J/ApJ/807/45 Potentially habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)
The occurrence of potentially habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs estimated
from the full Kepler dataset and an empirical measurement of the detection
sensitivity.
Dressing C.D., Charbonneau D.
<Astrophys. J., 807, 45 (2015)>
=2015ApJ...807...45D 2015ApJ...807...45D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Planets ; Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, M-type
Keywords: catalogs; methods: data analysis; planetary systems; stars: low-mass;
surveys; techniques: photometric
Abstract:
We present an improved estimate of the occurrence rate of small
planets orbiting small stars by searching the full four-year Kepler
data set for transiting planets using our own planet detection
pipeline and conducting transit injection and recovery simulations to
empirically measure the search completeness of our pipeline. We
identified 156 planet candidates, including one object that was not
previously identified as a Kepler Object of Interest. We inspected all
publicly available follow-up images, observing notes, and centroid
analyses, and corrected for the likelihood of false positives. We
evaluated the sensitivity of our detection pipeline on a star-by-star
basis by injecting 2000 transit signals into the light curve of each
target star. For periods shorter than 50 days, we find
0.56+0.06-0.05 Earth-size planets (1-1.5R⊕) and
0.46+0.07-0.05 super-Earths (1.5-2R⊕) per M dwarf. In
total, we estimate a cumulative planet occurrence rate of 2.5±0.2
planets per M dwarf with radii 1-4R⊕ and periods shorter than
200 days. Within a conservatively defined habitable zone (HZ) based on
the moist greenhouse inner limit and maximum greenhouse outer limit,
we estimate an occurrence rate of 0.16+0.17-0.07 Earth-size
planets and 0.12+0.10-0.05 super-Earths per M dwarf HZ. Adopting
the broader insolation boundaries of the recent Venus and early Mars
limits yields a higher estimate of 0.24+0.18-0.08 Earth-size
planets and 0.21+0.11-0.06 super-Earths per M dwarf HZ. This
suggests that the nearest potentially habitable non-transiting and
transiting Earth-size planets are 2.6±0.4pc and 10.6+1.6-1.8pc
away, respectively. If we include super-Earths, these distances
diminish to 2.1±0.2pc and 8.6+0.7-0.8pc.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
kic.dat 8 2543 Star sample; table added by CDS
table3.dat 36 5086000 Injected planets (into 2543 KIC stars)
table9.dat 86 156 Candidates accepted by our pipeline
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See also:
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)
J/ApJ/800/85 : Teff, radii and luminosities of cool dwarfs (Newton+, 2015)
J/ApJ/799/180 : Radii of KOI Earth- to Neptune-sized planets (Silburt+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/5 : Solar neighborhood. XXXV. Dist. to M dwarfs (Winters+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/119 : Sources in the Kepler field of view (Coughlin+, 2014)
J/A+A/564/A33 : KOI-676 transits for planets b and c (Ioannidis+, 2014)
J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar data of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)
J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)
J/ApJ/779/188 : Spectra of nearby late K and M Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJS/207/35 : Kepler pipeline signal-to-noise studies (Christiansen+, 2013)
J/ApJ/771/L45 : 3D climate models for exoplanet around M-star (Yang+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)
J/ApJ/770/90 : Candidate planets in the habitable zones (Gaidos, 2013)
J/ApJ/770/69 : Kepler planet candidates radii (Petigura+, 2013)
J/ApJ/770/43 : Spectroscopic [Fe/H] of Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/127 : Asteroseismic solutions for 77 Kepler stars (Huber+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)
J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)
J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/90 : Parameters of K5 and later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)
J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)
J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)
http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archive
http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/publiclightcurves.html : MAST Kepler LCs
Byte-by-byte Description of file: kic.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC [1162635/12934814] Kepler Input Catalog
Identification
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC [1162635/12934814] Kepler Input Catalog
Identification
10- 16 F7.3 d Per [0.5/200] Orbital period
18- 22 F5.3 Earth Rp [0.5/4] Planet Radius (1)
24- 30 F7.3 Earth Fp [0.007/807] Insolation Flux received by planet (1)
32- 36 F5.3 --- St [0/1] Recovery status of injected planet (2)
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Note (1): Relative to Earth.
Note (2): For the 83699 injected planets that were tested in the complete
pipeline and the 604278 planets with ΔΧ2 below our
5σ detection threshold, the recovery status indicates whether
the planet was detected (1 for recovered planets, 0 for unrecovered
planets). For the remaining 4398023 injected planets that had
ΔΧ2 above the detection threshold but were not tested in
the full BLS simulation, the recovery status indicates the estimated
likelihood of detection (see Section 6).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC [2161536/12506770] Kepler Input Catalog
Identification
10- 16 F7.2 --- KOI [156.01/5692.01] Kepler Object of Interest
18- 29 F12.8 d Per [0.4/236] Orbital period
31- 38 E8.2 d e_Per [0/0.003] Negative error on Per
40- 47 E8.2 d E_Per [0/0.004] Positive error on Per
49- 53 F5.2 Earth Rp [0.4/11] Planet Radius (1)
55- 58 F4.2 --- e_Rp [0.05/2.1] Negative error on Rp
60- 63 F4.2 --- E_Rp [0.06/2.1] Positive error on Rp
65- 70 F6.2 Earth Fp [0.1/551] Insolation Flux received by planet (1)
72- 77 F6.2 --- e_Fp [0.04/146] Negative error on Fp
79- 84 F6.2 --- E_Fp [0.05/181] Positive error on Fp
86 I1 --- Ref [0/6]? Source of planet fit parameters (2)
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Note (1): Relative to Earth.
Note (2): Provenance of planet parameters as follows:
0 = our fits to the long cadence data,
1 = our fits to the short cadence data,
2 = the NASA Exoplanet Archive,
3 = Rowe et al. (2014, J/ApJ/784/45),
4 = Swift et al. (2015, J/ApJS/218/26),
5 = Cartier et al. (2015ApJ...804...97C 2015ApJ...804...97C),
6 = Ioannidis et al. (2014, J/A+A/564/A33).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 16-Nov-2015