J/ApJ/860/109 Keck HIRES obs. of 245 subgiants (retired A stars) (Ghezzi+, 2018)
Retired A stars revisited: an updated giant planet occurrence rate as a function
of stellar metallicity and mass.
Ghezzi L., Montet B.T., Johnson J.A.
<Astrophys. J., 860, 109 (2018)>
=2018ApJ...860..109G 2018ApJ...860..109G
ADC_Keywords: Effective temperatures; Radial velocities; Equivalent widths;
Parallaxes, trigonometric; Abundances, [Fe/H]; Stars, diameters;
Rotational velocities; Stars, masses; Stars, ages; Stars, giant
Keywords: planetary systems; planets and satellites: formation;
stars: atmospheres; stars: evolution; stars: fundamental parameters
Abstract:
Exoplanet surveys of evolved stars have provided increasing evidence
that the formation of giant planets depends not only on stellar
metallicity ([Fe/H]) but also on the mass (M*). However, measuring
accurate masses for subgiants and giants is far more challenging than
it is for their main-sequence counterparts, which has led to recent
concerns regarding the veracity of the correlation between stellar
mass and planet occurrence. In order to address these concerns, we use
HIRES spectra to perform a spectroscopic analysis on a sample of 245
subgiants and derive new atmospheric and physical parameters. We also
calculate the space velocities of this sample in a homogeneous manner
for the first time. When reddening corrections are considered in the
calculations of stellar masses and a -0.12M☉ offset is applied
to the results, the masses of the subgiants are consistent with their
space velocity distributions, contrary to claims in the literature.
Similarly, our measurements of their rotational velocities provide
additional confirmation that the masses of subgiants with
M*≥1.6M☉ (the "retired A stars") have not been overestimated in
previous analyses. Using these new results for our sample of evolved
stars, together with an updated sample of FGKM dwarfs, we confirm that
giant planet occurrence increases with both stellar mass and
metallicity up to 2.0M☉. We show that the probability of
formation of a giant planet is approximately a one-to-one function of
the total amount of metals in the protoplanetary disk M* 10^[Fe/H].
This correlation provides additional support for the core accretion
mechanism of planet formation.
Description:
Our sample of subgiants consists of 245 stars that have been
continuously monitored by the Lick and Keck subgiant planet surveys
since 2004 and 2007, respectively (see Table 1).
High-resolution spectra for stars in both the Lick and Keck surveys
were obtained with the HIRES (High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer)
spectrograph on the Keck I 10m telescope (Maunakea, Hawaii); the
instrumental setup produces resolutions R∼50000-100000 and an almost
complete spectral coverage from ∼3600 to ∼7990Å.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 99 247 Sample of subgiants
table2.dat 38 176 List of Fe I and Fe II lines
table3.dat 57 247 Atmospheric parameters
table5.dat 28 247 Broadening parameters
table6.dat 59 245 Evolutionary parameters
table7.dat 36 245 Galactic UVW space velocities
table8.dat 23 245 K magnitudes and photometric effective temperatures
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/pastel : The PASTEL catalogue (Soubiran+, 2016-)
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
V/117 : Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood (Holmberg+, 2007)
V/137 : Extended Hipparcos Compilation (XHIP) (Anderson+, 2012)
J/A+A/435/373 : Broadening of Fe II lines by H collisions (Barklem+, 2005)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)
J/AJ/135/209 : Rotational and RVels of 761 HIP giants (Massarotti+, 2008)
J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic parameters of 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)
J/A+A/497/497 : Physical parameters from JHK flux (Gonzalez-Hernandez+, 2009)
J/ApJ/720/1290 : Abundances of stars hosting planets (Ghezzi+, 2010)
J/other/A+ARV/18.67 : Accurate masses and radii of normal stars (Torres+, 2010)
J/A+A/530/A138 : Geneva-Copenhagen survey re-analysis (Casagrande+, 2011)
J/ApJ/732/55 : Abundances of stars with planets (Schuler+, 2011)
J/ApJ/757/161 : Spectroscopy of 56 exoplanet host stars (Torres+, 2012)
J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)
J/A+A/555/A150 : Physical parameters of cool solar-type stars (Tsantaki+, 2013)
J/ApJ/776/67 : Rotational tracks (van Saders+, 2013)
J/ApJ/795/23 : Line list for stellar chemical abundances (Bedell+, 2014)
J/A+A/561/A21 : Line list for solar-type stars (Sousa+, 2014)
J/A+A/574/A50 : Chemical abundances of giants and subgiants (Jofre+, 2015)
J/A+A/574/A116 : G and K giant stars stellar parameters (Reffert+, 2015)
J/A+A/576/A94 : Northern bright planet host stars parameters (Sousa+, 2015)
J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)
J/ApJ/831/L6 : Eclipsing binary parallaxes with Gaia data (Stassun+, 2016)
J/AJ/153/136 : Planets and their host stars with Gaia plx (Stassun+, 2017)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 22 F12.8 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000) (1)
24- 35 F12.8 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) (1)
37- 41 F5.3 mag Vmag [4.8/9] Apparent V band magnitude (2)
43- 47 F5.3 mag e_Vmag [0.01/0.03] Uncertainty in Vmag
49- 53 F5.3 mag Av [0/0.7] V band extinction
55- 59 F5.3 mag e_Av [0/0.4] Uncertainty in Av
61- 65 F5.2 mas Plx [2/32.8] Parallax (3)
67- 70 F4.2 mas e_Plx [0.2/3.2] Uncertainty in Plx
72- 78 F7.2 mas/yr pmRA [-251.6/233.1] Proper motion along RA (1)
80- 86 F7.2 mas/yr pmDE [-349.8/247.4] Proper motion along DE (1)
88- 95 F8.3 km/s RVel [-139.7/153]? Radial velocity (4)
97- 99 I3 --- S/N [96/303] Signal-to-Noise
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Equatorial coordinates and proper motions were taken from
van Leeuwen (2007, I/311).
Note (2): We calculated the V magnitudes from the formula
V=VT-[0.090x(BT-VT)], with values of BT and VT taken from the
Tycho-2 catalog (Hog+ 2000, I/259).
Note (3): Revised values from van Leeuwen (2007, I/311). The only exception is
the star HD 33298, which had the negative parallax replaced by the
original value from the Hipparcos and Tycho catalogs (ESA 1997, I/239).
Note (4): The California Planet Survey uses the iodine cell technique of
Butler+ (1996PASP..108..500B 1996PASP..108..500B) to compute highly precise RVs relative to each
star's own spectrum and therefore produces relative RV measurements.
We use absolute RVs, where available, for our kinematics study from
the following references, in order of preference:
Chubak+ (2012, 1207.6212), Anderson & Francis (2012, V/137),
Gontcharov (2006, III/252), Massarotti+ (2008, J/AJ/135/209), and
Brewer+ (2016, J/ApJS/225/32). The star HD 10245 did not have an RV
available in any of these references, and therefore its space
velocities were not calculated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 F8.3 0.1nm lambda [5023.1/6862] Wavelength in Angstroms
10- 13 F4.1 --- Ion Ion identifier (FeI=26.0 and FeII=26.1)
15- 19 F5.3 eV ExPot [0.08/5] Excitation potential
21- 26 F6.3 [-] log(gf) [-5.4/-0.2] log oscillator strength
28- 33 F6.3 [-] loggamma [-7.9/-7] log van der Waals damping constant (1)
35- 38 F4.1 10-13m EW [6.2/96.8] Equivalent width
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): In units of (s*NH)-1 at 10000K where NH is the number
density of neutral hydrogen.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 14 I4 K Teff [4662/6128] Effective temperature
16- 17 I2 K e_Teff [11/63] Uncertainty in Teff
19- 22 F4.2 [cm/s2] log(g) [2.3/4.2] log surface gravity
24- 27 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_log(g) [0.03/0.2] Uncertainty in log(g)
29- 33 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H] [-1.7/0.41] Metallicity
35- 38 F4.2 [Sun] e_[Fe/H] [0.01/0.03] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]
40- 44 F5.3 km/s Vt [0.4/2.2] Microturbulent velocity
46- 50 F5.3 km/s e_Vt [0.02/0.2] Uncertainty in Vt
52- 54 I3 --- N-FeI [89/146] Number of lines used for FeI abundance
56- 57 I2 --- N-FeII [8/17] Number of lines used for FeII abundance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 15 F5.3 0.1nm FWHM [0.06/0.2] Instrumental profile Full-Width at
Half-Maximum; Angstroms
17- 20 F4.2 km/s Vmacro [3.3/6.1] Macroturbulence velocity
22- 24 F3.1 km/s Vsin(i) [0/8.8] Projected rotational velocity
26- 28 F3.1 km/s e_Vsin(i) [0.2/3.4] Uncertainty in Vsin(i)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 15 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.8/2.9] Mass
17- 21 F5.3 Msun e_Mass [0.01/0.5] Uncertainty in Mass
23- 28 F6.3 Rsun Rad [1.7/15.2] Radius
30- 34 F5.3 Rsun e_Rad [0.06/3.3] Uncertainty in Rad
36- 40 F5.3 [cm/s2] logg [1.9/4.1] log surface gravity
42- 46 F5.3 [cm/s2] e_logg [0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in logg
48- 53 F6.3 Gyr Age [0.4/10.1] Age
55- 59 F5.3 Gyr e_Age [0.04/4] Uncertainty in Age
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 18 F8.3 km/s UVel [-143/114]? Velocity towards the Galactic center
20- 27 F8.3 km/s VVel [-132/32]? Velocity in the direction of
galactic rotation
29- 36 F8.3 km/s WVel [-103/47]? Velocity toward the North Galactic Pole
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Star Star identifier (HD or HIP number)
11- 15 F5.3 mag Ksmag [4.2/6.9]? Apparent KS band magnitude from 2MASS
17- 20 I4 K Teffp [4681/6493]? Photometric effective temperature
22- 23 I2 K e_Teffp [28/71]? Uncertainty in Teffp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Johnson et al. Paper I. 2007ApJ...665..785J 2007ApJ...665..785J
Johnson et al. Paper II. 2008ApJ...675..784J 2008ApJ...675..784J
Bowler et al. Paper III. 2010ApJ...709..396B 2010ApJ...709..396B
Johnson et al. Paper IV. 2010PASP..122..701J 2010PASP..122..701J
Johnson et al. Paper VI. 2011AJ....141...16J 2011AJ....141...16J
Johnson et al. Paper VII. 2011ApJS..197...26J 2011ApJS..197...26J
Luhn et al. Paper VIII. 2019AJ....157..149L 2019AJ....157..149L
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 05-Jul-2019