J/ApJ/952/71 WOCS 89: RVs and Li abundances in open cluster M48 (Sun+, 2023)
WIYN Open Cluster Study
LXXXIX. M48 (NGC 2548) 2: lithium abundances in the 420Myr open cluster M48 from
giants through K dwarfs.
Sun Q., Deliyannis C.P., Steinhauer A., Anthony-Twarog B.J., Twarog B.A.
<Astrophys. J., 952, 71 (2023)>
=2023ApJ...952...71S 2023ApJ...952...71S
ADC_Keywords: Radial velocities; Stars, double and multiple; Clusters, open;
Abundances; Spectra, optical; Colors; Rotational velocities
Keywords: Stellar spectral lines ; Stellar spectral types ; Stellar abundances ;
Stellar evolution ; Open star clusters ; Stellar interiors ;
Stellar rotation
Abstract:
We consider WIYN/Hydra spectra of 329 photometric candidate members of
the 420Myr old open cluster M48 and report lithium detections or upper
limits for 234 members and likely members. The 171 single members
define a number of notable Li-mass trends, some delineated even more
clearly than in Hyades/Praesepe: the giants are consistent with
subgiant Li dilution and prior MS Li depletion due to rotational
mixing. A dwarfs (8600-7700K) have upper limits higher than the
presumed initial cluster Li abundance. Two of five late A dwarfs
(7700-7200K) are Li-rich, possibly due to diffusion, planetesimal
accretion, and/or engulfment of hydrogen-poor planets. Early F dwarfs
already show evidence of Li depletion seen in older clusters. The
Li-Teff trends of the Li Dip (6675-6200K), Li Plateau (6200-6000K),
and G and K dwarfs (6000-4000K) are very clearly delineated and are
intermediate to those of the 120Myr old Pleiades and 650Myr old
Hyades/Praesepe, which suggests a sequence of Li depletion with age.
The cool side of the Li Dip is especially well defined with little
scatter. The Li-Teff trend is very tight in the Li Plateau and early
G dwarfs, but scatter increases gradually for cooler dwarfs. These
patterns support and constrain models of the universally dominant
Li depletion mechanism for FGK dwarfs, namely rotational mixing due
to angular momentum loss; we discuss how diffusion and
gravity-wave-driven mixing may also play roles. For late G/K dwarfs,
faster rotators show higher Li than slower rotators, and we discuss
possible connections between angular momentum loss and Li depletion.
Description:
In M48 (Paper I.; Sun+ 2020, J/AJ/159/220), we reported radial
(VRAD) and rotational (vsini) velocities for 287 photometrically
selected candidate members. The Observations were made using the
Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO (WIYN) 3.5m telescope and Hydra
multi-fiber spectrograph during four runs in 2017 October, 2017
December, 2018 March, and 2018 April at Kitt Peak National Observatory
(KPNO) in Southern Arizona. The spectra span 6450-6850Å and have a
resolution of R∼13500. These are reported in more details in Paper I.
Using our spectra and Gaia DR2 (2018, I/345) proper-motion and parallax
information, we evaluated multiplicity and membership for each.
In this study, we report Li abundances for stars from Paper I.
We have enlarged the sample with 42 Gaia candidate proper-motion and
parallax members that were not previously observed; 28 stars were
observed again, increasing their signal-to-noise ratio. These new
WIYN/Hydra observations were conducted in 2020-Jan-16,17,18,23 and
2020-Feb-13.
See Section 2.
Objects:
--------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
--------------------------------------------
08 13 38.88 -05 43 33.6 M 48 = NGC 2548
--------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 123 70 Stellar parameters of new M48 candidates
table5.dat 134 234 Stellar atmosphere and Li abundances for M48
members and likely members
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/AJ/106/1059 : Lithium in the Pleiades (Soderblom+, 1993)
J/ApJ/765/126 : Star spot models for M-dwarfs in NGC 2516 (MacDonald+, 2013)
J/A+A/583/A73 : Color-period diagram for M48 (NGC2548) (Barnes+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/113 : Pleiades members with K2 LCs. I. Periods (Rebull+, 2016)
J/AJ/153/128 : WOCS. LXXV. Hyades & Praesepe Li abund. (Cummings+, 2017)
J/AJ/156/37 : Phot. & abund. of cool dwarfs in M35 (Anthony-Twarog+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/138 : WOCS. LXXVI. Vel & abund. in NGC2506 (Anthony-Twarog+, 2018)
J/A+A/613/A63 : Lithium content for 148 Pleiades stars (Bouvier+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/476/3245 : M dwarfs in the Pleiades (Jackson+, 2018)
J/A+A/616/A7 : Gaia DR2 RV standard stars catalog (Soubiran+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/163 : Li abund. values for stars in NGC 6819 (Deliyannis+, 2019)
J/ApJ/879/100 : K2 rot. periods for Hyades&Praesepe members (Douglas+, 2019)
J/MNRAS/483/1125 : Radius inflat. in Praesepe active M-dwarfs (Jackson+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/220 : WOCS LXXIX.M48.I. WIYN/Hydra spectra: M48 stars (Sun+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/500/1158 : Rotation & lithium depletion of M35 dwarfs (Jeffries+, 2021)
J/ApJ/921/167 : Rotators in Praesepe with K2 LCs & Gaia EDR3 (Rampalli+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Old [2014/2281]? Old stellar identifier from
Paper I (Sun+ 2020, J/AJ/159/220)
6- 9 I4 --- ID [2119/3073] Stellar identifier (new IDs from
this paper are among 3001 and 3073)
11 I1 h RAh [8] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 14 I2 min RAm [11/15] Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 20 F5.2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
22 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
23 I1 deg DEd [5/6] Degree of Declination (J2000)
25- 26 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
28- 31 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
33- 38 F6.3 mag Vmag [9.4/16.1] Apparent V band magnitude (1)
40- 44 F5.3 mag B-V [0.03/1.02]?=9.999 The (B-V) color (1)
46- 51 F6.2 km/s RVel1 [-46/102] First night radial velocity
53- 58 F6.2 km/s RVel2 [-38/84]? Second night radial velocity
60- 64 F5.2 km/s RVel3 [6.6/21]? Third night radial velocity
66- 69 F4.2 km/s e_RVel1 [0.5/9] Uncertainty in RVel1
71- 74 F4.2 km/s e_RVel2 [0.3/10]? Uncertainty in RVel2
76- 79 F4.2 km/s e_RVel3 [0.6/4]? Uncertainty in RVel3
81- 86 F6.2 km/s RVelC [-15/12]? Combined radial velocity (2)
88- 92 F5.2 km/s e_RVelC [0.3/19]? Uncertainty in RVelC
94 A1 --- l_vsini Limit flag on vsini
95- 97 I3 km/s vsini [20/250] Projected rotational velocity
99-102 F4.1 km/s e_vsini [0.2/15]? Uncertainty in vsini
104-106 A3 --- Mm Multiplicity and membership (3)
108 A1 --- f_Mm [*] Flag on Mm (G1)
110-123 A14 --- Config WIYN/Hydra configuration(s)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): From the M48 photometry paper (in prep).
Note (2): Measured by using the combined spectra for single stars and stars
with uncertain multiplicity. We do not report the combined RVelC
for binaries.
Note (3): The same designations are used as in Sun+ 2020, J/AJ/159/220
Flag as follows:
sm = single member star (40 occurrences)
bm = binary (or multiple) member star (15 occurrences)
um = member of uncertain multiciplicity (12 occurrences)
ulm = likely member of uncertain multiciplicity (2 occurrences)
sln = single likely nonmember (1 occurrence)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID [2002/3070] Stellar identifier
6- 10 I5 --- WOCS [1003/87755]? WOCS identifier from
the photometry paper (in prep)
12- 14 A3 --- Mm Multiplicity and membership (1)
16 A1 --- f_Mm [*] Flag on Mm (G1)
18- 22 F5.3 mag B-Veff [0.04/1.4] Averaged (B-V) color (2)
24- 28 F5.3 mag e_B-Veff [0.002/0.2] Uncertainty in B-Veff
30 A1 --- f_B-Veff [*] Flag on B-Veff (3)
32 A1 --- l_vsini Limit flag on vsini
33- 35 I3 km/s vsini [20/300]? Projected rotational velocity
37- 38 I2 km/s Ovsini [31]? Other projected rotational velocity
40- 44 F5.2 km/s e_vsini [0.1/14.5]? Uncertainty in vsini
46- 48 F3.1 km/s e_Ovsini [5.1]? Uncertainty in Ovsini
50- 52 A3 --- f_vsini [yes/no ] Indicates whether vsini is
from Hα line fitting
54- 58 F5.2 d Per [1.8/13.4]? Rotational period from
Barnes+ 2015, J/A+A/583/A73
60- 63 F4.2 d e_Per [0.02/1.8]? Uncertainty in Per
65- 68 F4.2 d TPer [1.2/9.4]? Period derived from TESS light
curves
70- 73 F4.2 d e_TPer [0.08/1.8]? Uncertainty in TPer
75- 78 I4 K Teff [4056/8575] Effective temperature
80- 82 I3 K e_Teff [5/939]? Uncertainty in Teff
84- 87 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg [2.4/4.8] Log surface gravity
89- 92 F4.2 km/s Vt [0.8/4.5] Microturbulent velocity
94- 97 I4 --- SNR [55/1063] Combined spectra signal-to-Noise
ratio
99- 103 I5 10-13m FWHM [604/13416] Full-Width at Half-Maximum in
milliAngstroms
105 A1 --- l_A(Li) Limit flag on A(Li)
107- 111 F5.2 [-] A(Li) [-0.1/4.3]? Lithium abundance
113- 116 F4.2 [-] e_A(Li) [0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in A(Li) (4)
118- 134 A17 --- Comments Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The same designations are used as in Sun+ 2020, J/AJ/159/220
Flag as follows:
sm = single member star (171 occurrences)
bm = binary (or multiple) member star (25 occurrences)
um = member of uncertain multiciplicity (25 occurrences)
ulm = likely member of uncertain multiciplicity (10 occurrences)
slm = single likely member (2 occurrences)
blm = binary likely member (1 occurrence)
Note (2): Using all 10 possible color combinations from UBVRI.
Note (3): Flag as follows:
* = the star has only one measurement of just one color, so we show
the SNR-based σ from the stellar photometry package DAOPHOT.
Note (4): Error due to equivalent width and error due to Teff,
added in quadrature.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): Flag as follows:
* = either multiplicity or membership has been changed from
Sun+ 2020 (J/AJ/159/220).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
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(End) Prepared by [AAS] Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 23-Jun-2025