J/ApJ/904/155 gri photometry for 32 kilonovae with ZTF (Andreoni+, 2020)
Constraining the Kilonova Rate with Zwicky Transient Facility Searches
Independent of Gravitational Wave and Short Gamma-Ray Burst Triggers.
Andreoni I., Kool E.C., Carracedo A.S., Kasliwal M.M., Bulla M., Ahumada T.,
Coughlin M.W., Anand S., Sollerman J., Goobar A., Kaplan D.L.,
Loveridge T.T., Karambelkar V., Cooke J., Bagdasaryan A., Bellm E.C.,
Cenko S.B., Cook D.O., De K., Dekany R., Delacroix A., Drake A., Duev D.A.,
Fremling C., Golkhou V.Z., Graham M.J., Hale D., Kulkarni S.R., Kupfer T.,
Laher R.R., Mahabal A.A., Masci F.J., Rusholme B., Smith R.M.,
Tzanidakis A., Van Sistine A., Yao Y.
<Astrophys. J., 904, 155 (2020)>
=2020ApJ...904..155A 2020ApJ...904..155A
ADC_Keywords: Stars, neutron; Novae; Photometry, VRI
Keywords: Neutron stars ; Compact objects ; Gravitational wave sources ;
Transient sources ; Surveys ; R-process ; Optical observation ;
Optical bursts ; Gamma-ray bursts ; Cataclysmic variable stars ;
Gravitational wave astronomy
Abstract:
The first binary neutron star merger, GW170817, was accompanied by a
radioactivity-powered optical/infrared transient called a kilonova. To
date, no compelling kilonova has been found in all-sky optical
surveys, independently of short gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave
triggers. In this work, we searched the first 23 months of the Zwicky
Transient Facility (ZTF) data stream for candidate kilonovae in the
form of rapidly evolving transients. We combined ZTF alert queries
with forced point-spread-function photometry and nightly flux stacking
to increase our sensitivity to faint and fast transients. Automatic
queries yielded >11200 candidates, 24 of which passed quality checks
and selection criteria based on a grid of kilonova models tailored for
both binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole mergers. None of
the candidates in our sample was deemed a possible kilonova after
thorough vetting. The sources that passed our selection criteria are
dominated by Galactic cataclysmic variables. We identified two fast
transients at high Galactic latitude, one of which is the confirmed
afterglow of long-duration GRB190106A, the other is a possible
cosmological afterglow. Using a survey simulation code, we constrained
the kilonova rate for a range of models including top-hat, linearly
decaying light curves, and synthetic light curves obtained with
radiative transfer simulations. For prototypical GW170817-like
kilonovae, we constrain the rate to be R<1775/Gpc3/yr (95%
confidence). By assuming a population of kilonovae with the same
geometry and composition of GW170817 observed under a uniform viewing
angle distribution, we obtained a constraint on the rate of
R<4029/Gpc3/yr.
Description:
We use the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) at Palomar Observatory,
which surveys the northern sky primarily in g and r band (i band being
occasionally used for specific projects) with an instantaneous field
of view of 47deg2, a pixel scale of 1"/pixel, and a typical limiting
magnitude of 20.5 in 30s exposure time, to search for serendipitous
kilonovae (KNe).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 110 24 *Candidates that passed our selection criteria
fig5.dat 45 2932 Forced photometry light curves of candidates
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Note on table1.dat : See section 2.3 of the article
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See also:
VII/281 : GLADE v2.3 catalog (Dalya+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/437/968 : AGN automatic photometric classification (Cavuoti+, 2014)
J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/450/3893 : SDSS DR10 catalogue of candidate quasars (Brescia+, 2015)
J/ApJ/848/L29 : Opt. follow-up of GW170817 counterpart (Diaz+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/471/4966 : ASAS-SN bright supernova catalogue 2016 (Holoien+, 2017)
J/ApJ/884/L55 : Opt. follow-up of galaxies S190814bv region (Gomez+, 2019)
J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)
J/ApJ/890/131 : Follow-up candidate counterparts of S190814bv (Andreoni+, 2020)
J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID Candidate identifier
14 A1 --- f_ID Flag on ID (1)
16- 24 F9.5 deg RAdeg [16/343] Degree of right ascension (J2000)
26- 34 F9.5 deg DEdeg [-17.7/65.1] Degree of declination (J2000)
36- 40 F5.1 deg GLAT [-58.5/65.7] Galactic latitude
42 A1 --- l_Dist Limit flag on Dist
44- 48 F5.2 arcsec Dist [1.5/23.7]? Distance to the closest source
50- 53 F4.2 --- score [0/0.49]? Star/galaxy classification score
55 I1 --- CLU? [0/1] Possible crossmatch with CLU galaxies ?
57-110 A54 --- Note Additional note
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Note (1): Flags as follows:
a = Within 100kpc from a galaxy <10Mpc away
b = Found in both all-sky and galaxy-targeted searches
c = Found only in galaxy-targeted search
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID Candidate identifier
14- 26 F13.5 d JD [2458272/2458913] Julian Date of observation
28- 28 A1 --- Filt [gri] Filter used
30- 34 F5.2 mag mag [15.4/21.7]? Apparent magnitude in Filter
36- 40 F5.2 mag e_mag [0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in mag
42- 45 F4.1 mag lmag [16.1/22.3]? Limiting magnitude
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 15-Mar-2022