J/ApJS/177/551 Spitzer c2d survey of Lupus dark clouds (Merin+, 2008)
The Spitzer c2d survey of large, nearby, interstellar clouds.
XI. Lupus observed with IRAC and MIPS.
Merin B., Jorgensen J., Spezzi L., Alcala J.M., Evans II N.J., Harvey P.M.,
Prusti T., Chapman N., Huard T., Van Dishoeck E.F., Comeron F.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 177, 551-583 (2008)>
=2008ApJS..177..551M 2008ApJS..177..551M
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared ; Stars, pre-main sequence ; YSOs
Molecular clouds
Keywords: infrared: general - ISM: individual (Lupus I, Lupus III, Lupus IV)
stars: formation - stars: pre-main sequence
Abstract:
We present c2d Spitzer IRAC observations of the Lupus I, III,
and IV dark clouds and discuss them in combination with optical,
near-infrared, and c2d MIPS data. With the Spitzer data, the new
sample contains 159 stars, 4 times larger than the previous one. It is
dominated by low- and very low mass stars, and it is complete down to
M∼0.1M☉. We find 30%-40% binaries with separations between 100
and 2000AU with no apparent effect on the disk properties of the
members. A large majority of the objects are Class II or III objects,
with only 20(12%) Class I or flat-spectrum sources. The disk sample
is complete down to "debris"-like systems in stars as small as
M∼0.2M☉ and includes substellar objects with larger IR excesses.
The disk fraction in Lupus is 70%-80%, consistent with an age of
1-2Myr. However, the young population contains 20% optically thick
accretion disks and 40% relatively less flared disks. A growing
variety of inner disk structures is found for larger inner disk
clearings for equal disk masses.
Description:
Observations come from the Spitzer Space Telescope's IRAC and MIPS
observations of Lupus I, III, and IV made by the c2d Spitzer Legacy
Program (Evans et al., 2003PASP..115..965E 2003PASP..115..965E), together with an optical
coordinated survey of the three clouds (F. Comeron et al. 2008, in
preparation) and data from the literature. Detailed information about
the MIPS observations can be found in Chapman et al. (2007ApJ...667..288C 2007ApJ...667..288C).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table5.dat 118 159 Young Stellar Objects and Pre-Main Sequence
stars in Lupus
table7.dat 126 159 Optical and Near-Infrared magnitudes of the
Lupus sample
table8.dat 154 159 IRAC and MIPS fluxes in mJy of the Lupus sample
table9.dat 123 159 IRAS and 1.3mm fluxes in mJy of the Lupus sample
table10.dat 91 128 SED analysis results for the Class II and III
objects in Lupus
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See also:
J/ApJ/658/480 : Pre-main-sequence stars in Lupus association (Makarov+, 2007)
J/ApJ/676/427 : MIPS and IRAC Chamaeleon II PMS data (Alcala+, 2008)
J/ApJ/680/1295 : Physical properties of Cha II PMS (Spezzi+, 2008)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 5 A5 --- --- [Lupus]
7- 9 A3 --- Lup Lupus dark cloud number (RRR)
11- 13 I3 --- [MJS2008] Running source number
15- 20 A6 --- --- SSTc2d
22- 37 A16 --- SSTc2d The c2d source number (JHHMMSS.s-DDMMSS) (1)
39- 74 A36 --- OName Other object identifications
76- 77 I2 h RAh Spitzer Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
79- 80 I2 min RAm Spitzer Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
82- 86 F5.2 s RAs Spitzer Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
88 A1 --- DE- Spitzer Sign of the Declination (J2000)
89- 90 I2 deg DEd Spitzer Degree of Declination (J2000)
92- 93 I2 arcmin DEm Spitzer Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
95- 98 F4.1 arcsec DEs Spitzer Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
100-102 A3 --- Sel Selection criteria (3)
104-106 A3 --- PMS PMS status (G1)
108-110 A3 --- Cl PMS class (2)
112-118 A7 --- Refs References (3)
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Note (1): Note that the c2d names are slightly different from those in Chapman
et al. (2007ApJ...667..288C 2007ApJ...667..288C) due to a change in the naming convention.
Note (2): From the SED slope computed from K to 24µm with the Spitzer data.
Classes are I (embedded) to III (evolved), or F (Flat spectrum)
Note (3): References as follows:
YSO = satisfies the c2d YSO selection criteria (Section 3)
1 = Comeron et al. (2008hsf2.book..295C 2008hsf2.book..295C)
2 = Nakajima et al. (2000AJ....119..873N 2000AJ....119..873N)
3 = Comeron et al. (2003A&A...406.1001C 2003A&A...406.1001C)
4 = Lopez Marti et al. (2005A&A...440..139L 2005A&A...440..139L)
5 = Allers et al. (2006ApJ...644..364A 2006ApJ...644..364A)
6 = Allen et al. (2007ApJ...655.1095A 2007ApJ...655.1095A)
7 = Chapman et al. (2007ApJ...667..288C 2007ApJ...667..288C)
8 = Tachihara et al. (2007ApJ...659.1382T 2007ApJ...659.1382T)
9 = Merin et al. (2007ApJ...661..361M 2007ApJ...661..361M)
10 = Strauss et al. (1992ApJS...83...29S 1992ApJS...83...29S)
11 = Gondoin (2006, Cat. J/A+A/454/595)
12 = This work
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 A5 --- --- [Lupus]
7- 9 A3 --- Lup Lupus dark cloud number (RRR)
11- 13 I3 --- [MJS2008] Running source number
15- 36 A22 --- Name Object identification
38- 42 F5.2 mag Bmag ? B band (0.44 micron) magnitude (1)
44- 47 F4.2 mag e_Bmag ? Error in Bmag (1)
49- 53 F5.2 mag Vmag ? V band (0.55 micron) magnitude (1)
55- 58 F4.2 mag e_Vmag ? Error in Vmag (1)
60- 64 F5.2 mag Rmag ? Rc band (0.64 micron) magnitude (2)
66- 69 F4.2 mag e_Rmag ? Error in Rcmag (2)
71- 75 F5.2 mag Icmag ? Ic band (0.79 micron) magnitude (2)
77- 80 F4.2 mag e_Icmag ? Error in Icmag (2)
82- 86 F5.2 mag zmag ? z band (0.96 micron) magnitude (2)
88- 91 F4.2 mag e_zmag ? Error in zmag (2)
93 A1 --- l_Jmag Limit flag on Jmag (3)
94- 98 F5.2 mag Jmag ? J band (1.23 micron) magnitude (3)
100-103 F4.2 mag e_Jmag ? Error in Jmag (3)
105 A1 --- l_Hmag Limit flag on Hmag (3)
106-110 F5.2 mag Hmag ? H band (1.66 micron) magnitude (3)
112-115 F4.2 mag e_Hmag ? Error in Hmag (3)
117-121 F5.2 mag Ksmag ? Ks band (2.16 micron) magnitude (3)
123-126 F4.2 mag e_Ksmag ? Error in Ksmag (3)
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Note (1): From the NOMAD catalog (Zacharias et al. 2005, Cat. I/297).
Note (2): From F. Comeron et al. (2008hsf2.book..295C 2008hsf2.book..295C)
Note (3): From the 2MASS catalog (Cutri et al. 2003, Cat. II/246).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 A5 --- --- [Lupus]
7- 9 A3 --- Lup Lupus dark cloud number (RRR)
11- 13 I3 --- [MJS2008] Running source number
15- 36 A22 --- Name Object identification
38 A1 --- Rem [abc] Remarks (1)
40- 46 F7.2 mJy F3.6 ? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron flux density
48- 53 F6.2 mJy e_F3.6 ? Uncertainty in F3.6
55 A1 --- l_F4.5 Limit flag on F4.5
56- 62 F7.2 mJy F4.5 ? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron flux density
64- 69 F6.2 mJy e_F4.5 ? Uncertainty in F4.5
71- 78 F8.2 mJy F5.8 ? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8 micron flux density
80- 86 F7.2 mJy e_F5.8 ? Uncertainty in F5.8
88- 94 F7.2 mJy F8.0 ? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0 micron flux density
96-101 F6.2 mJy e_F8.0 ? Uncertainty in F8.0
103-111 F9.2 mJy F24 ? Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron flux density
113-118 F6.2 mJy e_F24 ? Uncertainty in F24
120 A1 --- l_F70 Limit flag on F70um (2)
121-128 F8.2 mJy F70 ? Spitzer/MIPS 70 micron flux density (2)
130-136 F7.2 mJy e_F70 ? Uncertainty in F70um (2)
138-145 F8.2 mJy F160 ? Spitzer/MIPS 160 micron flux density
147-154 F8.2 mJy e_F160 ? Uncertainty in F160
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
a = Binary star inside IRAC or MIPS PSFs, corresponding fluxes transformed
to upper limits in SED plots.
b = Flux from IRAC bands 1 and 2 saturated.
c = MIPS-1 non-detection likely due to high background.
Note (2): MIPS-2 non-detections were transformed to 50mJy upper limits,
which is a good estimate of the 70µm background around most sources.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 A5 --- --- [Lupus]
7- 9 A3 --- Lup Lupus dark cloud number (RRR)
11- 13 I3 --- [MJS2008] Running source number
15- 36 A22 --- Name Object identification
38 A1 --- r_F1300 [a] F1300 from Reipurth et al. (1)
40- 47 F8.2 mJy F12 ? IRAS Point Source Catalog 12 micron flux
density
49- 55 F7.2 mJy e_F12 ? Uncertainty in F12
57 A1 --- l_F25 Limit flag on F25
58- 65 F8.2 mJy F25 ? IRAS Point Source Catalog 25 micron flux
density
67- 73 F7.2 mJy e_F25 ? Uncertainty in F25
75 A1 --- l_F60 Limit flag on F60
76- 83 F8.2 mJy F60 ? IRAS Point Source Catalog 60 micron flux
density
85- 91 F7.2 mJy e_F60 ? Uncertainty in F60
93 A1 --- l_F100 Limit flag on F100
94-101 F8.2 mJy F100 ? IRAS Point Source Catalog 100 micron flux
density
103-109 F7.2 mJy e_F100 ? Uncertainty in F100
111 A1 --- l_F1300 Limit flag on F1300
112-117 F6.2 mJy F1300 ? 1300um (1.3mm) continuum flux density (1)
119-123 F5.2 mJy e_F1300 ? Uncertainty in F1300
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Note (1): 'a' in r_F1300 indicates a 1.3mm flux density from Reipurth et
al. (1993A&A...273..221R 1993A&A...273..221R); the flux density is otherwise from
Nuernberger et al. (1997A&A...324.1036N 1997A&A...324.1036N)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 5 A5 --- --- [Lupus]
7- 9 A3 --- Lup Lupus dark cloud number (RRR)
11- 13 I3 --- [MJS2008] Running source number
15- 37 A23 --- Name Object identification
39- 42 A4 --- SpT MK Spectral type
44 I1 --- r_SpT Reference for SpType (1)
46- 49 F4.1 mag AV V band extinction
51- 58 F8.5 solLum Lum Luminosity
60- 66 F7.4 --- D/S Disk to star luminosity ratio
68- 71 F4.1 um Loff Wavelength where the IR excess begins
73- 77 F5.1 --- alpha ? Slope of the SED in the IR excess region
79- 82 A4 --- Sel Selection criteria (1)
84- 86 A3 --- PMS PMS status (G1)
88 A1 --- Bin Binary system? (Yes or No)
90- 91 A2 --- SED SED type (4)
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Note (1): References as follows:
YSOc = satisfies the c2d YSO selection criteria (Section 3)
1 = Comeron (2008hsf2.book..295C 2008hsf2.book..295C)
2 = Lopez Marti et al. (2005A&A...440..139L 2005A&A...440..139L)
3 = Allers et al. (2006ApJ...644..364A 2006ApJ...644..364A)
4 = Allen et al. (2007ApJ...655.1095A 2007ApJ...655.1095A)
5 = Merin et al. (2007ApJ...661..361M 2007ApJ...661..361M)
6 = This work
7 = Chapman et al. (2007ApJ...667..288C 2007ApJ...667..288C)
8 = Nakajima et al. (2000AJ....119..873N 2000AJ....119..873N)
Note (4): the types are as follows:
T = classical T Tau
L = low IR excess (`anemic' disk)
H = high IR excess
E = empty IR excess (spectrally confirmed young stars)
LU = sub-sample of L class with 24um flux typical of class III,
but 70um comparable to classical T Tau.
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Global Notes:
Note (G1): PMS status is:
PMS = the object has been spectroscopically confirmed as a
Pre-Main Sequence;
Cnd = the object is still a candidate.
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Young et al., Paper I. 2005ApJ...628..283Y 2005ApJ...628..283Y
Harvey et al., Paper II. 2006ApJ...644..307H 2006ApJ...644..307H
Jorgensen et al., Paper III. 2006ApJ...645.1246J 2006ApJ...645.1246J
Chapman et al., Paper IV. 2007ApJ...667..288C 2007ApJ...667..288C
Porras et al., Paper V. 2007ApJ...656..493P 2007ApJ...656..493P
Rebull et al., Paper VI. 2007ApJS..171..447R 2007ApJS..171..447R
Padgett et al., Paper VII. 2008ApJ...672.1013P 2008ApJ...672.1013P
Harvey et al., Paper VIII. 2007ApJ...663.1139H 2007ApJ...663.1139H
Harvey et al., Paper IX. 2007ApJ...663.1149H 2007ApJ...663.1149H, Cat. J/ApJ/663/1149
Alcala et al., Paper X. 2008ApJ...676..427A 2008ApJ...676..427A, Cat. J/ApJ/676/427
Young et al., Paper XII. 2015AJ....150...40Y 2015AJ....150...40Y, Cat. J/AJ/150/40
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 20-Jul-2009