J/ApJ/897/L10 Disturbance storm time index; 1903 Sun outburst (Hayakawa+, 2020)
The extreme space weather event in 1903 October/November: An outburst from the
quiet Sun.
Hayakawa H., Ribeiro P., Vaquero J.M., Gallego M.C., Knipp D.J.,
Mekhaldi F., Bhaskar A., Oliveira D.M., Notsu Y., Carrasco V.M.S.,
Caccavari A., Veenadhari B., Mukherjee S., Ebihara Y.
<Astrophys. J., 897, L10 (2020)>
=2020ApJ...897L..10H 2020ApJ...897L..10H
ADC_Keywords: Solar system; Sun; Stars, flare; Magnetic fields
Keywords: Solar-terrestrial interactions ; Solar coronal mass ejections ;
Solar flares ; Sunspots ; Geomagnetic fields ; Solar storm
Abstract:
While the Sun is generally more eruptive during its maximum and
declining phases, observational evidence shows certain cases of
powerful solar eruptions during the quiet phase of solar activity.
Occurring in the weak Solar Cycle 14 just after its minimum, the
extreme space weather event in 1903 October-November is one of these
cases. Here, we reconstruct the time series of geomagnetic activity
based on contemporary observational records. With the mid-latitude
magnetograms, the 1903 magnetic storm is thought to be caused by a
fast coronal mass ejection (∼1500km/s) and is regarded as a superstorm
with an estimated minimum of the equivalent disturbance storm time
index (Dst') of ~-531nT. The reconstructed time series has been
compared with the equatorward extension of auroral oval (∼44.1 in
invariant latitude) and the time series of telegraphic disturbances.
This case study shows that potential threats posed by extreme space
weather events exist even during weak solar cycles or near their
minima.
Description:
We aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the extreme storm of 1903
October 31. The related interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME)
hit the magnetosphere ∼28hr after the main flare, with the shock being
recorded in the magnetograms of Coimbra and Colaba as a strong SSC
around 5:30 GMT on October 31. In addition, the interplanetary
magnetic field (IMF) was strongly southward as suggested by the great
storm recorded by magnetograms of four observatories at mid-MLATs
(Coimbra in Portugal, Cuajimalpa in Mexico, Colaba in India, and
Zi-ka-wei in China); their coordinates can be found in table1. On this
basis, an alternative Dst' time series has been reconstructed for the
1903 storm.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 70 4 Reference stations used in this article
fig4.dat 82 64 Hourly D0(t)/cosλ of four reference stations
and the Dst' reconstructed time series
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See also:
B/planets : VizieR Solar system catalogues (CDS & ObsParis, 2018-)
J/ApJ/747/L41 : Solar flares probabilities (Bloomfield+, 2012)
J/ApJ/752/126 : Modeling the magnetic field in solar corona (Yamamoto+, 2012)
J/ApJ/757/94 : Solar flares observed with GOES and AIA (Aschwanden, 2012)
J/ApJ/774/L27 : Solar flares predictors (Yang+, 2013)
J/A+A/562/L10 : Solar activity reconstructed for 3 millennia (Usoskin+, 2014)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 16 A16 --- Obs Observatory
18- 23 A6 deg LAT Geographic latitude
25- 31 A7 deg LON Geographic longitude
33- 37 A5 deg MLAT Magnetique latitude
39- 47 A9 deg MLON Magnetique longitude
49- 56 A8 --- dT Time difference with GMT
58- 60 I3 --- Range [570/777] Maximum ΔH range (1)
62- 70 A9 --- Ref References (2)
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Note (1): The maximum range is shown in spot value with latitudinal weighting.
Note (2): References as follows:
R16 = Ribeiro+, 2016SpWea..14..464R 2016SpWea..14..464R
WDC-Kyoto = World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto
UNAM = Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Z06 = Zi-Ka-Wei 1906 Observatoire magnetique et meteorologique,
Chang-hai impremerie de la mission catholique Vol. 29
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 "month" Obs.M Observation date, month
4- 5 I2 d Obs.D Observation date, day
7- 10 I4 yr Obs.Y Observation date, year
12- 13 I2 h Hour Hour of observation, GMT
15- 21 F7.2 nT D0RawCOI [-348/80]? Disturbance, Coimbra, ΔH
23- 29 F7.2 nT D0RawCLA [-564/72.3]? Disturbance, Colaba, ΔH
31- 37 F7.2 nT D0RawCUA [-439/-1.55]? Disturbance, Cuajimalpa, ΔH
39- 45 F7.2 nT D0RawZKW [-554/44.1]? Disturbance, Zi-ka-wei, ΔH
47- 53 F7.2 nT D0CorCOI [-492/114]? Disturbance, Coimbra, ΔH with
latitude-correction
55- 61 F7.2 nT D0CorCLA [-572/73.4]? Disturbance, Colaba, ΔH with
latitude-correction
63- 69 F7.2 nT D0CorCUA [-509/-1.79]? Disturbance, Cuajimalpa, ΔH
with latitude-correction
71- 77 F7.2 nT D0CorZKW [-590/47]? Disturbance, Zi-ka-wei, ΔH with
latitude-correction
79- 82 I4 nT Dst [-531/26] Reconstructed Disturbance storm time
estimate
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 06-Oct-2021