J/ApJ/813/47 Model atmospheres of irradiated exoplanets (Molliere+, 2015)
Model atmospheres of irradiated exoplanets:
The influence of stellar parameters, metallicity, and the C/O ratio.
Molliere P., van Boekel R., Dullemond C., Henning T., Mordasini C.
<Astrophys. J. 813, 47 (2015)>
=2015ApJ...813...47M 2015ApJ...813...47M (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Models, atmosphere ; Planets
Keywords: methods: numerical - planets and satellites: atmospheres -
radiative transfer
Abstract:
Many parameters constraining the spectral appearance of exoplanets are
still poorly understood. We therefore study the properties of
irradiated exoplanet atmospheres over a wide parameter range including
metallicity, C/O ratio and host spectral type. We calculate a grid of
1-d radiative-convective atmospheres and emission spectra. We perform
the calculations with our new Pressure-Temperature Iterator and
Spectral Emission Calculator for Planetary Atmospheres (PETIT) code,
assuming chemical equilibrium. The atmospheric structures and spectra
are made available online. We find that atmospheres of planets with
C/O ratios ∼1 and Teff≳1500K can exhibit inversions due to
heating by the alkalis because the main coolants CH4, H2O and HCN
are depleted. Therefore, temperature inversions possibly occur without
the presence of additional absorbers like TiO and VO. At low
temperatures we find that the pressure level of the photosphere
strongly influences whether the atmospheric opacity is dominated by
either water (for low C/O) or methane (for high C/O), or both
(regardless of the C/O). For hot, carbon-rich objects this pressure
level governs whether the atmosphere is dominated by methane or HCN.
Further we find that host stars of late spectral type lead to
planetary atmospheres which have shallower, more isothermal
temperature profiles. In agreement with prior work we find that for
planets with Teff<1750K the transition between water or methane
dominated spectra occurs at C/O∼0.7, instead of ∼1, because
condensation preferentially removes oxygen.
Description:
1-dimensional atmospheric structures, molecular abundances and
emission spectra for the grid of irradiated planetary atmospheres
calculated in our paper.
We upload the 1-d structures (pressure, temperature, densities, ...)
abundance files (1-d molecular mass and number fractions) and emission
spectra (F_nu as a function of lambda) for 10,640 models with varying
planetary metallicity ([Fe/H] = -0.5, 0., 0.5, 1., 2.), planetary
surface gravity (log(g/(cm/s^2)) = 2.3, 3, 4, 5), planetary effective
temperature (Teff = 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500 K),
planetary carbon-to-oxygen number ratio (C/O = 0.35, 0.55, 0.7, 0.71,
0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.85, 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 1.0,
1.05, 1.12, 1.4), spectral type of the host star (F5, G5, K5, M5)
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
map_list.dat 78 10640 File for mapping the model number to the
planetary log(g), [Fe/H], C/O, Teff and the
host star spectral type and the model flags
pt/* . 10640 *Atmospheric structure for the 10640 models
ab/* . 10640 *Atmospheric abundances for the 10640 models
sp/* . 10640 *Emission spectrum for the 10640 models
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Note on pt/*: Files named PT_NNNN.dat, with NNNNN the model number.
Note on ab/*: Files named ab_NNNN.dat, with NNNNN the model number.
Note on sp/*: Files named sp_NNNN.dat, with NNNNN the model number.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: map_list.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 I05 --- Model [1/10640] Model ID
7- 10 I4 K Teff Effective temperature
12- 14 F3.1 [cm/s2] log(g) Gravitional acceleration
16- 19 F4.1 --- [Fe/H] Planetary metallicity
21- 24 F4.2 --- C/O Carbon-to-oxygen number ratio
26- 27 A2 --- SpType Spectral type of host star
29- 78 A50 --- Flags Model flags (1)
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Note (1): The following flags are possible:
t3000k, _neqc, _conv, nconvergenceY.YY, _kink and the total flag string
can be any concatenation of these flags.
The flags stand for:
t3000k = The atmosphere was hotter than 3000 K in the radiative part
(out opacities are only calculated up to 3000 K and we use
kappa(T>3000K) = kappa(T=3000K))
_neqc = The atmosphere is cool enough for non-equilibrium chemistry effects
to become important (we assume equilibrium chemistry)
_conv = High altitude convection was turned off between P<1e-2 and P>1e-6 bar
in order to achieve convergence
nconvergenceY.YY = The atmosphere did not converge to the imposed flux with
a relative error <0.1% but with a relative error of Y.YY%
_kink = These atmosphere exhibit temperature kinks due to coupling effects
between condensation and radiative transport (see paper)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: pt/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 E28.14 bar P Pressure in the atmospheric layer
29- 56 E28.14 K T Temperature in the atmospheric layer
57- 84 E28.14 g/cm+3 rho Density in the atmospheric layer
85-112 E28.14 --- dlpdlr Derivative of log(P) w.r.t. log(rho) at
constant entropy
113 I1 --- conv [0/1] Is layer convective (1/0) for (yes/no)
114-142 E29.14 --- nAbs Stellar flux not yet absorbed in layers above
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: ab/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 E28.14 bar P Pressure in the atmospheric layer
29- 56 E28.14 K T Temperature in the atmospheric layer
57- 84 E28.14 g/cm+3 rho Density in the atmospheric layer
85- 112 E28.14 --- mfe- Mass fraction of e-
113- 140 E28.14 --- nfe- Number fraction of e-
141- 168 E28.14 --- mfAl Mass fraction of AL
169- 196 E28.14 --- nfAl Number fraction of AL
197- 224 E28.14 --- mfALH Mass fraction of ALH
225- 252 E28.14 --- nfALH Number fraction of ALH
253- 280 E28.14 --- mfALOH Mass fraction of ALOH
281- 308 E28.14 --- nfALOH Number fraction of ALOH
309- 336 E28.14 --- mfAl2O Mass fraction of AL2O
337- 364 E28.14 --- nfAl2O Number fraction of AL2O
365- 392 E28.14 --- mfC Mass fraction of C
393- 420 E28.14 --- nfC Number fraction of C
421- 448 E28.14 --- mfCH Mass fraction of CH
449- 476 E28.14 --- nfCH Number fraction of CH
477- 504 E28.14 --- mfCH2 Mass fraction of CH2
505- 532 E28.14 --- nfCH2 Number fraction of CH2
533- 560 E28.14 --- mfCH3 Mass fraction of CH3
561- 588 E28.14 --- nfCH3 Number fraction of CH3
589- 616 E28.14 --- mfCH4 Mass fraction of CH4
617- 644 E28.14 --- nfCH4 Number fraction of CH4
645- 672 E28.14 --- mfCN Mass fraction of CN
673- 700 E28.14 --- nfCN Number fraction of CN
701- 728 E28.14 --- mfCO Mass fraction of CO
729- 756 E28.14 --- nfCO Number fraction of CO
757- 784 E28.14 --- mfCO2 Mass fraction of CO2
785- 812 E28.14 --- nfCO2 Number fraction of CO2
813- 840 E28.14 --- mfCS Mass fraction of CS
841- 868 E28.14 --- nfCS Number fraction of CS
869- 896 E28.14 --- mfC2 Mass fraction of C2
897- 924 E28.14 --- nfC2 Number fraction of C2
925- 952 E28.14 --- mfC2H Mass fraction of C2H
953- 980 E28.14 --- nfC2H Number fraction of C2H
981-1008 E28.14 --- mfC2H2 Mass fraction of C2H2 (acetylene)
1009-1036 E28.14 --- nfC2H2 Number fraction of C2H2 (acetylene)
1037-1064 E28.14 --- mfCa Mass fraction of Ca
1065-1092 E28.14 --- nfCa Number fraction of Ca
1093-1120 E28.14 --- mfCaOH Mass fraction of CaOH
1121-1148 E28.14 --- nfCaOH Number fraction of CaOH
1149-1176 E28.14 --- mfFe Mass fraction of Fe
1177-1204 E28.14 --- nfFe Number fraction of Fe
1205-1232 E28.14 --- mfFeO Mass fraction of FeO
1233-1260 E28.14 --- nfFeO Number fraction of FeO
1261-1288 E28.14 --- mfH Mass fraction of H
1289-1316 E28.14 --- nfH Number fraction of H
1317-1344 E28.14 --- mfH+ Mass fraction of H+
1345-1372 E28.14 --- nfH+ Number fraction of H+
1373-1400 E28.14 --- mfH- Mass fraction of H-
1401-1428 E28.14 --- nfH- Number fraction of H-
1429-1456 E28.14 --- mfHCN Mass fraction of HCN
1457-1484 E28.14 --- nfHCN Number fraction of HCN
1485-1512 E28.14 --- mfH2 Mass fraction of H2
1513-1540 E28.14 --- nfH2 Number fraction of H2
1541-1568 E28.14 --- mfH2O Mass fraction of H2O
1569-1596 E28.14 --- nfH2O Number fraction of H2O
1597-1624 E28.14 --- mfH2S Mass fraction of H2S
1625-1652 E28.14 --- nfH2S Number fraction of H2S
1653-1680 E28.14 --- mfHe Mass fraction of He
1681-1708 E28.14 --- nfHe Number fraction of He
1709-1736 E28.14 --- mfK Mass fraction of K
1737-1764 E28.14 --- nfK Number fraction of K
1765-1792 E28.14 --- mfK+ Mass fraction of K+
1793-1820 E28.14 --- nfK+ Number fraction of K+
1821-1848 E28.14 --- mfKCL Mass fraction of KCL
1849-1876 E28.14 --- nfKCL Number fraction of KCL
1877-1904 E28.14 --- mfKOH Mass fraction of KOH
1905-1932 E28.14 --- nfKOH Number fraction of KOH
1933-1960 E28.14 --- mfMg Mass fraction of Mg
1961-1988 E28.14 --- nfMg Number fraction of Mg
1989-2016 E28.14 --- mfMgH Mass fraction of MgH
2017-2044 E28.14 --- nfMgH Number fraction of MgH
2045-2072 E28.14 --- mfMgOH Mass fraction of MgOH
2073-2100 E28.14 --- nfMgOH Number fraction of MgOH
2101-2128 E28.14 --- mfN Mass fraction of N
2129-2156 E28.14 --- nfN Number fraction of N
2157-2184 E28.14 --- mfNH Mass fraction of NH
2185-2212 E28.14 --- nfNH Number fraction of NH
2213-2240 E28.14 --- mfNH2 Mass fraction of NH2
2241-2268 E28.14 --- nfNH2 Number fraction of NH2
2269-2296 E28.14 --- mfNH3 Mass fraction of NH3
2297-2324 E28.14 --- nfNH3 Number fraction of NH3
2325-2352 E28.14 --- mfNO Mass fraction of NO
2353-2380 E28.14 --- nfNO Number fraction of NO
2381-2408 E28.14 --- mfN2 Mass fraction of N2
2409-2436 E28.14 --- nfN2 Number fraction of N2
2437-2464 E28.14 --- mfNa Mass fraction of Na
2465-2492 E28.14 --- nfNa Number fraction of Na
2493-2520 E28.14 --- mfNa+ Mass fraction of Na+
2521-2548 E28.14 --- nfNa+ Number fraction of Na+
2549-2576 E28.14 --- mfNaCl Mass fraction of NaCL
2577-2604 E28.14 --- nfNaCl Number fraction of NaCL
2605-2632 E28.14 --- mfNaOH Mass fraction of NaOH
2633-2660 E28.14 --- nfNaOH Number fraction of NaOH
2661-2688 E28.14 --- mfNi Mass fraction of Ni
2689-2716 E28.14 --- nfNi Number fraction of Ni
2717-2744 E28.14 --- mfO Mass fraction of O
2745-2772 E28.14 --- nfO Number fraction of O
2773-2800 E28.14 --- mfOH Mass fraction of OH
2801-2828 E28.14 --- nfOH Number fraction of OH
2829-2856 E28.14 --- mfO2 Mass fraction of O2
2857-2884 E28.14 --- nfO2 Number fraction of O2
2885-2912 E28.14 --- mfP Mass fraction of P
2913-2940 E28.14 --- nfP Number fraction of P
2941-2968 E28.14 --- mfPH3 Mass fraction of PH3
2969-2996 E28.14 --- nfPH3 Number fraction of PH3
2997-3024 E28.14 --- mfS Mass fraction of S
3025-3052 E28.14 --- nfS Number fraction of S
3053-3080 E28.14 --- mfSH Mass fraction of SH
3081-3108 E28.14 --- nfSH Number fraction of SH
3109-3136 E28.14 --- mfSN Mass fraction of SN
3137-3164 E28.14 --- nfSN Number fraction of SN
3165-3192 E28.14 --- mfSO Mass fraction of SO
3193-3220 E28.14 --- nfSO Number fraction of SO
3221-3248 E28.14 --- mfS2 Mass fraction of S2
3249-3276 E28.14 --- nfS2 Number fraction of S2
3277-3304 E28.14 --- mfSi Mass fraction of Si
3305-3332 E28.14 --- nfSi Number fraction of Si
3333-3360 E28.14 --- mfSiC Mass fraction of SiC
3361-3388 E28.14 --- nfSiC Number fraction of SiC
3389-3416 E28.14 --- mfSiH Mass fraction of SiH
3417-3444 E28.14 --- nfSiH Number fraction of SiH
3445-3472 E28.14 --- mfSiN Mass fraction of SiN
3473-3500 E28.14 --- nfSiN Number fraction of SiN
3501-3528 E28.14 --- mfSiO Mass fraction of SiO
3529-3556 E28.14 --- nfSiO Number fraction of SiO
3557-3584 E28.14 --- mfSiO2 Mass fraction of SiO2
3585-3612 E28.14 --- nfSiO2 Number fraction of SiO2
3613-3640 E28.14 --- mfSiS Mass fraction of SiS
3641-3668 E28.14 --- nfSiS Number fraction of SiS
3669-3696 E28.14 --- mfSi2C Mass fraction of Si2C
3697-3724 E28.14 --- nfSi2C Number fraction of Si2C
3725-3752 E28.14 --- mfTi Mass fraction of Ti
3753-3780 E28.14 --- nfTi Number fraction of Ti
3781-3808 E28.14 --- mfTiO Mass fraction of TiO
3809-3836 E28.14 --- nfTiO Number fraction of TiO
3837-3864 E28.14 --- mfTiO2 Mass fraction of TiO2
3865-3892 E28.14 --- nfTiO2 Number fraction of TiO2
3893-3920 E28.14 --- mfVO Mass fraction of VO
3921-3948 E28.14 --- nfVO Number fraction of VO
3949-3976 E28.14 --- mfVO2 Mass fraction of VO2
3977-4004 E28.14 --- nfVO2 Number fraction of VO2
4005-4032 E28.14 --- mfAl2O3 Mass fraction of AL2O3(c) (1)
4033-4060 E28.14 --- nfAl2O3 Number fraction of AL2O3(c) (1)
4061-4088 E28.14 --- mfFec Mass fraction of Fe(c) (1)
4089-4116 E28.14 --- nfFec Number fraction of Fe(c) (1)
4117-4144 E28.14 --- mfMgSiO3 Mass fraction of MgSiO3(c) (1)
4145-4172 E28.14 --- nfMgSiO3 Number fraction of MgSiO3(c) (1)
4173-4200 E28.14 --- mfSiCc Mass fraction of SiC(c) (1)
4201-4228 E28.14 --- nfSiCc Number fraction of SiC(c) (1)
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Note (1): The suffix (c) stands for a condensed species
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: sp/*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 E28.14 cm lambda Wavelength
29- 56 E28.14 mW/m2/Hz Fnu Emergent flux at planetary surface
(in erg/s/cm2/Hz)
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Acknowledgements:
Paul Molliere, molliere(at)mpia.de
(End) P. Molliere [Max Planck Inst. for Astron.], P. Vannier [CDS] 10-Nov-2015