J/ApJ/934/119 WISE-2MASS (W2M) quasars and red QSOs with sp. (Glikman+, 2022)
The WISE-2MASS survey: red quasars into the radio quiet regime.
Glikman E., Lacy M., LaMassa S., Bradley C., Djorgovski S.G., Urrutia T.,
Gates E.L., Graham M.J., Urry M., Yoon I.
<Astrophys. J., 934, 119 (2022)>
=2022ApJ...934..119G 2022ApJ...934..119G
ADC_Keywords: QSOs; Photometry, ugriz; Photometry, infrared; Redshifts;
Spectra, optical; Extinction; Surveys; Radio sources;
Magnitudes, absolute
Keywords: Quasars ; Radio loud quasars ; Radio quiet quasars ; Active galaxies ;
Surveys
Abstract:
We present a highly complete sample of broad-line (Type 1) QSOs out to
z∼3 selected by their mid-infrared colors, a method that is minimally
affected by dust reddening. We remove host-galaxy emission from the
spectra and fit for excess reddening in the residual QSOs, resulting
in a Gaussian distribution of colors for unreddened (blue) QSOs, with
a tail extending toward heavily reddened (red) QSOs, defined as having
E(B-V)>0.25. This radio-independent selection method enables us to
compare red and blue QSO radio properties in both the FIRST (1.4GHz)
and VLASS (2-4GHz) surveys. Consistent with recent results from
optically selected QSOs from SDSS, we find that red QSOs have a
significantly higher detection fraction and a higher fraction of
compact radio morphologies at both frequencies. We employ radio
stacking to investigate the median radio properties of the QSOs
including those that are undetected in FIRST and VLASS, finding that
red QSOs have significantly brighter radio emission and steeper radio
spectral slopes compared with blue QSOs. Finally, we find that the
incidence of red QSOs is strongly luminosity dependent, where red QSOs
make up >40% of all QSOs at the highest luminosities. Overall, red
QSOs comprise ∼40% of higher luminosity QSOs, dropping to only a few
percent at lower luminosities. Furthermore, red QSOs make up a larger
percentage of the radio-detected QSO population. We argue that dusty
AGN-driven winds are responsible for both the obscuration as well as
excess radio emission seen in red QSOs.
Description:
Our survey area covers an equatorial region overlapping the SDSS. Our
aim is to define a sample of luminous Type 1 QSOs in order to compare
the red and blue sub-populations with minimal reddening and radio
biases. We begin by selecting sources with WISE colors consistent with
QSO emission. We include all spectroscopically confirmed broad-line
QSOs from SDSS and identify red QSO candidates among the sources
lacking a spectrum in SDSS, selected by their optical through
near-infrared colors. We perform follow-up spectroscopy of all such
candidates and keep all broad-line QSOs to construct a complete sample
of QSOs that obey uniform mid-to-near-infrared selection criteria.
See Section 2.
The bulk of the QSOs in our sample comes from the SDSS DR9
spectroscopic catalog. To eliminate the Type 2 QSOs, we utilize the
ALPAKA catalog (Mullaney+ 2013MNRAS.433..622M 2013MNRAS.433..622M) which provides detailed
line analysis for 25670 AGN with spectra in SDSS DR7.
For 382 AGN without line analysis in ALPAKA, we batch-downloaded the
spectra via the SDSS DR15 Science Archive Server (SAS) web interface.
This adds 339 broad-line QSOs to the ALPAKA sample.
See Section 2.3.
We obtained spectroscopic classifications of all but four out of the
91 candidates in our sample (96% spectroscopic completeness). We also
obtained near-infrared spectra for QSOs whose SDSS spectrum revealed
strong reddening (Section 3) to broaden their wavelength coverage.
These observations were conducted over six observing runs at three
different telescope facilities. We used the SpeX spectrograph at the
NASA InfraRed Telescope Facility (IRTF), TripeSpec at the Palomar
Observatory's 200 inch Hale telescope, and TripleSpec on the 3.5m
telescope at the Apache Point Observatory.
We also obtained optical spectroscopy of 27 sources. Nine sources were
observed with the MODS1B Spectrograph on the Large Binocular Telescope
(LBT) observatory, with the red and blue arms simultaneously, with a
0.6"-wide slit on UT 2013 March 14, covering the wavelength range
3300-10100Å. We also obtained 18 optical spectra with the KAST
spectrograph at the Lick Observatory.
See Section 2.5.2.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 112 91 WISE-2MASS (W2M) red QSO candidates
table3.dat 127 1112 WISE-2MASS (W2M) quasars
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See also:
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
V/139 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 9 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2012)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
VIII/92 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 2014Dec17 (Helfand+ 2015)
V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)
I/356 : Gaia DR3 Part 2. Extra-galactic (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/AJ/112/407 : The FIRST bright QSO survey (Gregg+, 1996)
J/AJ/126/2579 : SDSS quasar catalog. II. DR1 (Schneider+, 2003)
J/ApJ/607/60 : FIRST-2MASS faint sources (Glikman+, 2004)
J/ApJS/166/470 : SDSS-Spitzer type I QSOs IR photometry (Richards+, 2006)
J/ApJ/667/673 : FIRST-2MASS red quasar survey (Glikman+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/186 : Opt. spectroscopy of 77 luminous AGNs and QSOs (Lacy+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/386/1605 : Luminous K-band selected QSOs from UKIDSS (Maddox+, 2008)
J/ApJ/698/1095 : The FIRST-2MASS red QSO survey. II. (Urrutia+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/405/2302 : Improved redshifts for SDSS quasar spectra (Hewett+, 2010)
J/ApJ/757/51 : FIRST-2MASS dust-reddened QSO spectra (Glikman+, 2012)
J/ApJS/199/3 : The quasars MMT-BOSS pilot survey (Ross+, 2012)
J/ApJ/772/26 : AGN with WISE. II. The NDWFS Bootes field (Assef+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/20 : Nine-year WMAP point source catalogs (Bennett+, 2013)
J/ApJ/778/127 : UKIDSS+FIRST+SDSS red QSOs candidates (Glikman+, 2013)
J/ApJ/812/66 : NIR spectra of 5 red quasars at 0.5<z<0.9 (Kim+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/464/3431 : Extremely red quasars in BOSS (Hamann+, 2017)
J/A+A/602/A1 : VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project (Smolcic+, 2017)
J/ApJS/234/23 : The WISE AGN candidates catalogs (Assef+, 2018)
J/ApJ/861/37 : Luminous WISE-selected QSOs in Stripe 82 (Glikman+, 2018)
J/ApJ/876/50 : X-ray & IR AGNs in Stripe 82 with eBOSS sp. (LaMassa+, 2019)
J/ApJS/255/30 : VLASS QL Ep.1 Catalog, CIRADA version (Gordon+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 A3 --- --- [W2M]
5- 23 A19 --- W2M Object name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
25- 29 F5.2 mag gmag [18/24] SDSS g band AB magnitude
31- 35 F5.2 mag rmag [16.9/22] SDSS r band AB magnitude
37- 41 F5.2 mag imag [16.4/21] SDSS i band AB magnitude
43- 47 F5.2 mag Jmag [14.29/18.1] 2MASS J band Vega magnitude
49- 53 F5.2 mag Ksmag [12.7/14.7] 2MASS Ks band Vega magnitude
55- 59 F5.2 mag W1mag [11.59/17.6] WISE W1 band Vega magnitude
61- 65 F5.2 mag W2mag [10.2/16.5] WISE W2 band Vega magnitude
67- 71 F5.2 mag W3mag [7.3/12.5] WISE W3 band Vega magnitude
73- 76 F4.2 mag W4mag [4.8/8.7] WISE W4 band Vega magnitude
78- 84 F7.3 --- zspec [0/2.6]?=999 Spectroscopic Redshift
86- 93 A8 --- OType Classification
95-108 A14 --- Source Source of Spectrum
110-112 A3 --- Ref Reference (1)
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Note (1): References as follows:
G07 = Glikman et al. 2007, Cat. J/ApJ/667/673
G12 = Glikman et al. 2012, Cat. J/ApJ/757/51
G18 = Glikman et al. 2018, Cat. J/ApJ/861/37
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [W2M]
5- 23 A19 --- W2M Object name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
25- 29 F5.2 mag gmag [14/24] SDSS g band AB magnitude
31- 35 F5.2 mag rmag [13.4/22] SDSS r band AB magnitude
37- 41 F5.2 mag imag [13.1/21] SDSS i band AB magnitude
43- 47 F5.2 mag Jmag [13.2/18.1] 2MASS or UKIDSS J band magnitude
(Vega)
49- 53 F5.2 mag Ksmag [11.6/14.7] 2MASS or UKIDSS Ks band magnitude
(Vega)
55- 59 F5.2 mag W1mag [10.1/14.8] WISE W1 band magnitude
61- 65 F5.2 mag W2mag [8.8/14] WISE W2 band magnitude
67- 71 F5.2 mag W3mag [5.98/11.3] WISE W3 band magnitude
73- 76 F4.2 mag W4mag [3.1/9.3] WISE W4 band magnitude
78- 84 F7.2 mJy Fpk [-999/5821]? FIRST peak flux density mJy (1)
86- 92 F7.2 mJy Vpk [-999/3424]? VLASS peak flux density mJy (1)
94- 98 F5.3 --- z [0.02/3.3] Redshift
100 A1 --- diag [TF] Did the source obeyed the diagonal color
selection criterion? (Section 2.4)
102- 108 A7 --- Class Source Classification ("red-QSO":
63 occurrences or "QSO": 1049 occurrences)
110- 113 F4.2 mag E(B-V) [0.25/1.5]? Extinction
115- 119 F5.1 mag K0Mag [-34.4/-22.2] Absolute de-reddened K-band
magnitude
121 A1 --- lsel [TF] Is the source is part of the
luminosity-matched subsample?
123- 127 F5.2 [10-7W] Lbol [43.4/49.2] Log of the bolometric luminosity,
erg/s (2)
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Note (1): Values of -999.0 in Fpk and Vpk indicate that the source was
outside the FIRST (or VLAAS) coverage area and thus not observed.
Note (2): W2M J141546.23+112943.5 and W2M J104222.11+164115.3 are
gravitationally-lensed quasars so the luminosities have not been
corrected for magnification and the sources are otherwise excluded from
the analysis.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 17-Jul-2024