J/ApJ/825/72 Follow-up study of gal. & AGNs in z>1 clusters (Alberts+, 2016)
Star formation and AGN activity in galaxy clusters from z=1-2:
a multi-wavelength analysis featuring Herschel/PACS.
Alberts S., Pope A., Brodwin M., Chung S.M., Cybulski R., Dey A.,
Eisenhardt P.R.M., Galametz A., Gonzalez A.H., Jannuzi B.T., Stanford S.A.,
Snyder G.F., Stern D., Zeimann G.R.
<Astrophys. J., 825, 72-72 (2016)>
=2016ApJ...825...72A 2016ApJ...825...72A (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Photometry, infrared ; Active gal. nuclei ;
Spectroscopy ; Redshifts
Keywords: galaxies: active; galaxies: clusters: general; galaxies: evolution;
galaxies: high-redshift; galaxies: star formation; infrared: galaxies
Abstract:
We present a detailed, multi-wavelength study of star formation (SF)
and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in 11 near-infrared (IR)
selected, spectroscopically confirmed massive (≳1014M☉)
galaxy clusters at 1<z<1.75. Using new deep Herschel/PACS imaging, we
characterize the optical to far-IR spectral energy distributions
(SEDs) for IR-luminous cluster galaxies, finding that they can, on
average, be well described by field galaxy templates. Identification
and decomposition of AGNs through SED fittings allows us to include
the contribution to cluster SF from AGN host galaxies. We quantify the
star-forming fraction, dust-obscured SF rates (SFRs) and specific SFRs
for cluster galaxies as a function of cluster-centric radius and
redshift. In good agreement with previous studies, we find that SF in
cluster galaxies at z≳1.4 is largely consistent with field galaxies
at similar epochs, indicating an era before significant quenching in
the cluster cores (r<0.5Mpc). This is followed by a transition to
lower SF activity as environmental quenching dominates by z∼1.
Enhanced SFRs are found in lower mass (10.1<logM*/M☉<10.8)
cluster galaxies. We find significant variation in SF from cluster to
cluster within our uniformly selected sample, indicating that caution
should be taken when evaluating individual clusters. We examine AGNs
in clusters from z=0.5-2, finding an excess AGN fraction at z≳1,
suggesting environmental triggering of AGNs during this epoch. We
argue that our results --a transition from field-like to quenched SF,
enhanced SF in lower mass galaxies in the cluster cores, and excess
AGNs-- are consistent with a co-evolution between SF and AGNs in
clusters and an increased merger rate in massive halos at high
redshift.
Description:
In this work, we concentrate our analysis on 11 spectroscopically
confirmed clusters from the IRAC Shallow/Distant Cluster Survey
(ISCS/IDCS) that we observed with Herschel/PACS at 100 and 160um,
obtained during Open Time 2 observing (PID: OT2apope3) (summary of
imaging in table 6 spanning from June 2012 to January 2013).
Given the resolution of PACS (FWHM∼6.7" at 100um and 11" at 160um), we
expect the majority of sources and all cluster galaxies in our maps to
be point sources. See sections 2.1 and 2.3 for further details.
The IRAC Shallow Survey (ISS) was followed up with three more
observations as part of SDWFS (Ashby et al. 2009, see J/ApJ/716/530),
providing a factor of 2 deeper IRAC catalog with an aperture-corrected
5σ limit of 5.2uJy at 4.5um ([4.5]=18.83mag). Spitzer/MIPS
observations are available from the MIPS AGM and Galaxy Evolution
Survey (MAGES; Jannuzi et al. 2010AAS...21547001J).
See section 2.4 for further details.
Targeted follow up campaigns by our group have obtained spectroscopic
redshifts for galaxies and AGNs in z>1 clusters using multi-object
Keck optical spectroscopy and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) slitless NIR
grism spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The reader
is directed to Brodwin et al. (2013ApJ...779..138B 2013ApJ...779..138B), Zeimann et al.
(2013, J/ApJ/779/137), and references therein for a detailed
description of the targeted spectroscopy. Some spectroscopic redshifts
are additionally provided by the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey
(AGES; Kochanek et al. 2012, J/ApJS/200/8). See section 2.2.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 81 11 Cluster sample with deep Herschel/PACS imaging
table3.dat 138 129 Photometry of PACS 100um detected cluster members
table6.dat 39 24 Summary of Herschel/PACS imaging
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See also:
VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)
VIII/95 : Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (Oliver+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/446/2709 : X-ray bright AGN in massive galaxy clusters (Ehlert+, 2015)
J/A+A/572/A90 : Herschel-VVDS-CFHTLS-D1 detections (Lemaux+, 2014)
J/A+A/570/A69 : GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. (Boselli+, 2014)
J/A+A/568/A5 : XDCP J0044.0-2033 J and Ks images (Fassbender+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/441/203 : Massive quiescent ETG in clusters (Delaye+ 2014)
J/ApJ/779/137 : HST NIR spectrosc. of ISCS z>1 galaxy clusters (Zeimann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/768/74 : PHIBSS: CO obs. of star-forming galaxies (Tacconi+, 2013)
J/ApJ/759/139 : Herschel+MIPS photometry of GOODS sources (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)
J/ApJS/200/8 : AGES: the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (Kochanek+, 2012)
J/ApJ/750/93 : Near-IR observations of XMM-LSS J02182-05102 (Papovich+, 2012)
J/ApJ/743/34 : WISE and SDSS-DR7 data in 69 galaxy clusters (Chung+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/416/1680 : ATLAS3D project. VII. (Cappellari+, 2011)
J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)
J/ApJ/720/368 : Color-magnitude relations of galaxies in CDFs (Xue+, 2010)
J/ApJ/716/530 : Mid-IR variability from the SDWFS (Kozlowski+, 2010)
J/ApJ/713/970 : Low-resolution SED templates for AGNs & galaxies (Assef+, 2010)
J/ApJ/708/584 : SEXSI Spitzer catalog (Eckart+, 2010)
J/ApJ/701/428 : The Spitzer Deep, Wide-Field Survey (SDWFS) (Ashby+, 2009)
J/ApJ/693/1840 : A3266 galaxies at 24um (Bai+, 2009)
J/ApJ/686/966 : Spitzer-FLS catalog of clusters of galaxies (Muzzin+, 2008)
J/ApJ/684/905 : z>1 gal. clusters from IRAC Shallow Survey (Eisenhardt+, 2008)
J/ApJ/680/130 : Mid-IR colors of AGNs in the MUSYC ECDF-S (Cardamone+, 2008)
J/ApJ/644/30 : HST Observations of 2 high-z clusters (Blakeslee+, 2006)
J/ApJ/639/816 : The FLAMINGOS Extragalactic Survey (Elston+, 2006)
J/ApJS/161/9 : X-ray survey of the NDWFS Bootes field (Kenter+, 2005)
J/ApJS/157/1 : Red-Sequence Cluster Survey (Gladders+, 2005)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Cl IRAC Shallow/Distant Cluster Survey ID (G1)
19- 19 A1 --- n_Cl [a] Note on Cluster Observations (1)
21- 24 A4 --- OID Short ID used in this article
26- 27 I2 h RAh [14] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
29- 30 I2 min RAm [25/38] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
32- 36 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
38 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of Declination (J2000)
39- 40 I2 deg DEd [32/35] Degree of Declination (J2000)
42- 43 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
45- 48 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
50- 54 F5.3 --- z [1.1/1.8] Spectroscopic Redshift
56- 57 I2 --- Nsp [6/26] Number of spectroscopic observations
59- 61 F3.1 10+14Msun M200 [2/5.4]? Halo mass measurement
63- 65 F3.1 10+14Msun E_M200 [0.7/3]? Upper uncertainty on M200
67- 69 F3.1 10+14Msun e_M200 [0.6/2]? Lower uncertainty on M200
71- 71 A1 --- n_M200 [b-d] Note on M200 (2)
73- 81 A9 --- Ref Additional References (3)
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Note (1):
a = Cluster has Hα measurements from HST grism spectroscopy
(Section 2.2) and targeted, deep MIPS imaging (Section 2.4.1).
Note (2): Notes on Halo Mass measurement sources as follows:
b = Weak lensing mass measurement from Jee et al. (2011ApJ...737...59J 2011ApJ...737...59J);
c = X-ray mass measurement from Brodwin et al. (2011ApJ...732...33B 2011ApJ...732...33B);
d = SZ mass measurement from Brodwin et al. (2012ApJ...753..162B 2012ApJ...753..162B).
Note (3): Additional References as follows:
1 = Elston et al. (2006, J/ApJ/639/816);
2 = Eisenhardt et al. (2008, J/ApJ/684/905);
3 = Brodwin et al. (2013ApJ...779..138B 2013ApJ...779..138B);
4 = Zeimann et al. (2013, J/ApJ/779/137);
5 = Brodwin et al. (2006ApJ...651..791B 2006ApJ...651..791B);
6 = Stanford et al. (2005ApJ...634L.129S 2005ApJ...634L.129S);
7 = Brodwin et al. (2011ApJ...732...33B 2011ApJ...732...33B);
8 = Brodwin et al. (2012ApJ...753..162B 2012ApJ...753..162B);
9 = Gonzalez et al. (2012ApJ...753..163G 2012ApJ...753..163G);
10 = Stanford et al. (2012ApJ...753..164S 2012ApJ...753..164S);
11 = Brodwin et al. (2016ApJ...817..122B 2016ApJ...817..122B).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Cl IRAC Shallow/Distant Cluster Survey ID (G1)(1)
19- 34 A16 --- Gal Galaxy ID (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
36- 37 I2 h RAh [14] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
39- 40 I2 min RAm [25/38] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
42- 46 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
48 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of Declination (J2000)
49- 50 I2 deg DEd [32/35] Degree of Declination (J2000)
52- 53 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
55- 58 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
60- 64 F5.3 --- z [1/1.9] Redshift
66- 71 A6 --- n_z Redshift Type (102 "Photoz"; 27 "Specz")
73- 75 F3.1 Mpc ccr [0/2.1] Cluster-centric Radius
77- 81 F5.3 mJy F4.5 [0.006/0.15]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um Flux
83- 87 F5.3 mJy e_F4.5 [0.001]?=-999 Uncertainty in F4.5
89- 95 F7.2 mJy F16 [0.02/1]?=-999 Spitzer/IRS 16um Flux
97-103 F7.2 mJy e_F16 [0.01/0.03]?=-999 Uncertainty in F16
105-111 F7.2 mJy F24 [0.03/1.9]?=-999 Spitzer/MIPS 24um Flux
113-119 F7.2 mJy e_F24 [0.01/0.08]?=-999 Uncertainty in F24
121-124 F4.1 mJy F100 [1.6/17.5] Herschel/PACS 100um Flux
126-128 F3.1 mJy e_F100 [0.5/3.1] Uncertainty in F100
130-133 I4 mJy F160 [1/37]?=-999 Herschel/PACS 160um Flux
135-138 I4 mJy e_F160 [1/8]?=-999 Uncertainty in F160
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): ISCS J1439.3+3437 in original table is a misprint for
ISCS J1429.3+3437; corrected at CDS.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Cl IRAC Shallow/Distant Cluster Survey ID (G1)
19 A1 --- n_Cl [b] Note on Cluster Observations (1)
21- 24 A4 --- OID Short ID used in this article
26- 28 F3.1 mJy rms [0.6/2.2] rms sensitivity measured in
the central 5'x5' region
30- 39 I10 --- ObsId Herschel observation identifier
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
b = ID6 and ID10 were observed with the same AORs.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey (Eisenhardt et al., 2008, J/ApJ/684/905;
in Simbad) or
IRAC Deep Cluster Survey (Stanford et al. 2012ApJ...753..164S 2012ApJ...753..164S
for IDCS J1426.5+3508).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 29-Aug-2016