J/ApJS/185/198 The Cepheus flare observed with IRAC and MIPS (Kirk+, 2009)
The Spitzer survey of interstellar clouds in the Gould belt.
II. The Cepheus flare observed with IRAC and MIPS.
Kirk J.M., Ward-Thompson D., Di Francesco J., Bourke T.L., Evans N.J.,
Merin B., Allen L.E., Cieza L.A., Dunham M.M., Harvey P., Huard T.,
Jorgensen J.K., Miller J.F., Noriega-Crespo A., Peterson D., Ray T.P.,
Rebull L.M.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 185, 198-249 (2009)>
=2009ApJS..185..198K 2009ApJS..185..198K
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared ; Photometry, UBVRI ; YSOs ; Diffuse clouds ;
Cross identifications
Keywords: infrared: general - ISM: individual (Cepheus Flare) - stars: formation
Abstract:
We present Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC; ∼2deg2) and
Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS; ∼8deg2) observations
of the Cepheus Flare, which is associated with the Gould Belt, at an
approximate distance of ∼300pc. Around 6500 sources are detected in
all four IRAC bands, of which ∼900 have MIPS 24um detections. We
identify 133 young stellar object (YSO) candidates using
color-magnitude diagram techniques, and a large number of the YSO
candidates are associated with the NGC 7023 reflection nebula.
Cross-identifications were made with the Guide Star Catalog II and the
IRAS Faint Source Catalog, and spectral energy distributions (SEDs)
were constructed. SED modeling was conducted to estimate the degree of
infrared excess. It was found that a large majority of disks were
optically thick accreting disks, suggesting that there has been little
disk evolution in these sources. Nearest-neighbor clustering analysis
identified four small protostellar groups (L1228, L1228N, L1251A, and
L1251B) with 5-15 members each and the larger NGC 7023 association
with 32 YSO members. The star-formation efficiency for cores with
clusters of protostars and for those without clusters was found to be
∼8% and ∼1%, respectively. The cores L1155, L1241, and L1247 are
confirmed to be starless down to our luminosity limit of
Lbol=0.06L☉.
Description:
Table 2 lists the complete set of Spitzer observations (Astronomical
Observation Requests or AORs) included in this paper.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 72 6 Dark cloud association properties
table2.dat 94 16 Astronomical Observation Requests (AORs)
in the SGBS Cepheus catalog
table6.dat 193 143 Cepheus YSO candidates
table7.dat 50 143 YSO properties
table9.dat 109 106 Additional fluxes (optical and IRAS)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/305 : The Guide Star Catalog, Version 2.3.2 (GSC2.3) (STScI, 2006)
II/156 : IRAS Faint Source Catalog, |b|>10, Version 2.0 (Moshir+ 1989)
J/A+A/272/235 : Stars in the dark cloud L1251 (Kun+ 1993)
J/ApJS/115/59 : Cepheus flare molecular clouds (Kun, 1998)
J/ApJS/110/21 : Molecular clouds in Cepheus and Cassiopeia (Yonekura+ 1997)
J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJ/680/495 : Survey of Interstellar clouds in Gould belt (Harvey+, 2008)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Core Cloud associations
19- 23 F5.1 deg GLON Galactic longitude
25- 29 F5.2 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
31- 32 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
34- 35 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Degree of the declination (J2000)
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of the declination (J2000)
44- 46 I3 pc Dist Heliocentric distance
48- 50 I3 pc E_Dist Positive uncertainty on Dist
52- 53 I2 pc e_Dist Negative uncertainty on Dist
55- 58 I4 solMass Mcloud Cloud inferred mass
60- 62 F3.1 km/s W(CO) 13CO line width (1)
64- 67 F4.2 deg2 Area1 IRAC area
69- 72 F4.2 deg2 Area2 MIPS area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): From Yonekura et al., 1997, Cat. J/ApJS/110/21
([YDM97] CO NNN in Simbad).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 A6 --- Cloud Name of the central cloud
8- 12 I5 --- PID Program identifier (1)
14- 23 I10 --- Ep1IR AOR#1 for IRAC
25- 34 I10 --- Ep2IR ? AOR#2 for IRAC
36- 45 A10 "YYYY/MM/DD" DateIRAC IRAC observation date
47- 53 A7 --- PIRAC IRAC pipeline
55- 64 I10 --- Ep1MIPS ? AOR#1 for MIPS
66- 75 I10 --- Ep2MIPS ? AOR#2 for MIPS
77- 86 A10 "YYYY/MM/DD" DateMIPS MIPS observation date
88- 94 A7 --- PMIPS MIPS pipeline software ID
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The majority of the archival observations come from the c2d (PID
#139) isolated cores program with the exception of L1228, which was
taken as part of the Galactic First Look Survey (PID #104). The new
regions are listed under the SGBS (Spitzer Gould Belt Survey, Allen et
al., 2009 in prep.) PID #30574.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Type Source type (1)
3- 5 I3 --- Seq Running index number
7- 21 A15 --- Name Spitzer catalog position identifier
(HHMMSSs+DDMMSSs, J2000)
23- 64 A42 --- ONames Cross-identification name from litterature (2)
66 A1 --- l_F3.6 Limit flag on F3.6
67- 76 F10.5 mJy F3.6 ? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron band flux density
78- 84 F7.3 mJy e_F3.6 ? Uncertainty in F3.6
86 A1 --- l_F4.5 Limit flag on F4.5
87- 96 F10.5 mJy F4.5 ? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron band flux density
98-104 F7.3 mJy e_F4.5 ? Uncertainty in F4.5
106-114 F9.3 mJy F5.8 ? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8 micron band flux density
116-122 F7.3 mJy e_F5.8 ? Uncertainty in F5.8
124 A1 --- l_F8.0 Limit flag on F8.0
125-134 F10.5 mJy F8.0 ? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0 micron band flux density
136-142 F7.3 mJy e_F8.0 ? Uncertainty in F8.0
144 A1 --- l_F24 Limit flag on F24
145-153 F9.4 mJy F24 ? Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band flux density
155-161 F7.3 mJy e_F24 ? Uncertainty in F24
163-169 F7.1 mJy F70 ? Spitzer/MIPS 70 micron band flux density
171-176 F6.1 mJy e_F70 ? Uncertainty in F70.0
178-180 A3 --- YSO Why the source is identified as YSO (3)
182-193 A12 --- Ref Reference(s) (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Type as follows:
1 = YSO Candidate;
2 = IRAC YSO Candidate;
3 = 2MASS-MIPS YSO Candidate;
4 = Known YSO Candidate.
Note (2): For c2d papers (refs 1-5) the literature name, where one is
given, is taken as the core name followed by the index or name given
to the source in the actual paper.
Note (3): The source was identified as a YSO candidate with method:
F = the 5-Band method with a 24 micron detection;
f = the 5-Band method without a 24 micron detection;
I = the IRAC colour-magnitude method;
M = the 2MASS/MIPS color-magnitude method (greater than 1mag away
from the limits);
m = the 2MASS/MIPS color-magnitude method (less than 1mag away
from the limits).
Note (4): The SIMBAD source prefix, where relevant, is listed after each
reference in square brackets:
1 = Chapman et al. (2009ApJ...699.1866C 2009ApJ...699.1866C);
2 = Kauffmann et al. (2005AN....326..878K 2005AN....326..878K);
3 = Padgett et al. (2004ApJS..154..433P 2004ApJS..154..433P);
4 = Young et al. (2009ApJ...702..340Y 2009ApJ...702..340Y);
5 = Lee et al. (2006ApJ...648..491L 2006ApJ...648..491L);
6 = Visser et al. (2002AJ....124.2756V 2002AJ....124.2756V);
7 = Sellgren (1983AJ.....88..985S 1983AJ.....88..985S);
8 = Kun (1998, Cat. J/ApJS/115/59) [K98c];
9 = Kun & Prusti (1993, Cat. J/A+A/272/235) [KP93];
10 = Gyul'Budagyan & Magakyan (1977ATsir.953....1G 1977ATsir.953....1G) [GM];
11 = Rodriguez & Reipurth (1996RMxAA..32...27R 1996RMxAA..32...27R) [RR96];
12 = Toth & Walmsley (1996A&A...311..981T 1996A&A...311..981T) [TW96];
13 = Rodriguez & Reipurth (1998RMxAA..34...13R 1998RMxAA..34...13R) [RR98];
14 = Rosvick & Davidge (1995PASP..107...49R 1995PASP..107...49R) [RD95];
15 = Kun et al. (2008hsf1.book..136K 2008hsf1.book..136K).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq Running index number
5- 13 A9 --- Cloud Dark cloud name with which the YSO candidate
is associated
15- 20 F6.3 --- alpha ? IR spectral index (1)
22- 24 A3 --- aCl IR spectral index class (I,II,III or F) (2)
26- 29 I4 K Tbol ? Bolometric temperature (3)
31- 33 A3 --- Tcl Bolometric temperature class (0,I,II,III, or
F); see Section 4.2 and 5.2 for details (2)
35- 42 F8.4 solLum Lbol ? Bolometric luminosity (3)
44- 50 F7.4 solLum LIR ? Infrared luminosity (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Defined by α = dlog(λSλ)/dlog(λ).
Calculated by a least-squares fit between 2MASS Ks and 24 micron.
Where IRAC data were not available alpha was calculated from the
Ks-[24] color as described in Section 4.2.
Note (2): YSOs 0, I,II or III class and F for "Flat" spectrum sources
with spectra intermediate between embedded and T Tauri stages.
Note (3): Calculated using all available data from B-band to 1200 microns.
Note (4): Calculated using all available data from 1 to 30 microns.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq Running index number
5- 14 A10 --- GSC2.3 GSC-II identification (Cat. I/305)
16- 25 F10.5 mJy BFlux ? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins B band flux density
27- 34 F8.3 mJy VFlux ? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins V band flux density
36- 43 F8.4 mJy RFlux ? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins R band flux density
45- 52 F8.4 mJy IFlux ? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins I band flux density
54- 64 A11 --- IRAS IRAS identification (Cat. II/156)
66 A1 --- l_F12 Limit flag on F12
67- 74 F8.4 Jy F12 ? IRAS 12.5 micron band flux density
76 A1 --- l_F25 Limit flag on F25
77- 84 F8.4 Jy F25 ? IRAS 25 micron band flux density
86 A1 --- l_F60 Limit flag on F60
87- 97 F11.3 Jy F60 ? IRAS 60 micron band flux density
99 A1 --- l_F100 Limit flag on F100
100-109 F10.2 Jy F100 ? IRAS 100 micron band flux density
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
04-May-2010: Insert into VizieR
23-Feb-2011: 2 misprints corrected in table 6, col. OName :
[KWD2009] 134 = HH 365 is a misprint for HH 375
[KWD2009] 83 = [KP93] 2-2 is a misprint for [KP93] 2-3
References:
Harvey et al. Paper I 2008ApJ...680..495H 2008ApJ...680..495H Cat J/ApJ/680/495
Kirk et al. Paper II 2009ApJS..185..198K 2009ApJS..185..198K Cat J/ApJS/185/198
Peterson et al. Paper III 2011ApJS..194...43P 2011ApJS..194...43P Cat J/ApJS/194/43
Spezzi et al. Paper IV 2011ApJ...730...65S 2011ApJ...730...65S
Hatchell et al. Paper V 2012ApJ...754..104H 2012ApJ...754..104H
Broekhoven-Fiene et al. Paper VI 2014ApJ...786...37B 2014ApJ...786...37B
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 16-Mar-2010