A21 --- Aut Author's name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): Group as follows:
A = HIP search companions;
B = Companions to faint non-HIP primaries;
C = Serendipitous companion discoveries;
D = Unlikely companions;
E = Other companion discoveries;
F = Non-Hipparcos companions;
G = Primary stars;
H = Unlikely discoveries.
Note (G2): Note as follows:
+ = Previously known in the Washington Double Star Catalog (Cat. B/wds);
D = Additional possibly spurious companion in the system in the Washington
Double Star Catalog (Cat. B/wds);
* = Simultaneously discovered by Allen et al. (2012AJ....144...62A 2012AJ....144...62A);
2 = Previously identified in Lepine & Bongiorno (2007AJ....133..889L 2007AJ....133..889L);
a = Our object appears in the Washington Double Star Catalog (Cat. B/wds) as
component C due to a spurious companion listed as B.
b = Primary is itself a close double listed as Aa and Ab in the Washington
Double Star Catalog (Cat. B/wds);
c = The companion was identified as a visual double during IRTF acquisition;
due to saturation, it does not appear in our PS1 catalog. Position is
taken from VISTA image (Emerson & Sutherland 2010Msngr.139....2E 2010Msngr.139....2E);
e = While HIP 73169 appears in the Hipparcos catalog
(van Leeuwen 2007A&A...474..653V 2007A&A...474..653V, Cat. I/311), its parallax measurement
was too low significance for it to be included in our input Hipparcos
sample. Hence it appears in our sample of other primaries due to it being
a nearby M dwarf in the proper motion catalog of Salim & Gould
(2003, J/ApJ/582/1011);
f = Primary is itself a binary with a listing in the Washington Double Star
Catalog (Cat. B/wds). Our companion is component C;
g = Our companion is component C;
m = Previously identified as a candidate companion by Pinfield et al.
(2006MNRAS.368.1281P 2006MNRAS.368.1281P).
Note (G3): Note as follows:
d = Spectral type from Kirkpatrick et al. (2010, J/ApJS/190/100). We identify
this object as a companion to NLTT 730;
l = Estimated spectral types from spectral deblending. See Section 5.2.1.
Note (G4): Note as follows:
] = Denotes distance from trigonometric parallax; all other distances are
photometric.
Note (G5): Expressed in nσ, the number of standard deviations the
proper motions differ by.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by Tiphaine Pouvreau [CDS] 06-Apr-2017