J/ApJ/886/40 Most luminous SPIRITS IR transients follow-up obs. (Jencson+, 2019)
The SPIRITS sample of luminous infrared transients: uncovering hidden supernovae
and dusty stellar outbursts in nearby galaxies.
Jencson J.E., Kasliwal M.M., Adams S.M., Bond H.E., De K., Johansson J.,
Karambelkar V., Lau R.M., Tinyanont S., Ryder S.D., Cody A.M., Masci F.J.,
Bally J., Blagorodnova N., Castellon S., Fremling C., Gehrz R.D., Helou G.,
Kilpatrick C.D., Milne P.A., Morrell N., Perley D.A., Phillips M.M.,
Smith N., van Dyk S.D., Williams R.E.
<Astrophys. J., 886, 40 (2019)>
=2019ApJ...886...40J 2019ApJ...886...40J
ADC_Keywords: Infrared sources; Supernovae; Surveys; Extinction;
Photometry, infrared; Spectra, infrared; Optical
Keywords: dust, extinction ; infrared: general ; stars: massive ;
supernovae: general ; supernovae: individual (SPIRITS 14buu,
SPIRITS 15c, SPIRITS 15ud, SPIRITS 16ix, SPIRITS 16tn, SPIRITS 17lb)
Abstract:
We present a systematic study of the most luminous (MIR [Vega
magnitudes] brighter than -14) infrared (IR) transients discovered by
the SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) between
2014 and 2018 in nearby galaxies (D<35Mpc). The sample consists of
nine events that span peak IR luminosities of M[4.5],peak between
-14 and -18.2, show IR colors between 0.2<([3.6]-[4.5])<3.0, and fade
on timescales between 55d<tfade<480d. The two reddest events
(AV>12) show multiple, luminous IR outbursts over several years and
have directly detected, massive progenitors in archival imaging. With
analyses of extensive, multiwavelength follow-up, we suggest the
following possible classifications: five obscured core-collapse
supernovae (CCSNe), two erupting massive stars, one luminous red nova,
and one intermediate-luminosity red transient. We define a control
sample of all optically discovered transients recovered in SPIRITS
galaxies and satisfying the same selection criteria. The control
sample consists of eight CCSNe and one Type Iax SN. We find that 7 of
the 13 CCSNe in the SPIRITS sample have lower bounds on their
extinction of 2<AV<8. We estimate a nominal fraction of CCSNe in
nearby galaxies that are missed by optical surveys as high as
38.5-21.9+26.0% (90% confidence). This study suggests that a
significant fraction of CCSNe may be heavily obscured by dust and
therefore undercounted in the census of nearby CCSNe from optical
searches.
Description:
For transients that were inaccessible to ground-based observing at the
time of discovery with Spitzer, we attempted to trigger Target of
Opportunity (ToO) observations with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory
UV/Optical Telescope (Swift/UVOT) to detect an optical counterpart or
obtain limits on the contemporaneous optical flux. For SPIRITS 16tn we
triggered a 2000s observation on 2016 August 29.1 split between the U,
B, and V bands. For SPIRITS 17lb we obtained a 1200s integration in
the V band on 2017 June 9.4. or SPIRITS 17pc we obtained a 2000s
observation on 2017 November 9.1.
We also executed Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ToO observations of
SPIRITS 16tn using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) in the UVIS channel
with the F814W filter and the IR channel with the F110W and F160W
filters as part of our program to follow up SPIRITS transients
(GO-14258; PI: H. Bond) on 2016 September 25 as described in
Jencson+ (2018ApJ...863...20J 2018ApJ...863...20J).
SPIRITS galaxies were regularly monitored from the ground in the
optical and near-IR with several telescopes. For the SPIRITS transient
host galaxies discussed here, sequences of optical g'r'i'-band images
of IC 2163, M100, NGC 4461, NGC 3556, and NGC 4388 were obtained with
the CCD camera on the fully automated Palomar 60-inch telescope (P60)
throughout 2014-2018.
Similarly for SPIRITS galaxies located in the southern hemisphere,
namely, NGC 2997, IC 2163, and NGC 1365, sequences of optical gri-band
images were obtained with the CCD camera on the 1m Swope Telescope at
Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) throughout 2014-2015. Near-IR YJH-band
images were also obtained throughout 2014-2015 with the RetroCam IR
camera on the 2.5m du Pont Telescope at LCO.
We also obtained and performed PSF photometry on the images of NGC5921
reported at CBAT for PSN J15220552+0503160 (SPIRITS 15ade), including
unfiltered CCD images obtained by M. Aoki, G. Masi, and T. Noguchi,
along with post-discovery images of this galaxy in the R band from the
Hiroshima One-shot Wide-field Polarimeter (HOWpol) on the Kanata 1.5m
telescope at Higashi-Hiroshima Observatory and in the r band with the
Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Blanco 4m telescope at Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO).
Post-discovery, ground-based follow-up imaging in the optical and
near-IR was also obtained for several SPIRITS transients. Near-IR
JHKs-band images were obtained with the Multi-object Spectrometer for
Infra-red Exploration (MOSFIRE) on the 10m Keck I Telescope of the W.
M. Keck Observatory on the summit of Maunakea, the Wide Field Infrared
Camera (WIRC) on the 200-inch telescope at Palomar Observatory (P200),
and the FourStar IR camera on the Magellan Baade Telescope at LCO.
Additional near-IR imaging for SPIRITS 17lb was obtained with the
FLAMINGOS-2 imaging spectrograph on the 8.1m Gemini S Telescope (PID
GS-2017B-Q-15; PI J. Jencson). Optical imaging was obtained for
SPIRITS 17pc using the DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS)
on the 10m Keck II Telescope.
Additional near-IR imaging was obtained with the Wide Field Camera
(WFCAM) on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) at Maunakea
Observatories. Simultaneous optical/near-IR rizYJH were obtained with
the Reionization and Transients InfraRed camera (RATIR) on the 1.5m
Johnson Telescope at the Mexican Observatorio Astronomico Nacional on
the Sierra San Pedro Martir in Baja California, Mexico.
We obtained near-IR spectroscopy of the luminous IR SPIRITS transients
at several epochs using the Folded-port InfraRed Echellette
spectrograph (FIRE) on the Magellan Baade Telescope at LCO, MOSFIRE on
the Keck I Telescope, the Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer
(NIRES) on the Keck II Telescope, the Gemini Near-InfraRed
Spectrograph (GNIRS) on the 8.1m Gemini N Telescope
(PIDs GN-2016B-FT-25, GN-2017B-Q-14; PI J. Jencson), and the
FLAMINGOS-2 spectrograph on the 8.1m Gemini S Telescope
(PID GS-2017B-Q-15; PI J. Jencson). Optical spectroscopy was obtained
for SPIRITS 16tn, SPIRITS 17pc, and SPIRITS 17qm with the Low
Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) on the Keck I telescope.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 134 10 Luminous, IR-discovered SPIRITS transients
table2.dat 146 14 Optically discovered and classified transients
in SPIRITS
table3.dat 112 256 Spitzer/IRAC photometry for 18 luminous,
IR transients in SPIRITS
table4.dat 71 198 Supplementary photometry
table5.dat 91 39 Spectroscopic observations
fig3.dat 87 12285 Optical spectra of SPIRITS transients
fig4.dat 87 40312 Near-infrared spectra of SPIRITS transients
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/ApJ/469/355 : Teff, B-V and BC relation (Flower, 1996)
J/AJ/126/1607 : IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (Sanders+, 2003)
J/A+A/465/71 : 21cm observations of 452 galaxies (Theureau+, 2007)
J/ApJ/705/1364 : MIR catalog of point sources in M33 (Thompson+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/408/181 : CN2002ch UBVRI and ugriz light curves (Pastorello+, 2010)
J/PASP/122/1397 : Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Gal. (Sheth+, 2010)
J/ApJ/743/118 : BVRIJHK phot. of the 2008 OT in NGC 300 (Humphreys+, 2011)
J/A+A/532/A104 : Hubble flow around Fornax cluster (Nasonova+, 2011)
J/ApJ/771/59 : Surface brightness of S4G face-on gal. (Munoz-Mateos+, 2013)
J/AJ/146/86 : Cosmicflows-2 catalog (Tully+, 2013)
J/ApJ/788/L21 : Measured photometry of SN 2014J from HST (Amanullah+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/444/527 : Tully-Fisher distances for Spitzer galaxies (Sorce+, 2014)
J/A+A/584/A62 : SUDARE VST-OmegaCAM search SN rates (Cappellaro+, 2015)
J/ApJ/826/56 : HST/WFC3 obs. of Cepheids in SN Ia host gal. (Riess+, 2016)
J/ApJ/834/107 : Follow-up photometry of M101 OT2015-1 (Blagorodnova+, 2017)
J/ApJ/839/88 : 14 unusual IR transients with Spitzer (Kasliwal+, 2017)
J/ApJS/228/5 : Spitzer phot. of ∼1million stars in M31 & M15 (Khan, 2017)
J/ApJ/866/87 : VLA 22GHz water masers obs. in NGC6334I-MM1 (Brogan+, 2018)
J/ApJ/861/63 : Type IIP SN 2016bkv LCs and spectra (Hosseinzadeh+, 2018)
J/ApJ/853/62 : Optical & NIR spectra and LCs of SN2016ija (Tartaglia+, 2018)
J/ApJ/877/110 : SPIRITS cat. of IR long period variables (Karambelkar+, 2019)
J/ApJS/241/38 : A comprehensive analysis of Spitzer SNe (Szalai+, 2019)
J/A+A/623/A173 : SNe/SNRs in starburst galaxy Arp 220 (Varenius+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table[12].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- Name Name of the transient (only for Table 2)
14- 26 A13 --- SPIRITS SPIRITS name
28 A1 --- f_SPIRITS Flag on SPIRITS name (1)
30- 31 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
33- 34 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
36- 40 F5.2 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
42 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000)
43- 44 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
46- 47 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
49- 52 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
54- 61 A8 --- Host Host name
63- 70 A8 --- MType Host type
72- 76 F5.2 mag m-M [27.7/32.8] Distance modulus
78- 81 F4.2 mag e_m-M [0.05/0.4] m-M uncertainty
83 A1 --- r_m-M Reference for m-M (2)
85- 88 F4.1 Mpc Dist [3.5/36] Distance
90- 94 F5.3 mag E(B-V) [0.01/0.3] Reddening E(B-V) (3)
96- 97 A2 --- u_Av [≲ ] Uncertainty flag on Av
99-102 F4.2 mag Av [0/4.3]? Dust extinction (only for Table 2)
104 I1 --- r_Av ? Reference for host extinction estimates (4)
106-118 A13 "Y:M:D" Date Date of discovery (UT)
120 A1 --- f_Date Flag on Date (5)
122-123 I2 --- r_Date ? Reference for SN discovery (6)
125-129 F5.1 arcsec Sep [3.7/154.1] Host offset in arcsec
131-134 F4.1 kpc PSep [0.1/17] Host offset in kpc
136-141 A6 --- Type Source type (only for Table 2)
143-146 A4 --- r_Type References for SN classification (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = SN 2014bc was located near the saturated nucleus of NGC 4258 in the
Spitzer/IRAC images and not detected in SPIRITS.
b = SN 2016adj itself was saturated in the Spitzer/IRAC images of
Centaurus A and not recovered by the SPIRITS pipeline.
Note (2): Reference for distance moduli as follows:
f = Ferrarese et al. 2000ApJ...529..745F 2000ApJ...529..745F
h = Hess et al. 2009ApJ...699...76H 2009ApJ...699...76H
n = Nasonova et al. 2011, J/A+A/532/A104
r = Rodriguez et al. 2014AJ....148..107R 2014AJ....148..107R
s = Sorce et al. 2014, J/MNRAS/444/527
t = Tully et al. 2013, J/AJ/146/86
u = Riess et al. 2016, J/ApJ/826/56
v = Theureau et al. 2007, J/A+A/465/71
w = Tully 1988ngc..book.....T 1988ngc..book.....T
Note (3): Galactic extinction estimates taken from NED using the
Schlafly & Finkbeiner (2011ApJ...737..103S 2011ApJ...737..103S) recalibration of the
Schlegel et al. (1998ApJ...500..525S 1998ApJ...500..525S) IR-based dust map assuming a
Fitzpatrick (1999PASP..111...63F 1999PASP..111...63F) extinction law with RV=3.1.
Note (4): Reference for host extinction estimates as follows:
1 = Milisavljevic et al. 2015ApJ...815..120M 2015ApJ...815..120M
2 = with RV=1.4; Amanullah et al. 2014, J/ApJ/788/L21
3 = J. Johansson et al. 2019, in preparation
4 = Foley et al. 2015ApJ...798L..37F 2015ApJ...798L..37F
5 = with RV=2.57; Banerjee et al. 2018MNRAS.481..806B 2018MNRAS.481..806B
6 = Hosseinzadeh et al. 2018, J/ApJ/861/63
7 = Kochanek et al. 2017MNRAS.467.3347K 2017MNRAS.467.3347K
8 = Kilpatrick & Foley 2018MNRAS.481.2536K 2018MNRAS.481.2536K
Note (5): Flag as follows:
c = Transient present in first 2014 SPIRITS epoch and therefore excluded
from the primary sample.
g = SN present in first 2014 SPIRITS epoch and therefore excluded
from the control sample.
Note (6): References for SN discovery and classification as follows:
1 = Kim et al. 2014CBET.3777....1K 2014CBET.3777....1K
2 = Fossey et al. 2014CBET.3792....1F 2014CBET.3792....1F
3 = Zhang et al. 2014CBET.3795....1Z 2014CBET.3795....1Z
4 = Smartt et al. 2014CBET.3877....2S 2014CBET.3877....2S
5 = Kumar et al. 2014CBET.3892....1K 2014CBET.3892....1K
6 = Monard et al. 2014CBET.3977....1M 2014CBET.3977....1M
7 = Kiyota et al. 2014ATel.6460....1K 2014ATel.6460....1K
8 = Nakano et al. 2014CBET.4011....1N 2014CBET.4011....1N
9 = Aoki 2016TNSTR...4....1A 2016TNSTR...4....1A
10 = Marples et al. 2016ATel.8651....1M 2016ATel.8651....1M
11 = Arbour 2016TNSTR.215....1A 2016TNSTR.215....1A
12 = Itagaki 2016TNSTR.234....1I 2016TNSTR.234....1I
13 = Bock et al. 2016ATel.9091....1B 2016ATel.9091....1B
14 = Wiggins 2017CBET.4390....1W 2017CBET.4390....1W
15 = Milisavljevic et al. 2015ApJ...815..120M 2015ApJ...815..120M
16 = Cao et al. 2014ATel.5786....1C 2014ATel.5786....1C
17 = Li et al. 2014CBET.3788....1L 2014CBET.3788....1L
18 = Cortini et al. 2014CBET.3876....2C 2014CBET.3876....2C
19 = Arcavi et al. 2014ATel.6466....1A 2014ATel.6466....1A
20 = Ochner et al. 2014ATel.6648....1O 2014ATel.6648....1O
21 = Sahu et al. 2016ATel.8514....1S 2016ATel.8514....1S
22 = Stritzinger et al. 2016ATel.8657....1S 2016ATel.8657....1S
23 = Granata et al. 2016ATel.8818....1G 2016ATel.8818....1G
24 = Hosseinzadeh et al. 2016ATel.8859....1H 2016ATel.8859....1H
25 = Zhang et al. 2016ATel.9093....1Z 2016ATel.9093....1Z
26 = Cheng et al. 2017ATel.9943....1C 2017ATel.9943....1C
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- Name Name of object
14- 26 A13 --- SPIRITS SPIRITS name
28- 34 F7.1 d MJD [53166.2/58402.8] Modified Julian Date
(JD-2400000.5)
36- 42 F7.1 d Phase [-4720.4/1451.3] Time since t_0 (1)
44- 50 F7.2 uJy Fnu3.6 [2.5/919]?=99.99 Flux at [3.6] in microJy (2)
54- 58 F5.2 uJy e_Fnu3.6 [0.8/26]?=99.99 Uncertainty in Fnu3.6 (2)
60- 66 F7.2 uJy Fnu4.5 [3/3343]?=99.99 Flux at [4.5] in microJy (2)
70- 74 F5.2 uJy e_Fnu4.5 [0.9/62]?=99.99 Uncertainty in Fnu4.5 (2)
76- 80 F5.2 mag omag3.6 [13.7/20.1]?=99.99 Observed magnitude
at [3.6] (2)
82- 86 F5.2 mag e_omag3.6 [0.01/0.3]?=99.99 Uncertainty in omag3.6 (2)
88- 92 F5.2 mag omag4.5 [11.8/19.5]?=99.99 Observed magnitude
at [4.5] (2)
94- 98 F5.2 mag e_omag4.5 [0/0.2]?=99.99 Uncertainty in omag4.5 (2)
100-105 F6.2 mag 3.6Mag [-17.2/-9.3]?=99.99 Absolute magnitude at [3.6]
107-112 F6.2 mag 4.5Mag [-18.3/-9.8]?=99.99 Absolute magnitude at [4.5]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Time since t_0 as reported in Table 8 for the IR-discovered sample,
and time since discovery as reported in Table 2 for the optical control
sample.
Note (2): In case of upper limits, the upper limit is given in the Fnu3p6,
Fnu4p5, omag3p6, or omag4p5 column, while the corresponding e_Fnu3p6,
e_Fnu4p5, e_omag3p6, or e_omag4p5 column is set to 99.99.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- SPIRITS SPIRITS name
15- 21 F7.1 d MJD [55545.2/58448.6] Modified Julian Date
(JD-2400000.5)
23- 29 F7.1 d Phase [-2517/1053.4] Time since t_0 (1)
31- 46 A16 --- Inst Instrument or Observer
49- 52 A4 --- Filt Filter (1)
54- 58 F5.2 mag omag [15/22.6] Observed Magnitude in Filt (2)
60- 64 F5.2 mag e_omag [0/0.5]?=99.99 Uncertainty in omag (2)
67- 71 F5.1 mag ABMag [-16.2/-8.8] Absolute magnitude corrected
for Galactic extinction only
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): AB magnitudes for ugrizy, Vega magnitudes for VRJHKs. Unfiltered
mags calibrated to R on the Vega scale.
Note (2): In case of upper limits, the upper limit is given in the omag
column, while e_omag is set to 99.99.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- SPIRITS SPIRITS name
15- 27 A13 "Y:M:D" Date Date of observation (UT)
29- 35 F7.1 d MJD [57095.1/58242.4] Modified Julian Date
37- 41 F5.1 d Phase [9.3/394.2] Phase
43- 62 A20 --- Tel Telescope/Instrument
64- 74 A11 0.1nm Range Wavelength range in Å
76- 83 A8 --- Res Resolution
85- 91 A7 s Exp Integration time
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig[34].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- SPIRITS SPIRITS name
16- 34 A19 --- Tel/inst Telescope and Instrument
37- 48 A12 "Y/M/D" Date UT date or lower range of date of
observation
49 A1 --- --- [_]
50- 61 A12 "Y/M/D" Date2 Upper range of UT date of observation
(only for fig4)
64- 73 F10.4 0.1nm lambda Wavelength (observer frame) in Å
76- 87 E12.5 cW/m2/nm Flam ? Flux density (observer frame)
in erg/s/cm2/Å
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 01-Apr-2021