J/ApJ/822/59 BGPS. XIV. Molecular cloud clumps GBT obs. (Svoboda+, 2016)
The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey.
XIV. Physical properties of massive starless and star-forming clumps.
Svoboda B.E., Shirley Y.L., Battersby C., Rosolowsky E.W., Ginsburg A.G.,
Ellsworth-Bowers T.P., Pestalozzi M.R., Dunham M.K., Evans II N.J.,
Bally J., Glenn J.
<Astrophys. J., 822, 59-59 (2016)>
=2016ApJ...822...59S 2016ApJ...822...59S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Masers ; Millimetric/submm sources ;
Radio lines ; Interstellar medium ; Surveys
Keywords: ISM: clouds; ISM: molecules; masers; stars: formation;
submillimeter: ISM; surveys
Abstract:
We sort 4683 molecular clouds between 10°<l<65° from the
Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey based on observational diagnostics of
star formation activity: compact 70µm sources, mid-IR
color-selected YSOs, H2O and CH3OH masers, and UCHII regions. We
also present a combined NH3-derived gas kinetic temperature and
H2O maser catalog for 1788 clumps from our own GBT 100m observations
and from the literature. We identify a subsample of 2223 (47.5%)
starless clump candidates (SCCs), the largest and most robust sample
identified from a blind survey to date. Distributions of flux density,
flux concentration, solid angle, kinetic temperature, column density,
radius, and mass show strong (>1dex) progressions when sorted by star
formation indicator. The median SCC is marginally subvirial
(α∼0.7) with >75% of clumps with known distance being
gravitationally bound (α<2). These samples show a statistically
significant increase in the median clump mass of
ΔM∼170-370M☉ from the starless candidates to clumps
associated with protostars. This trend could be due to (i) mass growth
of the clumps at dM/dt∼200-440M☉/Myr for an average freefall
0.8Myr timescale, (ii) a systematic factor of two increase in dust
opacity from starless to protostellar phases, and/or (iii) a variation
in the ratio of starless to protostellar clump lifetime that scales as
∼M-0.4. By comparing to the observed number of CH3OH maser
containing clumps, we estimate the phase lifetime of massive
(M>103M☉) starless clumps to be 0.37±0.08Myr
(M/103M☉)-1; the majority (M<450M☉) have phase
lifetimes longer than their average freefall time.
Description:
The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) identified 8294 clumps with
1.1mm flux densities above 100mJy and 8594 clumps cataloged in total
(Rosolowsky et al. 2010, J/ApJS/188/123; Aguirre et al.
2011ApJS..192....4A 2011ApJS..192....4A; Ginsburg et al. 2013ApJS..208...14G 2013ApJS..208...14G).
We have conducted targeted, spectroscopic observations of the NH3
(1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) inversion transitions and the
JK+,K-=61,6-52,3 22GHz H2O maser line with the 100m Robert C.
Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) toward 1215 new BGPS sources.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 137 1393 Observed H2O maser properties (updated version
for positions in June 2018)
table2.dat 410 1303 Observed NH3 properties (updated version
for positions in June 2018)
table3.dat 143 4683 Observed 1.1mm properties (updated version
in June 2018)
table5.dat 49 4683 Star formation indicator flags
table6.dat 731 4683 Clump physical properties
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/ApJ/815/130 : High-mass molecular clumps from MALT90 (Guzman+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/451/3089 : Young clumps embedded in IRDC (Traficante+, 2015)
J/A+A/579/A91 : ATLASGAL inner Galaxy massive cold dust clumps (Wienen+, 2015)
J/ApJ/805/157 : BGPS. XIII. Mass functions (Ellsworth-Bowers+, 2015)
J/ApJS/218/1 : BGPS. XI. SHARC-II 350um observations (Merello+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/446/3461 : 6.7-GHz methanol masers-dust associations (Urquhart+, 2015)
J/AJ/149/64 : MIPSGAL 24µm point source catalog (Gutermuth+, 2015)
J/ApJ/799/29 : BGPS. XII. DR2 distance catalog (Ellsworth-Bowers+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps (Urquhart+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/442/2240 : Accurate water maser positions from HOPS (Walsh+, 2014)
J/A+A/565/A75 : Dust condensations in Galactic plane (Csengeri+, 2014)
J/ApJ/783/130 : Parallaxes of high mass star forming regions (Reid+, 2014)
J/A+A/560/A76 : Catalog of stellar clusters in inner Galaxy (Morales+, 2013)
J/ApJS/209/2 : The BGPS. X. Dense molecular gas (Shirley+, 2013)
J/ApJ/777/157 : 90GHz obs. of high-mass star-forming regions (Hoq+, 2013)
J/A+A/559/A79 : IRDC APEX/SABOCA observations (Ragan+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/435/400 : ATLASGAL. Properties of compact HII regions (Urquhart+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/11 : The Red MSX Source Survey: massive protostars (Lumsden+, 2013)
J/ApJ/770/39 : BGPS. VIII. MIR kinematic distances (Ellsworth-Bowers+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/431/1752 : ATLASGAL 6.7GHz methanol masers (Urquhart+, 2013)
J/ApJS/206/9 : New EGOs from Spitzer GLIMPSE II survey. I. (Chen+, 2013)
J/ApJS/205/1 : CORNISH project. II. Source catalog (Purcell+, 2013)
J/A+A/549/A45 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21 (Contreras+, 2013)
J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH3 (Wienen+, 2012)
J/A+A/540/A113 : Starless clumps in ATLASGAL (Tackenberg+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/50 : 6.7GHz methanol masers. I. NH3 lines (Pandian+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)
J/ApJ/741/110 : The BGPS. VII. Massive star-forming regions (Dunham+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/416/1764 : H2O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) (Walsh+, 2011)
J/ApJS/195/14 : The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. V. (Schlingman+, 2011)
J/ApJ/731/90 : Mid-IR content of BGPS sources (Dunham+, 2011)
J/ApJ/723/1019 : Galactic SFR and gas surface densities (Heiderman+, 2010)
J/ApJ/723/492 : Physical prop. of GRS molecular clouds (Roman-Duval+, 2010)
J/ApJS/188/123 : The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. II. (Rosolowsky+, 2010)
J/A+A/505/405 : A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds (Peretto+, 2009)
J/ApJ/699/1153 : Kinematic dist. to GRS molecular clouds (Roman-Duval+, 2009)
J/ApJ/699/1092 : Giant molecular clouds (SRBY) (Heyer+, 2009)
J/AJ/136/2413 : Galactic midplane Spitzer red sources (Robitaille+, 2008)
J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)
J/ApJ/566/945 : Massive star forming regions at 1.2mm (Beuther+, 2002)
J/A+A/368/845 : Arcetri Catalog of H2O maser sources. (Valdettaro+, 2001)
J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)
J/ApJS/63/821 : Inner Galaxy Molecular clouds & cloud cores (Scoville+, 1987)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq [2351/7033] BGPS v.2.1.0 catalog index number,
v210cnum
6- 7 I2 h RAh GBT Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
9- 10 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
12- 15 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
17- 17 A1 --- DE- GBT Sign of the Declination (J2000)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd GBT Degree of Declination (J2000)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
24- 27 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
29- 44 F16.12 arcsec Off [0/196] Coordinate offset of the GBT pointing
from the clump peak flux position
(θoffset)
46- 56 F11.7 km/s vLSR [-68/151]? Local Standard of Rest velocity for
the peak H2O component
58- 68 F11.7 km/s Vsp [0.1/193]? Velocity spread from the lowest to
highest velocity H2O components
70- 85 F16.10 K Tpk [0.2/14326]? H2O brightness temperature, Tmb (1)
87- 99 F13.11 K e_Tpk [0.03/0.5] Uncertainty in Tpk (2)
101-118 F18.12 K.km/s W [-0.02/55787]? H2O integrated intensity
120-132 F13.11 K.km/s e_W [0.01/1.4]? Uncertainty in W
134-137 F4.1 --- Nl [1/43]? Number of unblended H2O components
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Brightness temperature units are on the main-beam scale.
The conversion to Jy is 0.463[Jy/K]
Note (2): Upper-limits can be calculated for non-detections in Tpk as 5*e_Tpk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq [2356/7033] BGPS v.2.1.0 catalog index number,
v210cnum
6- 7 I2 h RAh GBT Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
9- 10 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
12- 15 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
17- 17 A1 --- DE- GBT Sign of the Declination (J2000)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd GBT Degree of Declination (J2000)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
24- 27 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
29- 45 F17.13 arcsec Off [0.01/196] Pointing offset from
clump peak flux density position
(θoffset)
47- 64 F18.13 km/s vLSR [-250/182] Local Standard of Rest velocity
66- 81 F16.14 km/s e_vLSR [0/1.5] Uncertainty in vLRS
83- 97 F15.12 km/s sigmav [0.1/16.5] Gaussian line width σV
99-114 F16.14 km/s e_sigmav [0.002/2] Uncertainty in sigmav
116-132 F17.12 K pk11 [0.1/1020] NH3(1,1) brightness temperature (1)
134-148 F15.13 K e_pk11 [0.03/0.5] Uncertainty in pk11
150-167 F18.14 K.km/s w11 [-1.5/187] NH3(1,1) integrated intensity
169-183 F15.13 K.km/s e_w11 [0.06/1.3] Uncertainty in w11
185-201 F17.12 K pk22 [0.1/1020] NH3(2,2) brightness temperature (1)
203-217 F15.13 K e_pk22 [0.03/2.1] Uncertainty in pk22
219-237 F19.15 K.km/s w22 [-3.3/193] NH3(2,2) integrated intensity
239-253 F15.13 K.km/s e_w22 [0.05/4.6] Uncertainty in w22
255-270 F16.13 K pk33 [-0.1/9.5] NH3(3,3) brightness temperature (1)
272-286 F15.13 K e_pk33 [0/0.4] Uncertainty in pk33
288-304 F17.14 K.km/s w33 [-2.5/47.8] NH3(3,3) integrated intensity
306-320 F15.13 K.km/s e_w33 [0/1.4] Uncertainty in w33
322-342 F21.14 --- tau11 [0.003/347948] NH3(1,1) optical depth
344-357 F14.11 K Tkin [2.7/99] Gas kinetic temperature
359-376 F18.14 K e_Tkin [0.002/136] Uncertainty in Tkin
378-391 F14.11 K Tex [2.7/54.2] Measured excitation temperature
393-410 F18.13 K e_Tex [-0/2149.1] Uncertainty in Tex
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Brightness temperature units are on the main-beam scale.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq [2351/7033] BGPS v.2.1.0 catalog index
number, v210cnum
6- 12 A7 --- --- [BGPSv2_]
13- 27 A15 --- BGPS BGPS source identifier
(GLLL.lll+BB.bbb) in the V2.1 catalog
29- 30 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
32- 33 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
35- 38 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
40- 40 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
44- 45 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
47- 50 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
52- 57 F6.4 arcmin2 OmFWHM [0.08/9]?=0 FWHM solid angle,
not beam subtracted (ΩFWHM) (1)
59- 65 F7.4 arcmin2 OmTot [0.3/41.4] Total solid angle
(ΩTotal), not beam subtracted (1)
67- 80 F14.11 arcsec RadFWHM [2.8/100]? FWHM equivalent angular
radius, beam subtracted θeqFWHM
82- 95 F14.10 arcsec Rad [11/217.2] Total equivalent angular
radius, beam subtracted (θeqTotal)
97-112 F16.13 Jy F1.1FWHM [0.03/51]? FWHM 1.1 mm flux density
114-128 F15.13 Jy e_F1.1FWHM [0.02/3.1]? Uncertainty in F1.1FWHM
130-136 F7.3 Jy F1.1 [0.04/201] Total 1.1 mm flux density
138-143 F6.3 Jy e_F1.1 [0.03/12.2] Uncertainty in F1.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The total solid angle is defined by the Bolocat v2.0 seeded watershed
algorithm and the FWHM solid angle is defined by the contour at
half-maximum flux density. See section 5.2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq [2351/7033] BGPS v.2.1.0 catalog index
number, v210cnum
6- 6 I1 --- Fsf [0/1] Star formation indicator flag
8- 11 F4.2 --- Pproto [0/1] Star formation indicator probability
13- 13 I1 --- Fhg70 [0/5]? Hi-GAL 70 um visual inspection flag (1)
15- 16 I2 --- Nmipsc [0/21] Number of MIPSGAL Catalog sources,
Gutermuth & Heyer 2015, J/AJ/149/64
18- 19 I2 --- Nmipsa [0/26] Number of MIPSGAL Archive sources,
Gutermuth & Heyer 2015, J/AJ/149/64
21- 21 I1 --- Fir [0/2] MIPS IR flag (mid-IR group, 2 for
uniquely Robitaille+, 2008, J/AJ/136/2413) AGB)
23- 23 I1 --- NR [0/9] Number of Red-Spitzer YSOs,
Robitaille et al. 2008, J/AJ/136/2413
25- 25 I1 --- NL [0/3] Number of Red-MSX YSOs,
Lumsden et al. 2013, J/ApJS/208/11
27- 27 I1 --- NC [0/3] Number of EGOs,
Cyganowski+ 2008, J/AJ/136/2391,
Chen+ 2013, J/ApJS/206/9
29- 29 I1 --- h2o [0/1] H2O maser flag
31- 31 I1 --- Ngbt [0/2] Number of GBT pointings with detections
33- 33 I1 --- Narc [0/1] Number of Arcetri Observatory detections,
Valdettaro et al. 2001, J/A+A/368/845
35- 36 I2 --- Nhops [0/22] Number of HOPS detections,
Walsh et al. 2011, J/MNRAS/416/1764
38- 38 I1 --- ch3oh [0/1] CH3OH maser flag
40- 40 I1 --- Nmmb [0/4] Number of MMB detections,
Breen et al. 2015MNRAS.450.4109B 2015MNRAS.450.4109B
42- 42 I1 --- Npesta [0/2] Number of literature detections,
Pestalozzi et al. 2005, J/A+A/432/737
44- 44 I1 --- Npandi [0/4] Number of Arecibo detections,
Pandian et al. 2011ApJ...730...55P 2011ApJ...730...55P
46- 46 I1 --- uchii [0/1] Ultra-compact HII region flag
48- 49 I2 --- Ncorn [0/13] Number of CORNISH sources,
Purcell et al. 2013, J/ApJS/205/1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag values on visual inspection of Hi-GAL 70um images as follows:
0 = Quiescent background with no source identified;
1 = High confidence compact source on the scale of the Herschel 10.2" PSF;
2 = More diffuse than the PSF but identifiable as compact sources due to
strong, localized emission above the background level;
3 = Bright or complex background with no source identified;
4 = Faint or low confidence source;
5 = Image saturated.
See section 3.2.4 for further explanations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq [2351/7033] BGPS v.2.1.0 catalog index
number, v210cnum
6- 17 E12.6 pc dist-lo [247/15797]? Heliocentric distance,
15.9 percentile value
19- 30 E12.6 pc dist-md [622/16629]? Heliocentric distance,
50.0 percentile value
32- 43 E12.6 pc dist-hi [1082/17788]? Heliocentric distance,
84.1 percentile value
45- 56 E12.6 pc dist-ml [407/16886]? Heliocentric distance,
Maximum Likelihood value
58- 69 E12.6 pc dist-ma [49/2241]? Heliocentric distance,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
71- 82 E12.6 pc radTot-lo [0.03/8]? Equivalent physical radius, Total,
15.9 percentile value
84- 95 E12.6 pc radTot-md [0.06/9]? Equivalent physical radius, Total,
50.0 percentile value
97-108 E12.6 pc radTot-hi [0.1/8.7]? Equivalent physical radius, Total,
84.1 percentile value
110-121 E12.6 pc radTot-ml [0.06/8.4]? Equivalent physical radius,
Total, Maximum Likelihood value
123-134 E12.6 pc radTot-ma [0.006/1]? Equivalent physical radius, Total,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
136-147 E12.6 pc radFWHM-lo [0.02/3.2]? Equivalent physical radius, FWHM,
15.9 percentile value
149-160 E12.6 pc radFWHM-md [0.03/3.3]? Equivalent physical radius, FWHM,
50.0 percentile value
162-173 E12.6 pc radFWHM-hi [0.04/4.4]? Equivalent physical radius, FWHM,
84.1 percentile value
175-186 E12.6 pc radFWHM-ml [0.02/3.3]? Equivalent physical radius, FWHM,
Maximum Likelihood value
188-199 E12.6 pc radFWHM-ma [0.002/0.4]? Equivalent physical radius,
FWHM, Median absolute deviation (MAD)
201-213 E13.6 g/cm2 colTot-lo [-0.004/0.6] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Total, 15.9 percentile value
215-226 E12.6 g/cm2 colTot-md [0.0005/0.9] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Total, 50.0 percentile value
228-239 E12.6 g/cm2 colTot-hi [0.003/1.1] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Total, 84.1 percentile value
241-253 E13.6 g/cm2 colTot-ml [-0.0008/0.7] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Total, Maximum Likelihood value
255-266 E12.6 g/cm2 colTot-ma [0.0004/0.2] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Total, Median absolute deviation
268-280 E13.6 g/cm2 colFWHM-lo [-0.004/1.5]? Molecular hydrogen column
density, FWHM, 15.9 percentile value
282-293 E12.6 g/cm2 colFWHM-md [0.0008/1.9]? Molecular hydrogen column
density, FWHM, 50.0 percentile value
295-306 E12.6 g/cm2 colFWHM-hi [0.005/2.9]? Molecular hydrogen column
density, FWHM, 84.1 percentile value
308-320 E13.6 g/cm2 colFWHM-ml [-0.002/1.6]? Molecular hydrogen column
density, FWHM, Maximum Likelihood value
322-333 E12.6 g/cm2 colFWHM-ma [0.0007/0.5]? Molecular hydrogen column
density, FWHM, Median absolute deviation
335-347 E13.6 g/cm2 colPk-lo [-0.05/1.9] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Correct Peak, 15.9 percentile value
349-360 E12.6 g/cm2 colPk-md [0.0003/2.6] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Correct Peak, 50.0 percentile value
362-373 E12.6 g/cm2 colPk-hi [0.006/3.8] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Correct Peak, 84.1 percentile value
375-387 E13.6 g/cm2 colPk-ml [-0.006/2.1] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Correct Peak, Maximum Likelihood
389-400 E12.6 g/cm2 colPk-ma [0.002/0.7] Molecular hydrogen column
density, Correct Peak,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
402-414 E13.6 Msun massTot-lo [-257/25547]? Molecular hydrogen mass, Total,
15.9 percentile value
416-427 E12.6 Msun massTot-md [1/37299]? Molecular hydrogen mass, Total,
50.0 percentile value
429-440 E12.6 Msun massTot-hi [3.9/58373]? Molecular hydrogen mass, Total,
84.1 percentile value
442-454 E13.6 Msun massTot-ml [-85/27844]? Molecular hydrogen mass, Total,
Maximum Likelihood value
456-467 E12.6 Msun massTot-ma [0.8/13876]? Molecular hydrogen mass, Total,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
469-481 E13.6 Msun massFWHM-lo [-197/8874]? Molecular hydrogen mass, FWHM,
15.9 percentile value
483-495 E13.6 Msun massFWHM-md [/13229]? Molecular hydrogen mass, FWHM,
50.0 percentile value
497-508 E12.6 Msun massFWHM-hi [/21436]? Molecular hydrogen mass, FWHM,
84.1 percentile value
510-522 E13.6 Msun massFWHM-ml [-99/10966]? Molecular hydrogen mass, FWHM,
Maximum Likelihood value
524-535 E12.6 Msun massFWHM-ma [/6831]? Molecular hydrogen mass, FWHM,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
537-549 E13.6 cm-3 densCen-lo [-104/146180]? Molecular hydrogen central
number density, 15.9 percentile value
551-562 E12.6 cm-3 densCen-md [4/167679]? Molecular hydrogen central number
density, 50.0 percentile value
564-575 E12.6 cm-3 densCen-hi [133/]? Molecular hydrogen central number
density, 84.1 percentile value
577-588 E12.6 cm-3 densCen-ml [9/154069]? Molecular hydrogen central number
density, Maximum Likelihood value
590-601 E12.6 cm-3 densCen-ma [30/26624]? Molecular hydrogen central number
density, Median absolute deviation (MAD)
603-614 E12.6 yr ffall-lo [22751/]? Free-fall timescale,
15.9 percentile value
616-627 E12.6 yr ffall-md [75064/]? Free-fall timescale,
50.0 percentile value
629-640 E12.6 yr ffall-hi [80131/]? Free-fall timescale,
84.1 percentile value
642-653 E12.6 yr ffall-ml [11223/]? Free-fall timescale,
Maximum Likelihood value
655-666 E12.6 yr ffall-ma [2924/]? Free-fall timescale,
Median absolute deviation (MAD)
668-679 E12.6 --- vir-lo [0.007/304]? Virial parameter,
15.9 percentile value (1)
681-692 E12.6 --- vir-md [0.02/598]? Virial parameter,
50.0 percentile value (1)
694-705 E12.6 --- vir-hi [0.05/888]? Virial parameter,
84.1 percentile value (1)
707-718 E12.6 --- vir-ml [0.003/161]? Virial parameter,
Maximum Likelihood value (1)
720-731 E12.6 --- vir-ma [0.008/211]? Virial parameter,
Median absolute deviation (MAD) (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The virial parameter, α=Mvir/M, expresses the relative
importance of gravitational and kinetic energy and can be used to
assess whether clumps are gravitationally bound and/or stable to
collapse. See section 5.4.3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
01-Sep-2016: Insert into VizieR
08-Jun-2018: Sign of declinations corrected in tables 1, 2 and 3
for some sources at 0 degree.
References:
Aguirre et al. Paper I. 2011ApJS..192....4A 2011ApJS..192....4A
Rosolowsky et al. Paper II. 2010ApJS..188..123R 2010ApJS..188..123R Cat. J/ApJS/188/123
Dunham et al. Paper III. 2010ApJ...717.1157D 2010ApJ...717.1157D
Bally et al. Paper IV. 2010ApJ...721..137B 2010ApJ...721..137B Cat. J/ApJ/721/137
Schlingman et al. Paper V. 2011ApJS..195...14S 2011ApJS..195...14S Cat. J/ApJS/195/14
Dunham et al. Paper VI. 2011ApJ...731...90D 2011ApJ...731...90D Cat. J/ApJ/731/90
Dunham et al. Paper VII. 2011ApJ...741..110D 2011ApJ...741..110D Cat. J/ApJ/741/110
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper VIII. 2013ApJ...770...39E 2013ApJ...770...39E
Ginsburg et al. Paper IX. 2013ApJS..208...14G 2013ApJS..208...14G
Shirley et al. Paper X. 2013ApJS..209....2S 2013ApJS..209....2S Cat. J/ApJS/209/2
Merello et al. Paper XI. 2015ApJS..218....1M 2015ApJS..218....1M Cat. J/ApJS/218/1
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper XII. 2015ApJ...799...29E 2015ApJ...799...29E Cat. J/ApJ/799/29
Ellsworth-Bowers et al. Paper XIII. 2015ApJ...805..157E 2015ApJ...805..157E Cat. J/ApJ/805/157
Svoboda et al. Paper XIV. 2016ApJ...822...59S 2016ApJ...822...59S This catalog
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 02-Aug-2016