J/ApJ/932/77 ALCS: ALMA-Herschel study of 1.15mm sources (Sun+, 2022)
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: ALMA-Herschel joint study of lensed dusty
star-forming galaxies across z∼0.5-6.
Sun F., Egami E., Fujimoto S., Rawle T., Bauer F.E., Kohno K., Smail I.,
Perez-Gonzalez P.G., Ao Y., Chapman S.C., Combes F.,
Dessauges-Zavadsky M., Espada D., Gonzalez-Lopez J., Koekemoer A.M.,
Kokorev V., Lee M.M., Morokuma-Matsui K., Munoz Arancibia A.M., Oguri M.,
Pello R., Ueda Y., Uematsu R., Valentino F., Van der Werf P., Walth G.L.,
Zemcov M., Zitrin A.
<Astrophys. J., 932, 77 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...932...77S 2022ApJ...932...77S
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy; Millimetric/submm sources; Galaxies, IR;
Photometry, infrared; Gravitational lensing; Redshifts
Keywords: High-redshift galaxies ; Luminous infrared galaxies ;
Gravitational lensing ; Ultraluminous infrared galaxies ;
Galaxy evolution
Abstract:
We present an ALMA-Herschel joint analysis of sources detected by the
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS) at 1.15mm. Herschel/PACS and SPIRE
data at 100-500µm are deblended for 180 ALMA sources in 33 lensing
cluster fields that are detected either securely (141 sources; in our
main sample) or tentatively at S/N≥4 with cross-matched HST/Spitzer
counterparts, down to a delensed 1.15mm flux density of ∼0.02mJy. We
performed far-infrared spectral energy distribution modeling and
derived the physical properties of dusty star formation for
125 sources (109 independently) that are detected at >2σ in at
least one Herschel band. A total of 27 secure ALCS sources are not
detected in any Herschel bands, including 17 optical/near-IR-dark
sources that likely reside at z=4.2±1.2. The 16th, 50th, and 84th
percentiles of the redshift distribution are 1.15, 2.08, and 3.59,
respectively, for ALCS sources in the main sample, suggesting an
increasing fraction of z∼1-2 galaxies among fainter millimeter sources
(f1150∼0.1mJy). With a median lensing magnification factor of
µ=2.6-0.8+2.6, ALCS sources in the main sample exhibit a median
intrinsic star formation rate of 94-54+84M☉/yr, lower than
that of conventional submillimeter galaxies at similar redshifts by a
factor of ∼3. Our study suggests weak or no redshift evolution of dust
temperature with LIR<1012L☉ galaxies within our sample at
z∼0-2. At LIR>1012L☉, the dust temperatures show no evolution
across z∼1-4 while being lower than those in the local universe. For
the highest-redshift source in our sample (z=6.07), we can rule out an
extreme dust temperature (>80K) that was reported for MACS0416 Y1 at
z=8.31.
Description:
All of the sources in this work are selected with the ALMA Lensing
Cluster Survey (ALCS), which is detailed in
Fujimoto+ (2024ApJS..275...36F 2024ApJS..275...36F).
ALMA Band 6 observations for the 33 clusters were conducted through
Program 2018.1.00035.L (ALCS; PI: Kohno), and we also combined
archival data from Programs 2013.1.00999.S and 2015.1.01425.S (ALMA
Frontier Fields; PI: Bauer; Gonzalez-Lopez+ 2017, J/A+A/597/A41).
The observations were obtained at a central wavelength of 1.15mm with
a 15GHz total bandwidth (i.e., two tunings of dual polarization:
250.0-257.5GHz and 265.0-272.5GHz).
See Section 2.1.
Eighteen out of the 33 clusters were imaged with Herschel/PACS at both
100 and 160um, and two clusters were also observed with PACS at 70um
(M1149 and AS1063). A total of 16 out of the 18 clusters were observed
by PACS as part of the Herschel Lensing Survey (HLS), which combines
an Open-Time Key Program (KPOT; program ID: KPOTeegami1; nine
clusters) and an Open-Time Cycle 2 (OT2; program ID: OT2eegami5;
seven clusters) Program (both PI: Egami). The remaining two clusters,
namely, A370 and RX J1347-1145, were observed as part of the PACS
Evolutionary Probe (PEP; program ID: KPGTdlutz1, PI: Lutz;
Lutz+ 2011, J/A+A/532/A90). See Section 2.2.
The Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) on Herschel
worked simultaneously at 250, 350, and 500um. All 33 clusters were
imaged with SPIRE in two observing modes with different depths. The
18 clusters also observed with PACS were scanned with SPIRE in the
"deep" mode down to confusion-limited depths (RMSmap∼6mJy/beam at
250um; measured as the noise of sky background after sources being
filtered out), and the remaining 15 clusters were observed in the
"snapshot" mode with a shorter scan duration and thus at shallower
depths (RMSmap∼11mJy/beam). See Section 2.3.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 124 33 Summary of Herschel observations for 33 ALCS
galaxy cluster fields
tablec1.dat 113 180 Herschel photometry
tablec2.dat 104 125 MAGPHYS SED fitting results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
VII/4 : Abell and Zwicky Clusters of Galaxies (Abell+ 1974)
VII/110 : Rich Clusters of Galaxies (Abell+ 1989)
VIII/103 : Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (Oliver+, 2012)
VIII/95 : Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (Oliver+, 2012)
VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)
J/MNRAS/380/199 : SCUBA Half-Degree Extragalactic Survey. III (Ivison+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/395/1213 : Galaxies in the field of MACS J1206.2-0847 (Ebeling+, 2009)
J/ApJ/692/556 : Star forming galaxy templates (Rieke+, 2009)
J/ApJ/715/572 : GOALS UV and FIR properties (Howell+, 2010)
J/A+A/532/A90 : PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP-DR1) catalogs (Lutz+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/426/1845 : AzTEC survey of the SHADES fields. II. (Michalowski+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/25 : CLASH sources for MACS1149.6+2223 (Postman+, 2012)
J/ApJS/202/2 : VLA 1.4GHz observations of A370 and A2390 (Wold+, 2012)
J/ApJ/762/L30 : CLASH: MCS J0416.1-2403 lensing analysis (Zitrin+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/444/268 : HST Frontier Fields clusters (Richard+, 2014)
J/ApJ/783/84 : ALMA obs. in 107 galaxies at z=0.2-2.5 (Scoville+, 2014)
J/ApJ/788/125 : An ALMA survey of ECDFS submm galaxies (Simpson+, 2014)
J/ApJ/806/110 : ALESS survey: SMGs in the ECDF-S data (da Cunha+, 2015)
J/A+A/576/A33 : KINGFISH galaxy sample radial profile SED (Hunt+, 2015)
J/ApJ/812/114 : Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space. I. (Treu+, 2015)
J/ApJ/811/29 : GLASS. IV. Lensing cluster Abell 2744 (Wang+, 2015)
J/ApJ/801/44 : HST lensing analysis of the CLASH sample (Zitrin+, 2015)
J/ApJS/222/1 : Faint ALMA 1.2mm sources down to ∼0.02mJy (Fujimoto+, 2016)
J/ApJ/819/114 : Strong lensing mass modeling of 4 HFF cl. (Kawamata+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/459/1626 : HST Frontier Fields Herschel sources (Rawle+, 2016)
J/A+A/608/A15 : ALMA survey of submm galaxies in COSMOS (Brisbin+, 2017)
J/ApJ/846/32 : Herschel FIR spectra of GOALS galaxies (Diaz-Santos+, 2017)
J/ApJ/850/83 : DANCING-ALMA. I. submm/mm cont. sources (Fujimoto+, 2017)
J/A+A/597/A41 : ALMA Frontier Fields Survey. I. (Gonzalez-Lopez+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/470/95 : CLASH galaxies phot. redshifts in 25 ClG (Molino+, 2017)
J/ApJ/839/58 : ALMA submm galaxies multi-wavelength data (Simpson+, 2017)
J/A+A/608/A144 : Strongly lensed submm galaxies CO spectra (Yang+, 2017)
J/other/NatAs/2.76 : MACSJ1206.2-08474714 clumps photometry (Cava+, 2018)
J/ApJ/855/4 : Lyman break galaxies at z∼6-9 from HFF (Kawamata+, 2018)
J/A+A/609/A30 : Conversion factors to LIR & Mdust (Schreiber+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/14 : HFF-DeepSpace phot. cat. of 12 HFF fields (Shipley+, 2018)
J/ApJ/876/135 : 33 Optically faint galaxies (Alcalde Pampliega+, 2019)
J/A+A/632/A36 : Strong lensing models of 8 CLASH clusters (Caminha+, 2019)
J/ApJ/884/85 : RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (Coe+, 2019)
J/ApJS/244/40 : A3COSMOS. I. ALMA continuum photometry catalogs (Liu+, 2019)
J/ApJ/880/43 : S2COSMOS: SCUBA-2 submm sources in COSMOS (Simpson+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/487/4648 : ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 UKIDSS/UDS field (Stach+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/494/3828 : The SCUBA-2 CLS UDS field with ALMA (Dudzeviciute+, 2020)
J/A+A/643/A4 : ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. IR luminosity (Fudamoto+, 2020)
J/ApJ/889/80 : STUDIES. III. SCUBA-2 450um gal. with MIPS/VLA (Lim+, 2020)
J/ApJ/902/78 : ALMA 3mm new sp. redshifts for SPT galaxies (Reuter+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/495/3409 : SCUBA-2-COSMOS field sub-mm sources (Simpson+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/501/3926 : ALMA/NOEMA high-z star-forming galaxies (Birkin+, 2021)
J/ApJ/923/215 : MORA: ALMA 2mm survey (Casey+, 2021)
J/A+A/646/A83 : Massive lensing clusters MUSE observations (Richard+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Set Cluster set (1)
10- 27 A18 --- Cluster Cluster name
29- 34 A6 --- Group Group name of HST program
36- 37 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
39- 40 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
42- 45 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
47 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000)
48- 49 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
51- 52 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
54- 55 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
57- 63 A7 --- Cl Abbreviated identifier
65- 74 I10 --- PACS1 [1342187256/1342257455]? First Herschel/PACS
100/160um observation ID
76- 85 I10 --- PACS2 [1342187257/1342257456]? Second Herschel/PACS
100/160um observation ID
87- 90 F4.2 hr tObsP [4.28/5.47]? Total scan time of all PACS
observations
92-101 I10 --- SPIRE1 [1342188159/1342258408] First Herschel/SPIRE
250/350/500um observation ID
102-104 A3 --- SPIRE1e Range of observation IDs if any
106-115 I10 --- SPIRE2 [1342188159/1342259416] Second Herschel/SPIRE
250/350/500um observation ID
116-118 A3 --- SPIRE2e Range of observation IDs if any
120-124 I5 hr tObsS [169/12728] Total scan time of all SPIRE
observations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Set as follows:
HLS-deep = Clusters with Herschel/PACS data are considered as observed
in the "deep" mode (18 occurrences)
HLS-snap = Remaining clusters are considered as observed in the "snapshot"
mode (15 occurrences)
See Section 2.3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 A1 --- Sample Primary or Secondary Sample (G1)
3- 5 I3 --- Seq [1/180] Sequential identifier
7- 13 A7 --- Cl Galaxy cluster abbreviated identifier as
in Table 1
14- 16 A3 --- --- [-ID]
17- 19 I3 --- ID [2/398] Source identifier within Cl
21- 21 A1 --- f_ID Flag on object (2)
23- 24 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 27 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
29- 33 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
35- 35 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
36- 37 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
39- 40 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
42- 45 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
47- 50 F4.1 --- SNR [4/92] Signal-to-Noise Ratio, ALMA
52- 52 A1 --- f_SNR Flag on ALMA observation (3)
54- 54 A1 --- l_F100 Limit flag for F100
55- 59 F5.1 mJy F100 [0.6/234]? Herschel/PACS 100um flux
61- 63 F3.1 mJy e_F100 [0.3/3]? Uncertainty in F100
65- 65 A1 --- l_F160 Limit flag for F160
66- 70 F5.1 mJy F160 [0.9/244]? Herschel/PACS 160um flux
72- 74 F3.1 mJy e_F160 [0.7/6]? Uncertainty in F160
76- 76 A1 --- l_F250 Limit flag for F250
78- 82 F5.1 mJy F250 [3/180]? Herschel/SPIRE 250um flux
84- 87 F4.1 mJy e_F250 [0.6/23]? Uncertainty in F250
89- 89 A1 --- l_F350 Limit flag for F350
91- 95 F5.1 mJy F350 [3/126]? Herschel/SPIRE 350um flux
97-100 F4.1 mJy e_F350 [1/23]? Uncertainty in F350
102-102 A1 --- l_F500 Limit flag for F500
104-108 F5.1 mJy F500 [1.8/66]? Herschel/SPIRE 500um flux
110-113 F4.1 mJy e_F500 [1/12]? Uncertainty in F500
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Flag on sources as follows:
a = Herschel-faint sources with low significance of detection (S/N<2) in
all Herschel bands but secure detection (S/N≥5) at 1.15mm;
see Section 4.3.
b = Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in corresponding clusters.
M1931-ID42 was identified as the extended tail of the BCG M1931-ID41
(Fogarty+ 2019ApJ...879..103F 2019ApJ...879..103F).
Note (3): Flag on ALMA observation as follows:
d = Measured from 2-tapered ALMA maps instead of native-resolution maps
due to a higher significance of detection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Sample Primary or Secondary Sample (G1)
3- 5 I3 --- Seq [1/125] Sequential identifier
7- 13 A7 --- Cl Galaxy cluster abbreviated identifier as
in Table 1
14- 16 A3 --- --- [-ID]
17- 19 I3 --- ID [2/398] Source identifier within Cl
21- 24 F4.2 --- zbest [0.36/5.1] Best photometric redshift (2)
26- 29 F4.2 --- E_zbest [0.02/1.5]? Upper uncertainty in zFIR
31- 34 F4.2 --- e_zbest [0.02/1.2]? Lower uncertainty in zFIR
36- 39 F4.2 --- zFIR [0.4/4.3]? Far-IR photometric redshift (3)
41- 44 F4.2 --- E_zFIR [0.25/1.5]? Upper uncertainty in zFIR
46- 49 F4.2 --- e_zFIR [0.25/1.3]? Lower uncertainty in zFIR
51- 54 A4 --- r_zbest Reference for zbest (4)
56- 59 F4.1 --- mulens [0.7/74] Lensing magnification factor (5)
62- 63 I2 --- lensmod Adopted model for lensing magnification
(6)
66- 70 F5.2 [Lsun] logLIR [10.69/13.5] Log, IR luminosity,
Lsun/mulens (7)
72- 75 F4.2 [Lsun] e_logLIR [0.02/0.6] Uncertainty in logLIR
77- 80 F4.2 [Msun/yr] logSFR [0.4/3.5] Log, star formation rate,
Msun/yr/mulens (7)
82- 85 F4.2 [Msun/yr] e_logSFR [0.09/0.7] Uncertainty in logSFR
87- 90 F4.2 [Msun] logMdust [7/10] Log, dust mass, solar units,
Msun/mulens (7)
92- 95 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMdust [0.04/0.6] Uncertainty in logMdust
97- 100 F4.1 K Tdust [15.8/66]? dust temperature (8)
102- 104 F3.1 K e_Tdust [0.2/10]? Uncertainty in Tdust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Best redshifts. HST or far-IR photometric redshifts are presented as
the median of their likelihood distributions with 1σ confidence range.
Note (3): Far-IR photometric redshifts modeled with magphys+photo-z;
Battisti+ 2019ApJ...882...61B 2019ApJ...882...61B, see Section 4.1.
This column is left blank if zbest=zFIR.
Note (4): HST photometric redshifts are taken from
Molino+ (2017, J/MNRAS/470/95), Shipley+ (2018, J/ApJS/235/14) and
Coe+ (2019, J/ApJ/884/85) for sources detected in CLASH,
HFF and RELICS cluster fields, respectively.
References of spectroscopic redshifts as follows:
1 = CO spectroscopy, private communication from F. Bauer;
2 = GLASS and Laporte+ 2017ApJ...837L..21L 2017ApJ...837L..21L
3 = Wold+ (2012, J/ApJS/202/2)
4 = Soucail+ 1999A&A...343L..70S 1999A&A...343L..70S
5 = GLASS; Treu+ (2015, J/ApJ/812/114), Schmidt+ 2014ApJ...782L..36S 2014ApJ...782L..36S
6 = Caputi+ 2021ApJ...908..146C 2021ApJ...908..146C
7 = Gomez+ 2012AJ....144...79G 2012AJ....144...79G,
GLASS (Treu+ 2015, J/ApJ/812/114; Schmidt+ 2014ApJ...782L..36S 2014ApJ...782L..36S) and
Walth+ 2019ApJ...877....7W 2019ApJ...877....7W
8 = CO spectroscopy (ALCS; Fujimoto+ 2024ApJS..275...36F 2024ApJS..275...36F)
9 = CO spectroscopy (Kohno K. et al. 2022, in preparation);
10 = Ebeling+ 2017MNRAS.471.3305E 2017MNRAS.471.3305E
11 = Caminha+ (2019, J/A+A/632/A36)
12 = Cosmic Snake (e.g., Ebeling+ 2009, J/MNRAS/395/1213;
Biviano+ 2013A&A...558A...1B 2013A&A...558A...1B; Cava+ (2018, J/other/NatAs/2.76)
13 = Dessauges-Zavadsky+ 2017A&A...605A..81D 2017A&A...605A..81D
14 = Richard et al. (2021, J/A+A/646/A83)
15 = GLASS (Wang+ 2015, J/ApJ/811/29)
16 = Sand+ 2004ApJ...604...88S 2004ApJ...604...88S
17 = Biviano+ 2013A&A...558A...1B 2013A&A...558A...1B
Note (5): Lensing magnification factors are calculated based on the cluster
mass models and the best redshifts of sources (see Section 5.1, also for
the evaluation of uncertainty).
Note (6): Adopted models of lensing magnifications as follows:
1 = GLAFIC, Oguri (2010PASJ...62.1017O 2010PASJ...62.1017O)
2 = Zitrin NFW, Zitrin+ 2013ApJ...762L..30Z 2013ApJ...762L..30Z, 2015ApJ...801...44Z 2015ApJ...801...44Z
-1 = lensing models are not available (e.g., the sources are cluster
member galaxies, or out of HST footprint).
Note (7): These quantities, derived with magphys
(da Cunha+ 2008MNRAS.388.1595D 2008MNRAS.388.1595D, 2015ApJ...806..110D 2015ApJ...806..110D;
Battisti+ 2019ApJ...882...61B 2019ApJ...882...61B),
are not corrected for lensing magnification.
Note (8): Modeled with a modified blackbody (MBB) spectrum with fixed dust
emissivity at Β=1.8; Section 4.1.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Main sample (P): (S/Nnat≥5 or S/Ntap≥4.5) or
Secondary Sample (S): (S/Nnat=4-5 and S/Ntap<4.5)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 14-Mar-2025