J/ApJ/799/95 Structure in 3D galaxy distribution. II. Voids (Way+, 2015)
Structure in the 3D galaxy distribution.
II. Voids and watersheds of local maxima and minima.
Way M.J., Gazis P.R., Scargle J.D.
<Astrophys. J., 799, 95 (2015)>
=2015ApJ...799...95W 2015ApJ...799...95W
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Models ; Surveys
Keywords: catalogs; cosmology: observations; galaxies: clusters: general;
large-scale structure of universe
Abstract:
The major uncertainties in studies of the multi-scale structure of the
universe arise not from observational errors but from the variety of
legitimate definitions and detection methods for individual
structures. To facilitate the study of these methodological
dependencies, we have carried out 12 different analyses defining
structures in various ways. This has been done in a purely geometrical
way by utilizing the HOP (Eisenstein+, 1998ApJ...498..137E 1998ApJ...498..137E) algorithm
as a unique parameter-free method of assigning groups of galaxies to
local density maxima or minima. From three density estimation
techniques (smoothing kernels, Bayesian blocks, and self-organizing
maps) applied to three data sets (the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data
Release 7, the Millennium simulation, and randomly distributed points)
we tabulate information that can be used to construct catalogs of
structures connected to local density maxima and minima. We also
introduce a void finder that utilizes a method to assemble Delaunay
tetrahedra into connected structures and characterizes regions empty
of galaxies in the source catalog.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table7a.dat 239 503832 *Millennium simulation (MS) Delaunay voids
table7b.dat 201 465357 Poisson data Delaunay voids
table7c.dat 215 458173 SDSS Delaunay voids
table8.dat 543 146112 SDSS-DR7 galaxies
table9.dat 366 171388 *Millennium simulation (MS) galaxies
table10.dat 248 144700 Random points (Poisson data)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on table7a.dat and table9.dat: The Millennium simulation (MS) is described
in Springel et al. 2005Natur.435..629S 2005Natur.435..629S
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/294 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 7 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2009)
VII/250 : The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) (2dFGRS Team, 1998-2003)
VII/203 : Las Campanas Redshift Survey (Shectman+ 1996)
J/A+A/570/A106 : VIPERS. Searching for cosmic voids (Micheletti+, 2014)
J/A+A/566/A1 : Flux- & volume-limited groups for SDSS gal. (Tempel+, 2014)
J/A+A/542/A36 : Rich clusters from SDSS DR8 (Einasto+, 2012)
J/A+A/539/A80 : SDSS DR7 superclusters. The catalogues (Liivamagi+, 2012)
J/ApJ/744/82 : Catalog of cosmic voids from the SDSS-DR7 (Varela+, 2012)
J/A+A/382/389 : CCD R photometry of 17 clusters of galaxies (Kopylov+, 2002)
J/AJ/119/32 : Survey of galaxies within nearby voids. II (Grogin+, 2000)
J/AJ/118/2561 : Survey of gal. within prominent nearby voids (Grogin+, 1999)
J/A+AS/123/119 : The supercluster-void network. I. (Einasto+ 1997)
J/A+AS/116/43 : Emission-line galaxies nearby voids. (Popescu+, 1996)
J/MNRAS/269/301 : Superclusters and voids (Einasto+, 1994)
http://www.sdss3.org/ : SDSS-III home page
http://sdss.physics.nyu.edu/vagc/ : NYU VAGC home page
http://www.cosmicvoids.net/ : Public Cosmic Void Catalog home page
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7[abc].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- Seq [1/503832] Void Identification number
8- 9 I2 --- Ntet [1/33] Number of tetrahedra in void
11- 12 I2 --- Ngal [4/29] Number of galaxies (max: 29 for table7a,
23 for table7b, 25 for table7c)
14- 22 F9.2 Mpc Reff [0.1/129896] Effective void radius
24- 28 F5.3 --- cvx [0.002/1] Convexity (1)
30- 40 F11.7 --- Dist [0.0001/132] Distance from hull in redshift
units (dist_min)
42- 47 I6 --- GID1 [1/171285] Galaxy identification number 1
49- 54 I6 --- GID2 [2/171349] Galaxy identification number 2
56- 61 I6 --- GID3 [4/171377] Galaxy identification number 3
63- 68 I6 --- GID4 [5/171388] Galaxy identification number 4
70- 75 I6 --- GID5 [0/171388] Galaxy identification number 5
77- 82 I6 --- GID6 [0/171388] Galaxy identification number 6
84- 89 I6 --- GID7 [0/171387] Galaxy identification number 7
91- 96 I6 --- GID8 [0/171388] Galaxy identification number 8
98-103 I6 --- GID9 [0/171387] Galaxy identification number 9
105-110 I6 --- GID10 [0/171388] Galaxy identification number 10
112-117 I6 --- GID11 [0/171385] Galaxy identification number 11
119-124 I6 --- GID12 [0/171386] Galaxy identification number 12
126-131 I6 --- GID13 [0/171346] Galaxy identification number 13
133-138 I6 --- GID14 [0/171268] Galaxy identification number 14
140-145 I6 --- GID15 [0/171365] Galaxy identification number 15
147-152 I6 --- GID16 [0/171254] Galaxy identification number 16
154-159 I6 --- GID17 [0/171266] Galaxy identification number 17
161-166 I6 --- GID18 [0/171333] Galaxy identification number 18
168-173 I6 --- GID19 [0/171367] Galaxy identification number 19
175-180 I6 --- GID20 [0/171092] Galaxy identification number 20
182-187 I6 --- GID21 [0/151274] Galaxy identification number 21
189-194 I6 --- GID22 [0/151433] Galaxy identification number 22
196-201 I6 --- GID23 [0/164299] Galaxy identification number 23
203-208 I6 --- GID24 [0/142123]? Galaxy identification number 24
210-215 I6 --- GID25 [0/142138]? Galaxy identification number 25
217-221 I5 --- GID26 [0/90970]? Galaxy identification number 26
223-227 I5 --- GID27 [0/91161]? Galaxy identification number 27
229-233 I5 --- GID28 [0/91200]? Galaxy identification number 28
235-239 I5 --- GID29 [0/91230]? Galaxy identification number 29
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): the convexity is defined as the sum of volumes of the tetrahedra
divided by the volume of the convex hul
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 I9 --- objIDh [0/758885527] NYU-VAGC identifier
(objid(high)) (1)
11- 19 I9 --- objIDl [0/999999999] NYU-VAGC identifier
(objid(low)) (1)
21- 26 I6 --- Seq [1/146112] Running sequence number (id2)
28- 34 I7 --- SpID [8/1479348] NYU-VAGC spectrum ID
(vagc_specobjid)
36- 44 F9.6 --- X [-0.2/-0.003] X-coordinate (G6)
46- 54 F9.6 --- Y [-0.2/0.2] Y-coordinate (G6)
56- 64 F9.6 --- Z [-0.0074/0.2] Z-coordinate (G6)
66- 75 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000) (ra)
77- 85 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) (dec)
87- 94 F8.6 --- z [0.005/0.2] Observed redshift
96-103 F8.6 --- e_z [0/0.0002] z uncertainty
105-113 F9.6 mag umag [0/36] Apparent u magnitude
115-123 F9.6 mag gmag [0/25.2] Apparent g magnitude
125-133 F9.6 mag rmag [10.6/18.4] Apparent r magnitude
135-143 F9.6 mag imag [0/26.4] Apparent i magnitude
145-153 F9.6 mag zmag [0/29.7] Apparent z magnitude
155-164 F10.6 mag uMag [-23.3/-2.1] Absolute u magnitude
166-175 F10.6 mag gMag [-23.3/-12.7] Absolute g magnitude
177-186 F10.6 mag rMag [-24.8/-20] Absolute r magnitude
188-197 F10.6 mag iMag [-24.7/-11] Absolute i magnitude
199-208 F10.6 mag zMag [-25.7/-8] Absolute z magnitude21
210-219 F10.6 mag JMag [-26.6/-15.9] Absolute J magnitude
221-230 F10.6 mag HMag [-26.6/-15.9] Absolute H magnitude
232-241 F10.6 mag KMag [-26.8/-16.4] Absolute K magnitude
243-254 F12.6 arcsec p50_u [0.05/193.2]?=-9999 Petrosian 50% u radius
256-267 F12.6 arcsec p50_g [1.8/75.1]?=-9999 Petrosian 50% g radius
269-277 F9.6 arcsec p50_r [1.7/72] Petrosian 50% r radius
279-290 F12.6 arcsec p50_i [0.3/143]?=-9999 Petrosian 50% i radius
292-303 F12.6 arcsec p50_z [0.07/67]?=-9999 Petrosian 50% z radius
305-316 F12.6 arcsec p90_u [0.07/250]?=-9999 Petrosian 90% u radius
318-329 F12.6 arcsec p90_g [3.7/161.5]?=-9999 Petrosian 90% g radius
331-340 F10.6 arcsec p90_r [3.9/154] Petrosian 90% r radius
342-353 F12.6 arcsec p90_i [0.4/198]?=-9999 Petrosian 90% i radius
355-366 F12.6 arcsec p90_z [0.1/135]?=-9999 Petrosian 90% z radius
368-377 F10.6 --- dCM [0/178] Centroid to point (normalized)
(dCM/R_Voronoi) (G1)
379-388 F10.6 --- dUni [0/504.4] Cell volume/total volume
(R_Voronoi/dUniform) (G2)
390-402 F13.6 --- Rmax [0/216699] Distance from sample to farthest
vertex (R_Max)
404-411 F8.6 --- Rmin [0/1.3] Distance from sample to nearest vertex
413-420 F8.6 --- Elon [0/0.91] Elongation (RMax/RMin)
422 I1 --- Cl [0/6] Class ID with most votes (cnWinners) (G5)
424-436 E13.8 --- Vol ? Cell volume (volume)
438-439 I2 --- BBvl [0/19] Level ID BB(vol) (bbvollev) (G3)
441-445 I5 --- BBvb [0/41672] Block ID BB(vol) (bbvolblk) (G3)
447-448 I2 --- BBdl [0/20] Level ID BB(den) (bbdenlev) (G4)
450-454 I5 --- BBdb [0/46491] Block ID BB(den) (bbdenblk) (G4)
456 I1 --- f55 [0/1] 1 if cell collision test fails
458 I1 --- fbad [0/1] 1 if boundary test fails
460-471 F12.5 --- dens [194/150879]?=-9999 KDE density (density_akm)
473-489 F17.11 --- band [0.0003/0.002]?=-9999 KDE bandwidth
(bandwidth_akm)
491-492 I2 --- Lev [1/11] KDE density level (levels_akm)
494-498 I5 --- IDV+ [0/10415] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/Vol
(ID(Vor,+)) (G7)
500-503 I4 --- IDV- [0/1033] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/Vol
(ID(Vor,-)) (G7)
505-508 I4 --- IDA+ [0/6626] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,+)) (G7)
510-513 I4 --- IDA- [0/7603] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,-)) (G7)
515-518 I4 --- IDS+ [0/2087] Max-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,+)) (G7)
520-524 I5 --- IDS- [0/16323] Min-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,-)) (G7)
526-529 I4 --- IDBBv+ [0/7517] Max-structure ID; HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv
(ID(BB(volume),+)) (G3)
531-533 I3 --- IDBBv- [0/752] Min-structure ID; HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv
(ID(BB(volume),-)) (G3)
535-539 I5 --- IDBBd+ [0/11273] Max-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd (ID(BB(density),+)) (G4)
541-543 I3 --- IDBBd- [0/178] Min-structure ID; HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd
(ID(BB(density),-)) (G4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): These long integer identifiers are divided into two parts:
the most significant nine digits (high) and least significant 9-digit(low).
Using Matlab, after executing load sdss_master.txt+, the string
[int2str(sdss_master(:,1)) int2str(sdss_master(:,2))]+
rejoins the two parts.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- objID [1/649872] NYU-VAGC Identifier
8- 13 I6 --- Seq [1/171388] Running sequence number (id2)
15- 24 F10.6 --- X [-0.07/255]? Millenium X-coordinate
26- 35 F10.6 --- Y [-0.05/491]? Millenium Y-coordinate
37- 46 F10.6 --- Z [-0.07/263]? Millenium Z-coordinate
48- 56 F9.6 deg RAdeg [0.2/90] Right ascension (J2000) (ra)
58- 66 F9.6 deg DEdeg [0.0005/90] Declination (J2000) (dec)
68- 75 F8.6 --- z [0.005/0.2] Observed redshift
77- 85 F9.6 mag umag [10.2/20.7] Apparent u magnitude
87- 95 F9.6 mag gmag [8.6/18.9] Apparent g magnitude
97-105 F9.6 mag rmag [7.8/18] Apparent r magnitude
107-115 F9.6 mag imag [7.4/18] Apparent i magnitude
117-125 F9.6 mag zmag [7.1/18.2] Apparent z magnitude
127-136 F10.6 mag uMag [-26/-17.1] Absolute u magnitude
138-147 F10.6 mag gMag [-26.2/-19] Absolute g magnitude
149-158 F10.6 mag rMag [-26.2/-20] Absolute r magnitude
160-169 F10.6 mag iMag [-26.2/-19.9] Absolute i magnitude
171-180 F10.6 mag zMag [-26.2/-19.8] Absolute z magnitude
182-191 F10.6 --- dCM [0.005/514]? Centroid to point (normalized)
(dCM/R_Voronoi) (G1)
193-203 F11.6 --- dUni [0.04/5812]? cell volume/total volume
(R_Voronoi/dUniform) (G2)
205-217 F13.6 --- Rmax [0/637568]? Distance from sample to farthest
vertex (R_Max)
219-228 F10.6 --- Rmin [0/1.5]? Distance from sample to nearest
vertex (R_Min)
230-239 F10.6 --- Elon [0.0006/0.91]? Elongation (RMax/RMin)
241 I1 --- Cl [0/6] Class ID with most votes (cnWinners) (G5)
243-255 E13.11 --- Vol ? Cell volume (volume)
257-258 I2 --- BBvl [0/30] Level ID BB(vol) (bbvollev) (G3)
260-264 I5 --- BBvb [0/54850] Block ID BB(vol) (bbvolblk) (G3)
266-267 I2 --- BBdl [0/29] Level ID BB(den) (bbdenlev) (G4)
269-273 I5 --- BBdb [0/57305] Block ID BB(den) (bbdenblk) (G4)
275 I1 --- f55 [0/1] 1 if cell collision test fails
277 I1 --- fbad [0/1] 1 if boundary test fails
279-291 F13.6 --- dens [73/495126.1]?=-9999 KDE density (density_akm)
293-309 F17.11 --- band [0.0001/0.002]?=-9999 KDE bandwidth
(bandwidth_akm)
311-312 I2 --- Lev [1/14] KDE density level (levels_akm)
314-318 I5 --- IDV+ [0/12619] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/Vol
(ID(Vor,+)) (G7)
320-322 I3 --- IDV- [0/533] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/Vol
(ID(Vor,-)) (G7)
324-328 I5 --- IDA+ [0/10160] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,+)) (G7)
330-334 I5 --- IDA- [0/11748] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,-)) (G7)
336-340 I5 --- IDS+ [0/11604] Max-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,+)) (G7)
342-346 I5 --- IDS- [0/19157] Min-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,-)) (G7)
348-351 I4 --- IDBBv+ [0/8889] Max-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv (ID(BB(volume),+)) (G3)
353-356 I4 --- IDBBv- [0/1041] Min-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv (ID(BB(volume),-)) (G3)
358-362 I5 --- IDBBd+ [0/12094] Max-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd (ID(BB(density),+)) (G4)
364-366 I3 --- IDBBd- [0/403] Min-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd (ID(BB(density),-)) (G4)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 I6 --- Seq [1/144700] Running sequence number (id2)
8- 16 F9.6 --- X [-0.2/-0.001] X-coordinate
18- 26 F9.6 --- Y [-0.2/0.2] Y-coordinate
28- 36 F9.6 --- Z [-0.008/0.2] Z-coordinate
38- 47 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (ra)
49- 57 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (dec)
59- 66 F8.6 --- z [0.002/0.2] Observed redshift
68- 77 F10.6 --- dCM [0.003/193]? Centroid to point (normalized)
(dCM/R_Voronoi) (G1)
79- 88 F10.6 --- dUni [0.2/331]? cell volume/total volume
(R_Voronoi/dUniform) (G2)
90-101 F12.6 --- Rmax [0/88807]? Distance from sample to farthest
vertex (R_Max)
103-112 F10.6 --- Rmin [0/0.75]? Distance from sample to nearest
vertex (R_Min)
114-123 F10.6 --- Elon [0.007/0.91]? Elongation (RMax/RMin)
125-127 I3 --- Cl [1/8]? Class ID with most votes (cnWinners)(G5)
129-141 E13.8 --- Vol ? Cell volume (volume)
143-144 I2 --- BBvl [0/16] Level ID BB(vol) (bbvollev) (G3)
146-150 I5 --- BBvb [0/30218] Block ID BB(vol) (bbvolblk) (G3)
152-153 I2 --- BBdl [0/19] Level ID BB(den) (bbdenlev) (G4)
155-159 I5 --- BBdv [0/42471] Block ID BB(den) (bbdenblk) (G4)
161 I1 --- f55 [0/1] 1 if cell collision test fails
163 I1 --- fbad [0/1] 1 if boundary test fails
165-175 F11.5 --- dens [112/1776.5]?=-9999 KDE density (density_akm)
177-192 F16.10 --- band [0.001/0.004]?=-9999 KDE bandwidth
(bandwidth_akm)
194-195 I2 --- Lev [0/10] KDE density level (levels_akm)
197-201 I5 --- IDV+ [0/10010] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/vol
(ID(Vor,+)) (G7)
203-206 I4 --- IDV- [0/3375] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/vol
(ID(Vor,-)) (G7)
208-211 I4 --- IDA+ [0/2313] Max-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,+)) (G7)
213-216 I4 --- IDA- [0/9414] Min-structure ID; HOP f=1/dens
(ID(AKM,-)) (G7)
218-221 I4 --- IDS+ [0/8559] Max-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,+)) (G7)
223-227 I5 --- IDS- [0/11523] Min-structure ID; HOP f=Cl
(ID(SOM,-)) (G7)
229-232 I4 --- IDBBv+ [0/6823] Max-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv (ID(BB(volume),+)) (G3)
234-237 I4 --- IDBBv- [0/3090] Min-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBv (ID(BB(volume),-)) (G3)
239-243 I5 --- IDBBd+ [0/11009] Max-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd (ID(BB(density),+)) (G4)
245-248 I4 --- IDBBd- [0/2395] Min-structure ID;
HOP f=n(blk)/Vol;BBd (ID(BB(density),-)) (G4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): dCM is the distance between each galaxy and the center of its
Voronoi cell and RVoronoi is the cell radius = (3V/4π)1/3
See section A.5.
Note (G2): dUniform, the average distance between objects in the sample,
equals 3.2e-3 redshift units.
Note (G3): Bayesian block (BB; Scargle et al. 2013ApJ...764..167S 2013ApJ...764..167S) analysis
based on Voronoi cell volume.
Note (G4): Bayesian block (BB; Scargle et al. 2013ApJ...764..167S 2013ApJ...764..167S) analysis
based on Voronoi cell density.
Note (G5): Self-organizing map (SOM) classes are defined in section 4.4 of
Paper I (Way+, 2011ApJ...727...48W 2011ApJ...727...48W) and in table 2 within as:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID Class Subclass Characteristics
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Cluster Dense Cluster Very high density, low gradient
1 Cluster Cluster High density, low gradient
2 Cluster Gradient Dense Cluster Gradient Very high density,
moderate gradient
2 Cluster Gradient Cluster Gradient High density, moderate gradient
3 Strong Gradient Strong Gradient Very high gradient
4 Field Gradient Field Gradient Moderate-high gradient
5 Halo Halo Moderate density,
low-moderate gradient
6 Field Field Low density,
low-moderate gradient
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (G6): coordinates are:
X = z cosδ cosα
Y = z cosδ sinα
Z- = z sinδ
Note (G7): "Max-structure" and "Min-structure" mean HOP groups associated
with local maxima and local minima, respectively.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Way et al. Paper I. 2011ApJ...727...48W 2011ApJ...727...48W
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 15-Jun-2015