J/ApJ/825/50 Variable stars in M31 & M33. III. YSGs & RSGs (Gordon+, 2016)
Luminous and variable stars in M31 and M33.
III. The yellow and red supergiants and post-red supergiant evolution.
Gordon M.S., Humphreys R.M., Jones T.J.
<Astrophys. J., 825, 50-50 (2016)>
=2016ApJ...825...50G 2016ApJ...825...50G (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, giant ; Spectral types ; Photometry, UBVRI ;
Photometry, infrared ; Extinction
Keywords: galaxies: individual: "M31, M33"; stars: massive; supergiants
Abstract:
Recent supernova (SN) and transient surveys have revealed an
increasing number of non-terminal stellar eruptions. Though the
progenitor class of these eruptions includes the most luminous stars,
little is known of the pre-SN mechanics of massive stars in their most
evolved state, thus motivating a census of possible progenitors. From
surveys of evolved and unstable luminous star populations in nearby
galaxies, we select a sample of yellow and red supergiant (RSG)
candidates in M31 and M33 for review of their spectral characteristics
and spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Since the position of
intermediate- and late-type supergiants on the color-magnitude diagram
can be heavily contaminated by foreground dwarfs, we employ spectral
classification and multi-band photometry from optical and
near-infrared surveys to confirm membership. Based on spectroscopic
evidence for mass loss and the presence of circumstellar (CS) dust in
their SEDs, we find that 30%-40% of the yellow supergiants are likely
in a post-RSG state. Comparison with evolutionary tracks shows that
these mass-losing, post-RSGs have initial masses between 20 and
40M☉. More than half of the observed RSGs in M31 and M33 are
producing dusty CS ejecta. We also identify two new warm hypergiants
in M31, J004621.05+421308.06 and J004051.59+403303.00, both of which
are likely in a post-RSG state.
Description:
Our targets were primarily selected from the published surveys of M31
and M33 for yellow and red supergiants (Drout+ 2009, J/ApJ/703/441;
2012, J/ApJ/750/97; Massey+ 2009, J/ApJ/703/420). Their red and yellow
candidates were all chosen from the Local Group Galaxies Survey (LGGS;
Massey+ 2007, J/AJ/133/2393).
In addition to the 120 and 135 YSG candidates from the Drout/Massey
catalogs of M31 and M33, respectively, we include 18 confirmed YSGs
from Humphreys+ (2014, J/ApJ/790/48, Paper II), seven warm hypergiants
from Paper I (Humphreys+, 2013ApJ...773...46H 2013ApJ...773...46H), 39 Hα emission
stars with intermediate colors from the survey by
Valeev+ (2010AstBu..65..140V 2010AstBu..65..140V), and seven Hα emission sources
from an unpublished survey by K. Weis (see Paper II). With these
catalogs, we assembled a final target list of 124 and 165 candidate
YSGs (after cross-identification among the listed works) for
spectroscopy from M31 and M33.
See section 2.1 for further explanations.
Our spectra of the yellow supergiant (YSG) candidates were obtained
with the Hectospec Multi-Object Spectrograph on the MMT at Mount
Hopkins over several observing sessions in 2013 Sep-Oct, 2014 Nov, and
2015 Sep (R∼2000 for blue or ∼3600 for red spectra).
We did not obtain follow-up spectroscopy of the red supergiant (RSG)
candidates; our discussion of them instead relies on published
photometry and analysis of their SEDs for circumstellar dust
(see Section 4).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 113 161 Spectroscopically-confirmed yellow supergiants (YSGs)
table3.dat 143 220 Photometry of YSGs and YSG candidates
table4.dat 90 220 Extinction and luminosities of YSGs and YSG candidates
table5.dat 94 61 YSG and YSG candidates with evidence for
stellar winds and circumstellar dust
table6.dat 141 644 Photometry of candidate red supergiants (RSGs)
table7.dat 90 643 Extinction and luminosities of candidate RSGs
table8.dat 94 356 RSG candidates with evidence for circumstellar dust
table9.dat 68 65 Foreground dwarfs
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See also:
VI/125 : Theoretical spectra of red giants and supergiants (Lancon+, 2007)
J/ApJ/790/48 : Variable stars in M31 & M33. II. LBVs (Humphreys+, 2014)
J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)
J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation. 0.8<M<120 (Ekstrom+, 2012)
J/A+A/522/A3 : M33 CO(2-1) and HI integrated intensity maps (Gratier+, 2010)
J/ApJ/705/1364 : MIR catalog of point sources in M33 (Thompson+, 2009)
J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)
J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)
J/ApJ/687/230 : Survey of M31 with Spitzer (Mould+, 2008)
J/AJ/134/2474 : Hα emission-line stars in 7 dwarfs gal. (Massey+, 2007)
J/ApJ/664/850 : Spitzer observations of stars in M33 (McQuinn+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in seven Local Group dwarfs gal. (Massey+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/371/1405 : Variables in M33 (Hartman+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)
J/AJ/121/870 : BVI photometry of Variables in M33 (Macri+, 2001)
J/ApJ/501/153 : VRB photometry of red supergiants (Massey 1998)
J/ApJS/89/85 : Blue and red supergiants in M33 (Ivanov+ 1993)
J/AJ/96/1884 : BVRJHK photometry of M31 red supergiants (Humphreys+ 1988)
http://etacar.umn.edu/LuminousStars/M31M33/ : M31 & M33 variable stars
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 18 A14 --- Name Star name if previously identified
20- 21 I2 h RAh [0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
23- 24 I2 min RAm [32/46] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 30 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
32 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
33- 34 I2 deg DEd [30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
39- 42 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
44- 48 A5 --- SpT MK spectral type
50- 92 A43 --- Notes Additional notes
94-111 A18 --- Alt Alternate designation or reference (1)
113 A1 --- Rank [12] Rank (1: highly likely supergiant) (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): V- or N prefix indicates the source identification is from
Valeev et al. (2010AstBu..65..140V 2010AstBu..65..140V).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table[36].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 18 A14 --- Name Star name (G1)
20- 21 I2 h RAh [0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
23- 24 I2 min RAm [32/48] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 30 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
32 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
33- 34 I2 deg DEd [30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
39- 42 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
44- 62 A19 --- LGGS LGGS identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
64- 67 F4.1 mag Umag [14.9/26]? U band magnitude
69- 72 F4.1 mag Bmag [15.3/23] B band magnitude
74- 77 F4.1 mag Vmag [14.9/21] V band magnitude
79- 82 F4.1 mag Rmag [14.5/20] R band magnitude
84- 87 F4.1 mag Imag [14/19.3]? I band magnitude
89- 92 F4.1 mag Jmag [12.7/17.3]? 2MASS J band magnitude
94- 97 F4.1 mag Hmag [12.2/18]? 2MASS H band magnitude
99-102 F4.1 mag Kmag [11.9/17]? 2MASS K band magnitude
104-107 F4.1 mag 3.6mag [11.5/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band magnitude
109-112 F4.1 mag 4.5mag [11.4/18]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band magnitude
114-117 F4.1 mag 5.8mag [11/15.1]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band magnitude
119-122 F4.1 mag 8.0mag [9.5/14.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band magnitude
124-127 F4.1 mag 3.4mag [10.6/17]? WISE W1 (3.4 micron) band magnitude
129-132 F4.1 mag 4.6mag [9.8/17.4]? WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitude
134-137 F4.1 mag 12mag [7.6/13.1]? WISE W3 (12 micron) band magnitude
139-141 F3.1 mag 22mag [4.8/9.6]? WISE W4 (22 micron) band magnitude
143 A1 --- Var [V] Variable flag (only for table 3) (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
V = Indicates the source was identified as variable in the IRAC bands in
Mould et al. (2008, J/ApJ/687/230) for M31 or
McQuinn et al. (2007, J/ApJ/664/850) for M33, or variable in the
optical from the DIRECT survey (Kaluzny et al. 1998, J/AJ/115/1016);
Macri et al. 2001, J/AJ/121/870 and
from Hartman et al. (2006, J/MNRAS/371/1405) for M33.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table[47].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 18 A14 --- Name Star name (G1)
19 A1 --- f_Name [d] Flag on Name (only for table 7) (2)
21- 22 I2 h RAh [0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 25 I2 min RAm [32/48] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
27- 31 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
33 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
34- 35 I2 deg DEd [30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)
37- 38 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
40- 43 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
45- 49 A5 ---- SpT MK Spectral Type (only for table 4)
51- 53 F3.1 mag Avcol [0.1/2.5]? V band extinction from colors
(only for table 4)
55- 57 F3.1 mag Av* [0.1/3.2]? V band extinction from stars
59- 61 F3.1 mag AvNH [0.3/2.3]? V band extinction from NH
63- 65 F3.1 mag Av [0.1/2.6] Adopted V band extinction
67- 71 F5.1 mag VMag [-10.2/-4.6]? Absolute V band magnitude
73- 77 F5.1 mag Mbol [-10.5/9] Bolometric magnitude
78 A1 --- f_Mbol [*] Flag on Mbol (3)
80- 84 F5.3 [Lsun] logL [4.2/6.1]? Log luminosity
86- 90 F5.3 [K] logT [3.5/4.1]? Log temperature (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2):
d = Photometry of sources is anomalous. For some stars in crowded fields,
there may be either a source mismatch between the optical and infrared
or the photometry may be contaminated by multiple sources in the
aperture. M-004539.99, D-013312.26, and D-013401.88 are likely
foreground stars. Marked sources are omitted from the HR diagrams for
above reasons.
Note (3):
* = Indicates the presence of an IR excess, and thus MBol was calculated
by integrating the SED out to the mid-infrared.
Note (4): Temperatures derived from the (B-V)0 colors using the
transformations in Flower (1996, J/ApJ/469/355) for
intermediate-type supergiants in table 4.
In table 7:
Temperatures for M31 derived from the (V-K)0 colors using the
transformations in Massey et al. (2009, J/ApJ/703/420).
Temperatures for M33 derived from the (V-R)0 colors using the
transformations in Levesque et al. (2006ApJ...645.1102L 2006ApJ...645.1102L).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 18 A14 --- Name Star name (G1)
20- 21 I2 h RAh [0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
23- 24 I2 min RAm [32/46] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 30 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
32 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
33- 34 I2 deg DEd [30/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
39- 42 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
44- 48 A5 --- SpT MK spectral type
50- 52 A3 --- Wind? Evidence of wind? ("yes" or "N/A")
54- 56 A3 --- IR? Evidence of IR excess? ("yes" or "no")
58- 76 A19 --- Comm Additional comments
78- 85 E8.2 Msun Lost [0.0002/0.03]? Total mass lost (G3)
87- 94 E8.2 Msun e_Lost [0/0.004]? Error in Lost
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 16 A12 --- Name Star name (G1)
18- 19 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
21- 22 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 28 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
30 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
31- 32 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
34- 35 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
37- 40 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
42- 60 A19 --- LGGS LGGS identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
62- 74 A13 --- Comm Additional comments
76 I1 --- Rank Rank (1)
78- 85 E8.2 Msun Lost [0.0002/0.04] Total mass lost (G3)
87- 94 E8.2 Msun e_Lost [0/0.005] Error in Lost
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Rank 1 indicates that an infrared excess in the SED is most probably
due to circumstellar dust emission.
Rank 2 indicates that features in the SED are likely caused by
thermal dust emission but may be due to PAH contamination.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- Gal Galaxy identifier (M31 or M33)
5- 23 A19 --- LGGS Star name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
25- 26 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 29 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
31- 35 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
44- 47 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
49- 50 A2 --- SpT MK spectral type
52- 66 A15 --- Notes Additional notes (1)
68 A1 --- Rank Rank (G2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
HBA = possibly a warm horizontal-branch A-type star.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): D- indicates the source was listed in Drout+ (2009, J/ApJ/703/441;
<[DMM2009] JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s> in Simbad; 2012, J/ApJ/750/97;
in Simbad) with the name specifying the
RA coordinate of its LGGS ID.
M31- or M33C- indicate a star name given in
Paper I (Humphreys+ 2013ApJ...773...46H 2013ApJ...773...46H) or
II (Humphreys+ 2014, J/ApJ/790/48).
M- indicates the source was listed in Massey+ (2009, J/ApJ/703/420;
<[MSL2009] JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s> in Simbad).
The shorthand naming convention is for ease of matching to other
tables in this paper.
Note (G2): Ranks from Drout et al. (2009, J/ApJ/703/441; 2012, J/ApJ/750/97),
specify if the source was a:
1 = highly likely supergiant;
2 = possible supergiant.
Note (G3): Through circumstellar ejecta estimated from IRAC/WISE photometry.
See Section 5.1.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Humphreys et al. Paper I. 2013ApJ...773...46H 2013ApJ...773...46H
Humphreys et al. Paper II. 2014ApJ...790...48H 2014ApJ...790...48H Cat J/ApJ/790/48
Gordon et al. Paper III. 2016ApJ...825...50G 2016ApJ...825...50G This catalog
Humphreys et al. Paper IV. 2017ApJ...836...64H 2017ApJ...836...64H Cat. J/ApJ/836/64
Humphreys et al. Paper V. 2017ApJ...844...40H 2017ApJ...844...40H Cat. J/ApJ/844/40
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 24-Aug-2016