J/ApJ/929/60 K-band & smm light curves of the protostar HOPS 373 (Yoon+, 2022)
Dissecting the different components of the modest accretion bursts of the very
young protostar HOPS 373
Yoon S.-Y., Herczeg G.J., Lee J.-E., Lee H.-G., Johnstone D., Varricatt W.,
Tobin J.J., Contreras Pena C., Mairs S., Hodapp K., Manoj P., Osorio M.,
Megeath S.T., the JCMT Transient Team
<Astrophys. J. 929, 60 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...929...60Y 2022ApJ...929...60Y (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared; Photometry, millimetric/submm; YSOs
Keywords: Stellar jets; Variable stars; Stellar accretion disks;
Submillimeter astronomy; Protostars
Abstract:
Observed changes in protostellar brightness can be complicated to
interpret. In our James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Transient
Monitoring Survey, we discovered that a young binary protostar,
HOPS373, is undergoing a modest 30% brightness increase at 850um,
caused by a factor of 1.8-3.3 enhancement in the accretion rate. The
initial burst occurred over a few months, with a sharp rise and then a
shallower decay. A second rise occurred soon after the decay, and the
source is still bright one year later. The mid-IR emission, the
small-scale CO outflow mapped with ALMA, and the location of variable
maser emission indicate that the variability is associated with the SW
component. The near-IR and NEOWISE W1 and W2 emission is located along
the blueshifted CO outflow, spatially offset by ∼3 to 4" from the SW
component. The K-band emission imaged by UKIRT shows a compact H2
emission source at the edge of the outflow, with a tail tracing the
outflow back to the source. The W1 emission, likely dominated by
scattered light, brightens by 0.7mag, consistent with expectations
based on the submillimeter light curve. The signal of continuum
variability in K band and W2 is masked by stable H2 emission, as
seen in our Gemini/GNIRS spectrum, and perhaps by CO emission. These
differences in emission sources complicate IR searches for variability
of the youngest protostars.
Description:
The JCMT Transient Survey (Herczeg+ 2017ApJ...849...43H 2017ApJ...849...43H) has been
using SCUBA-2 on the JCMT to monitor emission at 450 and 850um from
eight regions every month, including NGC 2068, beginning in 2015-Dec.
We also include an earlier data point from the JCMT-Gould Belt Survey
(Kirk+ 2016, J/ApJ/817/167) obtained from 2014 November 16-22,
reported and reanalyzed by Mairs+ (2017ApJ...849..107M 2017ApJ...849..107M).
See Section 2.1.
HOPS 373 has been observed in March and September each year from
2014-2020 by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)/NEOWISE,
Spitzer and Herschel. See Sections 2.2 and 2.3.
We monitored HOPS 373 at near-IR wavelengths using the Wide Field
Camera (WFCAM) on the 3.8m UKIRT telescope from 2012 Feb to 2021 Mar.
The observations were obtained using the J, H, and K MKO filters
centered at 1.25, 1.65, and 2.2um, respectively, and in a narrow-band
filter centered at the wavelength of the H2 1-0 S(1) line at 2.1218um.
See Section 2.4.
We obtained a near-IR JHK spectrum of HOPS 373 using GNIRS on Gemini
North in fast-turnaround time, program GN-2020B-FT-110
(PI: Doug Johnstone) on 2020 October 3 (HJD=2459126.12).
See Section 2.5.
Observations toward HOPS 373 were conducted with the NSF's Karl G.
Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) located on the Plains of San Agustin in
central New Mexico, USA. In C band at a central frequency of 6GHz
(5cm) on 2015 October 6 (two executions) and on 2015 October 7, as
part of archival program 15A-369. We performed subsequent observations
on 2021 March 24 (program 21A-409) and 2021 May 15 (program 21A-423).
D-configuration observations were conducted in K band (22GHz) on
2015-Oct-17 and 2015-Nov-21 as part of program 15B-229. On 2021-Apr-5,
we acquired additional D-configuration observations (program 21A-409).
Observations were conducted in C configuration at Ka band (33GHz) on
2016 January 30 as part of program 16A-197 and again on 2021 April 7
in D configuration (program 21A-409).
See Section 2.6.
The analysis of HOPS 373 makes use of data from standalone
observations with the Atacama Compact Array (ACA) and the ALMA 12m
array. The Atacama Compact Array (ACA) and Total Power (TP) antennas
conducted the Band 6 (1.33mm) observation toward HOPS 373 on
2019-Mar-21 as a part of program (2018.1.01565.S; PI: Tom Megeath).
The observations of HOPS 373 with the 12m array were conducted as
part of program 2015.1.00041.S (PI: John J. Tobin) and were carried
out in Band 7 (0.89mm) on 2016-Sep-3 and 4, and on 2017-Jul-19.
See Section 2.7.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------
05 46 30.64 +00 02 34.9 HOPS 373 = TIC 176448100
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File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 34 114 *Selected UKIRT K-band photometry
table2.dat 19 58 Selected SCUBA-2 sub-mm peak brightness
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Note on table1.dat: There are two other K-band observations. The first was
on MJD=51093.310 from summed 2MASS data. It includes the bright
compact object and the tail. Its value is 15.22±0.16mag. The second
is summed VISTA data from MJD=55164.335. An Extended source extraction
with 5.7" diameter aperture from McMahon+ 2013Msngr.154...35M 2013Msngr.154...35M (see
II/367) was used. The K-band value was 15.037±0.029.
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See also:
II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
II/367 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR5 (McMahon+, 2020)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/A+A/372/L41 : NGC 2068/2071 protoclusters (Motte+, 2001)
J/ApJ/559/307 : Sub-mm mapping in Orion B molecular cloud (Johnstone+, 2001)
J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)
J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/404/661 : Young stellar outflows near-IR imaging (Varricatt+ 2010)
J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)
J/other/Nat/493.378 : LRL 54361 Spitzer light curves (Muzerolle+, 2013)
J/other/Nat/493.378 : LRL 54361 Spitzer light curves (Muzerolle+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/59 : Optical and mid-IR photometry of PTF 10nvg (Hillenbrand+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)
J/ApJ/789/L38 : LRLL54361 protostar Herschel/PACS fluxes (Balog+, 2014)
J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)
J/A+A/581/A140 : VISTA Orion mini-survey (Spezzi+, 2015)
J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
J/ApJ/817/167 : JCMT Gould Belt Survey: dense cores in Orion B (Kirk+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/465/3039 : Eruptive variable protostars from VVV EW (Contreras+, 2017)
J/ApJS/229/28 : SFiNCs: X-ray, IR and membership catalogs (Getman+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/472/2990 : Catalogue of eruptive YSOs and unusual stars (Lucas+, 2017)
J/ApJS/235/30 : Herschel-PACS legacy of low-mass protostars (Karska+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)
J/A+A/632/A101 : Extremely high-velocity jets in Serpens (Tychoniec+, 2019)
J/ApJ/889/148 : V346 Nor IJHKs photometry & IR spectra (Kospal+, 2020)
J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/495/3614 : IR and sub-mm variability in protostars (Contreras+, 2020)
J/ApJ/905/119 : HOPS: Herschel/PACS 70 and 160um obs. (Fischer+, 2020)
J/ApJ/920/132 : NEOWISE 6.5yr variability in YSOs (Park+, 2021)
J/AJ/162/191 : 2011-2021 calibrator observations of SCUBA-2 (Mairs+, 2021)
J/ApJ/921/110 : NIR sp. of Class 0 protostars in Perseus & Orion (Laos+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 F9.3 d MJD [55984.3/59477.6] Modified Julian Date
11- 15 F5.2 mag Brt [15.46/15.74] Apparent K band magnitude of bright
compact object
17- 20 F4.2 mag e_Brt [0.01/0.03] Uncertainty in Brt
22- 26 F5.2 mag Tail [15.8/16.4] Apparent K band magnitude of tail
28- 31 F4.2 mag e_Tail [0.01/0.05] Uncertainty in Tail
33- 34 I2 s Texp [3/72] Exposure time
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 F9.3 d MJD [57382.49/59541.4] Modified Julian Date
11- 14 F4.2 Jy/beam Flux850 [1.17/1.6] SCUBA flux density at 850 microns (1)
16- 19 F4.2 Jy/beam Flux450 [4.2/6.7]? SCUBA flux density at 450 microns (1)
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Note (1): Error of 5% at 450 um and 2% at 850 um.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 06-Mar-2024