J/ApJ/909/56 A galaxy sample with CO(2-1) and CO(5-4) detections (Liu+, 2021)
CO excitation, molecular gas density, and interstellar radiation field in local
and high-redshift galaxies.
Liu D., Daddi E., Schinnerer E., Saito T., Leroy A., Silverman J.D.,
Valentino F., Magdis G.E., Gao Yu, Jin S., Puglisi A., Groves B.
<Astrophys. J., 909, 56 (2021)>
=2021ApJ...909...56L 2021ApJ...909...56L
ADC_Keywords: Carbon monoxide; Galaxies, IR; Molecular data; Redshifts
Keywords: Interstellar medium ; Star formation ; Molecular gas ;
Starburst galaxies ; Spiral galaxies
Abstract:
We study the carbon monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas
density, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a
comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift
(z∼0-6), selected based on detections of their CO transitions J=2-1
and 5-4 and their optical/infrared/(sub)millimeter spectral energy
distributions (SEDs). We confirm the existence of a tight correlation
between CO excitation as traced by the CO (5-4)/(2-1) line ratio R52
and the mean ISRF intensity as derived from infrared SED fitting
using dust SED templates. By modeling the molecular gas density
probability distribution function (PDF) in galaxies and predicting CO
line ratios with large velocity gradient radiative transfer
calculations, we present a framework linking global CO line ratios to
the mean molecular hydrogen gas density <nH2> and kinetic
temperature Tkin. Mapping in this way observed R52 ratios to <nH2>
Tkin probability distributions, we obtain positive -<nH2> and
-Tkin correlations, which imply a scenario in which the ISRF in
galaxies is mainly regulated by Tkin and (nonlinearly) by <nH2>. A
small fraction of starburst galaxies showing enhanced <nH2> could be
due to merger-driven compaction. Our work demonstrates that ISRF and
CO excitation are tightly coupled and that density-PDF modeling is a
promising tool for probing detailed ISM properties inside galaxies.
Description:
In this work, we study the CO excitation, molecular gas density, and
interstellar radiation field (ISRF) in a large sample of 76 (unlensed)
galaxies from local to high redshift. The sample is selected from a
large compilation of local and high-redshift CO observations from the
literature, where we require galaxies to have both CO (2-1) and CO
(5-4) detections, together with well-sampled dust SEDs. This also
includes CO (5-4) observations newly presented here, from the
Institute de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) Plateau de Bure
Interferometer (PdBI) for six starburst (SB) type galaxies at z∼1.6 in
the COSMOS field, which have Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter
Array (ALMA) CO (2-1) from Silverman+ (2015ApJ...812L..23S 2015ApJ...812L..23S).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 122 76 Sample of galaxies used in this work with measured
and derived physical properties
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/295/585 : CO observations in NGC 1365 (Sandqvist+, 1995)
J/ApJ/554/803 : New VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) Cat of IRAS 2Jy Gal. (Yun+ 2001)
J/ApJ/622/772 : Redshift survey of submillimeter galaxies (Chapman+, 2005)
J/ApJS/178/280 : Compendium of ISO far-IR extragalactic data (Brauher+, 2008)
J/AJ/136/2782 : Star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies (Leroy+, 2008)
J/ApJ/703/736 : Clump properties in the LMC 30 Dor region (Pineda+, 2009)
J/A+A/522/A3 : M33 CO(2-1) & HI integrated intensity maps (Gratier+, 2010)
J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)
J/A+A/532/A90 : PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP-DR1) catalogs (Lutz+, 2011)
J/ApJS/197/16 : CO obs. of LMC molecular clouds (MAGMA). (Wong+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/414/940 : ATLAS3D project. IV. (Young+, 2011)
J/ApJ/745/95 : Herschel FIR & submm phot. of KINGFISH sample (Dale+, 2012)
J/A+A/544/A156 : UltraVISTA Catalogue Release DR1 (McCracken+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/426/2601 : CO lines in luminous IR galaxies (Papadopoulos+, 2012)
J/A+A/556/A55 : Multi-color phot. of star-forming galaxies (Ilbert+, 2013)
J/ApJ/777/18 : Stellar mass functions of galaxies to z=4 (Muzzin+, 2013)
J/ApJS/212/18 : An atlas of UV-to-MIR galaxy SEDs (Brown+, 2014)
J/A+A/565/A128 : Dust SED in HRS nearby galaxies (Ciesla+, 2014)
J/A+A/566/A45 : Orion opt.-depth and column-density maps (Lombardi+, 2014)
J/A+A/568/A90 : Herschel/SPIRE spectra in Arp 299 (Rosenberg+, 2014)
J/ApJS/214/24 : 3D-HST+CANDELS catalog (Skelton+, 2014)
J/ApJS/219/8 : SFR for WISE + SDSS spectroscopic galaxies (Chang+, 2015)
J/ApJ/806/110 : ALESS survey: SMGs in the ECDF-S data (da Cunha+, 2015)
J/A+A/582/A121 : Dust properties in galaxies (Remy-Ruyer+, 2015)
J/ApJS/220/12 : FMOS-COSMOS survey III. 0.7<z<2.5 gal. (Silverman+, 2015)
J/ApJ/829/93 : CO, [CI] & [NII] lines from Herschel sp. (Kamenetzky+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)
J/ApJS/229/25 : GOALS sample PACS and SPIRE fluxes (Chu+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/465/1789 : SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (Geach+, 2017)
J/ApJ/835/217 : Density distributions for mm-wave line ratios (Leroy+, 2017)
J/ApJS/230/1 : Herschel 194-671um survey of GOALS LIRGs (Lu+, 2017)
J/ApJ/839/58 : ALMA submm galaxies multi-wavelength data (Simpson+, 2017)
J/A+A/608/A144 : Strongly lensed submm galaxies CO spectra (Yang+, 2017)
J/A+A/609/A37 : Nearby galaxies multiwavelength photometry (Clark+, 2018)
J/ApJ/853/172 : "Super-deblended" dust emission in galaxies. I. (Liu+, 2018)
J/A+A/609/A30 : Monochromatic conv. factors to LIR, Mdust (Schreiber+, 2018)
J/ApJ/860/172 : Cloud-scale mol. gas properties in 15 galaxies (Sun+, 2018)
J/ApJ/872/16 : Integrated star formation law. I. (de los Reyes+, 2019)
J/A+A/628/A71 : CO spectra of 55 LIRGs and ULIRGs (Herrero-Illana+, 2019)
J/ApJS/244/40 : A3COSMOS. I. ALMA continuum photometry catalogs (Liu+, 2019)
J/ApJ/882/5 : ALMA data for 5 luminous & UL IR gal. (Wilson+, 2019)
J/ApJ/892/148 : Molecular ISM in nearby star-forming galaxies (Sun+, 2020)
J/A+A/641/A155 : CO+[CI] emission in distant galaxies (Valentino+, 2020)
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3958271 : SED fitting figures and full tables
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Name Galaxy name
18- 31 A14 --- Set Subsample (1)
33- 40 F8.5 --- z [-0.00078/6.4] Redshift
42- 44 F3.1 --- R52 [0/6] CO (5-4)/(2-1) line ratio
46- 48 F3.1 --- e_R52 [0.1/3.4] R52 uncertainty
50- 52 F3.1 [cm-3] lognH2 [2/5]? Log of volume density, nH2
54- 56 F3.1 [cm-3] e_lognH2 [0.1/1.4]? lognH2 uncertainty
58- 62 F5.1 --- Umean [1/120.2] Mean ISRF intensity, (2)
64- 67 F4.1 --- e_Umean [0/85] Lower uncertainty on Umean
69- 73 F5.1 --- E_Umean [0/155.1] Upper uncertainty on Umean
75- 78 F4.1 [Lsun] logLIR [9.5/13.7] Log of IR luminosity
80- 82 F3.1 [Lsun] e_logLIR [0/0.1] Lower uncertainty on logLIR
84- 86 F3.1 [Lsun] E_logLIR [0/0.1] Upper uncertainty on logLIR
88- 91 F4.1 [Msun] logM [9/12] Log of stellar mass
93- 95 F3.1 [Msun] e_logM [0/1.5] Lower uncertainty on logM
97- 99 F3.1 [Msun] E_logM [0/1.1] Upper uncertainty on logM
101- 104 A4 --- Ref54 Reference for CO (5-4) (3)
106- 122 A17 --- Ref21 Reference for CO (2-1) (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Subsample as follows:
local (U)LIRG = local (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies with IR luminosity
LIR≥1011L☉ (22 occurrences)
local SFG = local star-forming galaxies (16 occurrences)
high-z SB V20 = high-redshift SB galaxies from
Valentino+ (2020A&A...641A.155V 2020A&A...641A.155V), with SFR greater than 4x
the MS SFR (16 occurrences)
high-z MS V20 = high-redshift MS galaxies from
Valentino+ (2020A&A...641A.155V 2020A&A...641A.155V), with SFR within 4x
the MS SFR (8 occurrences)
high-z SB FMOS = redshift z∼1.5 SB galaxies from the FMOS-COSMOS survey
(Silverman+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/12), where CO (2-1) data are
from Silverman+ (2015ApJ...812L..23S 2015ApJ...812L..23S) and CO (5-4) data are
newly presented in this work (6 occurrences)
high-z SB SMG = z∼2-6 starbursty, (sub)millimeter-selected galaxies,
including GN20 (Daddi+ 2009ApJ...694.1517D 2009ApJ...694.1517D and
Carilli+ 2010ApJ...714.1407C 2010ApJ...714.1407C), AzTEC-3
(Riechers+ 2010ApJ...720L.131R 2010ApJ...720L.131R), COSBO-11
(Aravena+ 2008A&A...491..173A 2008A&A...491..173A), and HFLS3
(Riechers+ 2013Natur.496..329R 2013Natur.496..329R) (4 occurrences)
high-z MS BzK = z∼1.5 MS galaxies from Daddi+ (2008ApJ...673L..21D 2008ApJ...673L..21D ;
2010ApJ...713..686D 2010ApJ...713..686D and 2015A&A...577A..46D 2015A&A...577A..46D), selected using
BzK color criterion (Daddi+ 2004ApJ...617..746D 2004ApJ...617..746D) and
representing high-redshift massive star-forming disks
(4 occurrences)
Note (2): We use the definition according to
Draine & Li (2007ApJ...657..810D 2007ApJ...657..810D ; Equation (33)) and use only the
star-forming dust components without the contribution of AGN torus.
See Section 2.5.
Note (3): Reference as follows:
THIS = this work (see Appendix A)
L15 = Liu et al. (2018ApJ...853..172L 2018ApJ...853..172L)
P14 = Papadopoulos et al. (2014ApJ...788..153P 2014ApJ...788..153P)
K14 = Kamenetzky et al. (2014ApJ...795..174K 2014ApJ...795..174K)
G09 = Greve et al. (2009ApJ...692.1432G 2009ApJ...692.1432G)
E90 = Eckart et al. (1990ApJ...363..451E 1990ApJ...363..451E)
I14 = Israel et al. (2014A&A...562A..96I 2014A&A...562A..96I)
B08 = Baan et al. (2008A&A...477..747B 2008A&A...477..747B)
W08 = Wilson et al. (2008ApJS..178..189W 2008ApJS..178..189W)
P12 = Papadopoulos et al. (2012MNRAS.426.2601P 2012MNRAS.426.2601P)
G93 = Garay et al. (1993A&A...277..405G 1993A&A...277..405G)
L09 = Leroy et al. (2009AJ....137.4670L 2009AJ....137.4670L)
B06 = Bayet et al. (2006A&A...460..467B 2006A&A...460..467B)
A07 = Albrecht et al. (2007A&A...462..575A 2007A&A...462..575A)
H99 = Harrison et al. (1999MNRAS.303..157H 1999MNRAS.303..157H)
B92 = Braine & Combes (1992A&A...264..433B 1992A&A...264..433B)
K11 = Kamenetzky et al. (2011ApJ...731...83K 2011ApJ...731...83K)
A11 = Alatalo et al. (2011ApJ...735...88A 2011ApJ...735...88A)
Y11 = Young et al. (2011MNRAS.414..940Y 2011MNRAS.414..940Y)
S95 = Sandqvist et al. (1995A&A...295..585S 1995A&A...295..585S)
A95 = Aalto et al. (1995A&A...300..369A 1995A&A...300..369A)
W04 = Wang et al. (2004A&A...422..883W 2004A&A...422..883W)
K16 = Kamenetzky et al. (2016ApJ...829...93K 2016ApJ...829...93K)
D15 = Daddi et al. (2015A&A...577A..46D 2015A&A...577A..46D)
M12 = Magnelli et al. (2012A&A...548A..22M 2012A&A...548A..22M)
D09 = Daddi et al. (2009ApJ...694.1517D 2009ApJ...694.1517D)
W12 = Walter et al. (2012Natur.486..233W 2012Natur.486..233W)
C10 = Carilli et al. (2010ApJ...714.1407C 2010ApJ...714.1407C)
R10 = Riechers et al. (2010ApJ...720L.131R 2010ApJ...720L.131R)
A08 = Aravena et al. (2008A&A...491..173A 2008A&A...491..173A)
R13 = Riechers et al. (2013Natur.496..329R 2013Natur.496..329R)
S15 = Silverman et al. (2015ApJ...812L..23S 2015ApJ...812L..23S)
V20 = Valentino et al. (2020A&A...641A.155V 2020A&A...641A.155V)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 08-Aug-2022