J/ApJ/952/84 GLASS-JWST ERSP. III. A2744 JWST & MUSE obs. (Bergamini+, 2023)
The GLASS-JWST Early Release Science Program.
III. Strong-lensing model of Abell 2744 and its infalling regions.
Bergamini P., Acebron A., Grillo C., Rosati P., Caminha G.B., Mercurio A.,
Vanzella E., Mason C., Treu T., Angora G., Brammer G.B., Meneghetti M.,
Nonino M., Boyett K., Bradac M., Castellano M., Fontana A., Morishita T.,
Paris D., Prieto-Lyon G., Roberts-Borsani G., Roy N., Santini P.,
Vulcani B., Wang X., Yang L.
<Astrophys. J., 952, 84 (2023)>
=2023ApJ...952...84B 2023ApJ...952...84B
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy; Gravitational lensing; Redshifts;
Spectra, optical; Infrared
Keywords: Galaxy clusters ; Strong gravitational lensing ; Dark matter
Abstract:
We present a new high-precision, JWST-based, strong-lensing model for
the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 at z=0.3072. By combining the deep,
high-resolution JWST imaging from the Grism Lens Amplified Survey from
Space-JWST and Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam Observations before the
Epoch of Reionization programs and a Director's Discretionary Time
program, with newly obtained Very Large Telescope/Multi Unit
Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data, we identify 32 multiple images
from 11 background sources lensed by two external subclusters at
distances of ∼160" from the main cluster. The new MUSE observations
enable the first spectroscopic confirmation of a multiple-image system
in the external clumps. Moreover, the reanalysis of the
spectrophotometric archival and JWST data yields 27 additional
multiple images in the main cluster. The new lens model is constrained
by 149 multiple images (∼66% more than in our previous model) covering
an extended redshift range between 1.03 and 9.76. The subhalo mass
component of the cluster includes 177 member galaxies down to
mF160W=21, of which 163 are spectroscopically confirmed. Internal
velocity dispersions are measured for 85 members. The new lens model
is characterized by a remarkably low scatter between the predicted and
observed positions of the multiple images (0.43"). This precision is
unprecedented given the large multiple-image sample, the complexity of
the cluster mass distribution, and the large modeled area. The
improved precision and resolution of the cluster total mass
distribution provides a robust magnification map over a ∼30arcmin2
area, which is critical for inferring the intrinsic physical
properties of the highly magnified, high-z sources. The lens model and
the new MUSE redshift catalog are released with this publication.
Description:
We use deep, ancillary Magellan g, r, i imaging of A2744 obtained with
MegaCam on the Magellan 2 Clay Telescope on 2018 September 7-8 (see
Treu+ 2022ApJ...935..110T 2022ApJ...935..110T for an overview).
In addition, A2744 is one of the cluster fields with the deepest
high-resolution observations obtained with HST thanks to the Hubble
Frontier Fields program 27 (HFF; Proposal ID: 13495) and other
ancillary data from previous HST observational campaigns. The Beyond
Ultra-deep Frontier Fields And Legacy Observations (BUFFALO;
Steinhardt+ 2020ApJS..247...64S 2020ApJS..247...64S) survey has since provided an extended
but shallower coverage of the cluster field. In this work, we make use
of the HFF and BUFFALO HST mosaics that are described by B23
(Bergamini+ 2023, J/A+A/670/A60).
Finally, we exploit the new JWST NIRCam imaging of A2744 obtained
within the Grism Lens Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS)-JWST program
Early Release Science (ERS)-1324 (PI: Treu; Treu+ 2022ApJ...935..110T 2022ApJ...935..110T),
the Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam ObserVations before the Epoch of
Reionization (UNCOVER) Cycle 1 Treasury program (GO-2561, PIs: Labbe
and Bezanson; Bezanson+ 2024ApJ...974...92B 2024ApJ...974...92B), and the MUSE Director's
Discretionary Time (DDT) program 2756 (PI: Chen).
Briefly, the resulting JWST/NIRCam coverage of the cluster from the
three programs includes observations with eight different filters
(F090W, F115W, F150W, F200W, F277W, F356W, F410M, F444W), over an area
of 46.5arcmin2 with a 0.031" pixel scale. The reduced NIRCam images
and the associated multiwavelength catalogs are made publicly
available (doi:10.17909/kw3c-n857).
See Section 2.1.
The A2744 cluster field counts with an extensive spectroscopic
coverage obtained with several ground and space-based facilities; see
B23 for a detailed overview.
Briefly, A2744 was observed with the wide-field VIsible Multi-Object
Spectrograph (VIMOS) as part of the ESO Large Program 169.A-0595
(PI: Bohringer), the AAOmega multiobject spectrograph on the 3.9m
Anglo-Australian Telescope, and the HST Wide Field Camera 3/IR grism
through the HST GO program GLASS.
The ∼4arcmin2 central region of the galaxy cluster was then targeted
with the MUSE integral field spectrograph, mounted on the Very Large
Telescope (VLT), within the GTO Program 094.A-0115 (PI: Richard).
Besides these archival data, additional VLT/MUSE spectroscopy within
the GLASS-JWST NIRCam fields was recently acquired through the ESO DDT
program 109.24EZ.001 (PIs: Mason, Vanzella) on the nights of 2022-Jul-28
and 2022-Aug-20.
See Section 2.2.
Objects:
-------------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
-------------------------------------------------------------
00 14 20.02 -30 23 17.8 Abell 2744 = ACT-CL J0014.3-3022
-------------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 45 149 Complete catalog of multiple images
table3.dat 42 313 Catalog of sources with secure redshift value
(QF≥2) from MUSE data (ESO DDT program 109.24EZ.001)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/eso : ESO Science Archive Catalog (ESO, 1991-2025)
J/AJ/120/2206 : NTT, HDF-S and HDF-N photometric redshifts (Fontana+, 2000)
J/A+A/500/947 : Spectroscopy & photometry in A2744 and A2537 (Braglia+, 2009)
J/ApJ/728/27 : Chandra and AAOmega observations of Abell 2744 (Owers+, 2011)
J/ApJ/812/114 : Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space. I. (Treu+, 2015)
J/ApJ/811/29 : GLASS. IV. Lensing cluster Abell 2744 (Wang+, 2015)
J/ApJS/224/33 : CLASH-VLT: the FF cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 (Balestra+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/78 : VLT/MUSE sp. obs. of MACS J1149.5+2223 (Grillo+, 2016)
J/A+A/600/A90 : MACS J0416.1-2403 redshift catalogue (Caminha+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/473/663 : MUSE and HFFs Photometry of A2744 (Mahler+, 2018)
J/A+A/632/A36 : Strong lensing models of 8 CLASH clusters (Caminha+, 2019)
J/A+A/643/A177 : Candidate Cluster Members with Deep learning (Angora+, 2020)
J/A+A/649/A22 : ASTRODEEP-GS43 catalogue (Merlin+, 2021)
J/A+A/646/A83 : 12 massive lensing clusters MUSE obs. (Richard+, 2021)
J/A+A/666/L9 : SMACS J0723.3-7327 first JWST observations (Caminha+, 2022)
J/ApJ/938/L14 : Early results from GLASS-JWST. II. Abell 2744 (Merlin+, 2022)
J/ApJ/952/20 : GLASS-JWST ERSP. II. ACO 2744 JWST/NIRCam obs. (Paris+, 2023)
J/A+A/670/A60 : Abell 2744 members (Bergamini+, 2023)
J/A+A/674/A79 : MACS J0416.1-2403 sp. multiple images (Bergamini+, 2023)
J/A+A/672/A186 : Ionizing photons in UV-faint z∼3-7 gal. (Prieto-Lyon+, 2023)
http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/glass/ : GLASS on MAST
http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/frontier/ : HST Frontier Fields on MAST
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- ID Image ID (1)
9- 9 A1 --- Flag Flag (2)
11- 18 F8.6 deg RAdeg [3.54/3.61] Right Ascension (J2000)
20- 29 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-30.42/-30.35] Declination (J2000)
31- 31 I1 --- q_pos [1/3] Positional quality flag, QP (3)
33- 37 F5.3 --- zspec [1/9.8]? Spectroscopic redshift of the source
39- 39 I1 --- q_zspec [1/9]? Redshift quality flag, QF (4)
41- 45 A5 --- Loc Location (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Multiple images of the same source share same numeric ID.
Note (2): Flags as follows:
d = Multiple images presented in the B23 (Bergamini+ 2023, J/A+A/670/A60)
HST-based lens model that were anchored to the HFF WCS;
s = Multiple images newly spectroscopically confirmed with the
central MUSE datacube;
* = Spectroscopically confirmed with JWST/NIRISS
(Vanzella+ 2022A&A...659A...2V 2022A&A...659A...2V; Lin+ 2023ApJ...944L..59L 2023ApJ...944L..59L) and
JWST/NIRSpec (Roberts-Borsani+ 2023Natur.618..480R 2023Natur.618..480R).
Note (3): The positional quality flag quantifies the precision in
determining the on-sky position of the multiple images.
Code as follows:
1 = Corresponds to images with a compact HST or JWST emission.
The positional error assumed on these images in the lens
model is the lowest;
2 = Diffuse or elongated HST or JWST emission. An intermediate
positional error is associated to these images;
3 = Only detected in the MUSE datacube or are characterized by a
very diffuse emission. These have the largest positional
errors. (8 occurrences)
Note (4): Quality flag assignments (see also Balestra+ 2016, J/ApJS/224/33);
Caminha+ 2019, J/A+A/632/A36) as follows:
1 = tentative (8 occurrences);
2 = likely (27 occurrences);
3 = secure (80 occurrences);
9 = based on a single emission line (6 occurrences).
Note (5): Region of the cluster where the multiple images are
located. These regions are identified using the name of the
brightest galaxies they contain (see the JWST color image of the
galaxy cluster A2744 showing the positions of the 149 multiple images;
Figure 5).
Region as follows:
BCGs = the two brightest cluster galaxies (labeled BCG-N and BCG-S);
117 occurrences
G1-G2 = the two bright galaxies G1 and G2; 29 occurrences
G3 = the bright galaxy G3; 3 occurrences
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 I1 --- Group [1/3] Group (1)
3- 10 I8 --- ID [70000123/79999931] Source ID
12- 12 A1 --- Flag Flag (2)
14- 21 F8.6 deg RAdeg [3.47/3.57] Right Ascension (J2000)
23- 32 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-30.4/-30.29] Declination (J2000)
34- 39 F6.4 --- zspec [0/5.07] Spectroscopic redshift
42- 42 I1 --- q_zspec [2/9] Redshift quality flag, QF (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Group as follows:
1 = foreground (24 occurrences)
2 = cluster member (82 occurrences)
3 = background (207 occurrences)
Note (2): Flag as follows:
d = 42 UV-faint galaxies at z∼3-7 published by
Prieto-Lyon+ 2023, J/A+A/672/A186
Note (3): Quality flag assignments (see also Balestra+ 2016, J/ApJS/224/33);
Caminha+ 2019, J/A+A/632/A36) as follows:
2 = likely (21 occurrences)
3 = secure (256 occurrences)
9 = based on a single emission line (36 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Treu et al. Paper I. 2022ApJ...935..110T 2022ApJ...935..110T
Paris et al. Paper II. 2023ApJ...952...20P 2023ApJ...952...20P Cat. J/ApJ/952/20
Bergamini et al. Paper III. 2023ApJ...952...84B 2023ApJ...952...84B This catalog
Mascia et al. Paper IV. 2024A&A...690A...2M 2024A&A...690A...2M
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 01-Sep-2025