J/ApJS/190/1 A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
A survey of stellar families: multiplicity of solar-type stars.
Raghavan D., McAlister H.A., Henry T.J., Latham D.W., Marcy G.W.,
Mason B.D., Gies D.R., White R.J., Ten Brummelaar T.A.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 190, 1-42 (2010)>
=2010ApJS..190....1R 2010ApJS..190....1R
ADC_Keywords: Surveys ; Stars, G-type ; Stars, double and multiple ;
Proper motions
Keywords: binaries: general - planetary systems - stars: solar-type -
stars: statistics - surveys
Abstract:
We present the results of a comprehensive assessment of companions
to solar-type stars. A sample of 454 stars, including the Sun, was
selected from the Hipparcos catalog with π>40mas,
σπ/π<0.05, 0.5≤B-V≤1.0 (∼F6-K3), and constrained by
absolute magnitude and color to exclude evolved stars. These criteria
are equivalent to selecting all dwarf and subdwarf stars within 25pc
with V-band flux between 0.1 and 10 times that of the Sun, giving us
a physical basis for the term "solar-type". New observational aspects
of this work include surveys for (1) very close companions with
long-baseline interferometry at the Center for High Angular Resolution
Astronomy Array, (2) close companions with speckle interferometry, and
(3) wide proper-motion companions identified by blinking multi-epoch
archival images. In addition, we include the results from extensive
radial-velocity monitoring programs and evaluate companion information
from various catalogs covering many different techniques. The results
presented here include four new common proper-motion companions
discovered by blinking archival images. Additionally, the
spectroscopic data searched reveal five new stellar companions.
Our synthesis of results from many methods and sources results in a
thorough evaluation of stellar and brown dwarf companions to nearby
Sun-like stars. The overall observed fractions of single, double,
triple, and higher-order systems are 56%±2%, 33%±2%, 8%±1%, and
3%±1%, respectively, counting all confirmed stellar and brown dwarf
companions.
Description:
The sample of stars studied in this work is comprised of 454
solar-type primary stars in the solar neighborhood (see Table 1),
selected from the Hipparcos catalog. This multiplicity survey of
solar-type stars synthesizes companion information from various
imaging and spectroscopic observations and augments them with a
thorough examination of reported companions in the various catalogs
and publications.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 89 454 Volume-limited sample of 454 solar-type stars
table4.dat 90 88 CPM (Common Proper Motion) companions identified
table5.dat 109 38 Spectral type, proper motion, and photometry of
CPM (Common Proper Motion) candidates
table6.dat 62 298 Optical WDS entries
table8.dat 89 91 Accelerating proper motion solutions
table11.dat 96 98 Visual orbit solutions
table13.dat 105 799 Survey stars and their stellar, brown dwarf, and
planetary companions
table17.dat 55 454 Physical parameters of the sample stars
table18.dat 64 213 Spectral types and masses of the companions
refs.dat 199 135 References for table 1, 5, 11, 17 and 18
notes.dat 84 905 Notes on individual systems (from section 4.3)
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See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2010)
I/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
V/70 : Nearby Stars, Preliminary 3rd Version (Gliese+ 1991)
J/A+A/341/121 : Visual binary orbits and masses (Soederhjelm 1999)
J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)
J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)
J/A+A/464/377 : HIP binaries with radial velocities (Frankowski+, 2007)
http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/wds/orb6 : Sixth
Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars (ORB6) homepage
http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/wds/int4 : Fourth
Catalog of Interferometric Measurements of Binary Stars (INT4) homepage
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 h RAh ? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm ? Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 11 F5.2 s RAs ? Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
13 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
14- 15 I2 deg DEd ? Degree of Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 arcmin DEm ? Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
20- 23 F4.1 arcsec DEs ? Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
25- 30 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name (Cat. I/239) (1)
32- 37 I6 --- HD ? HD name (Cat. III/135)
39- 43 F5.2 mag Vmag ? Hipparcos V band magnitude
45- 49 F5.3 mag B-V Hipparcos (B-V) color
51- 56 F6.2 mas plx ? Hipparcos parallax
58- 59 I2 --- r_plx [12]? Reference for plx
61- 64 F4.2 mas e_plx ? The 1σ uncertainty in plx
66- 71 F6.2 mas vLplx ? van Leeuwen 2007 (Cat. I/311) parallax
73- 76 F4.2 mas e_vLplx ? The 1σ uncertainty in vLplx
78- 85 A8 --- SpT1 MK Spectral type
88- 89 I2 --- r_SpT1 ? Spectral type reference. See refs.dat file
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Note (1): 0 for Sun with no coordinates.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Type CPM companion type: Associated or Refuted
12- 21 A10 --- WDS The WDS identifier (Cat. B/wds)
23- 29 A7 --- Disc WDS discoverer designation
31- 34 A4 --- m_Disc WDS pair identifier
36- 45 A10 --- PName Primary name (HD or HIP)
47 A1 --- f_PName [a] New companion discovered by this effort.
49- 52 I4 arcsec rho CPM candidate companion separation
54- 56 I3 deg theta CPM candidate companion position angle
58- 64 F7.2 --- Epoch CPM candidate companion epoch of observation
66- 80 A15 --- Name CPM candidate companion name
82- 83 I2 --- Code Reason code for association/refutation (3)
85- 90 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added by CDS)
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Note (3): Reason code as follows:
1 = Photometric distance to the CPM candidate matches the Hipparcos distance
to the primary (see Table 5).
2 = Published parallax and proper motion for the CPM candidate matches the
corresponding primary's values from Hipparcos
3 = Spectroscopic distance to the CPM candidate matches the Hipparcos
distance to the primary.
4 = Known companion with a published orbit (each of these were seen as
comoving diffraction spikes).
5 = Published evidence, see Section 4.3.
6 = Companionship implied by proximity to the primary and a matching,
large proper motion.
7 = Measurements of the pair in the WDS confirm orbital motion.
8 = While the proper motion is similar enough to enable selection as a
possible CPM companion, the numerical value for the candidate in
catalogs (Hog et al., 1998, Cat. I/259; Salim & Gould, 2003,
Cat. J/ApJ/582/1011; Zacharias et al., 2004, Cat. I/289;
Lepine & Shara, 2005, Cat. I/298; Hipparcos, Cat. I/239) are
significantly different from the primary's Hipparcos values, ruling out
a physical association.
9 = The candidate companion is a non-stellar artifact such as a plate
defect.
10 = Photometric distance to the CPM candidate is significantly different
than the primary's Hipparcos distance (see Table 5).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 A3 --- Type CPM companion type (1)
5- 6 A2 --- --- [HD]
8- 13 I6 --- HD Primary name
15- 17 I3 arcsec rho ? Separation
19- 26 A8 --- SpType CPM candidate MK spectral type
28- 29 I2 --- r_SpType ? SpType reference. See refs.dat file.
31- 34 I4 mas/yr pmRA ? CPM candidate proper motion along RA
36- 39 I4 mas/yr pmDE ? CPM candidate proper motion along DE
41- 42 I2 --- r_pmRA ? Proper motion reference. See refs.dat file.
44- 48 F5.2 mag Vmag CCD V-band magnitude of the CPM candidate
50- 51 I2 --- r_Vmag Vmag reference. See refs.dat file.
53- 57 F5.2 mag Rmag ? CCD R-band magnitude of the CPM candidate
59- 60 I2 --- r_Rmag ? Rmag reference. See refs.dat file.
62- 66 F5.2 mag Imag ? CCD I-band magnitude of the CPM candidate
68- 69 I2 --- r_Imag ? Imag reference. See refs.dat file.
71 I1 --- No ? Observation number
73- 77 F5.2 mag Jmag CPM candidate 2MASS J-band magnitude
79- 83 F5.2 mag Hmag CPM candidate 2MASS H-band magnitude
85- 89 F5.2 mag Ksmag CPM candidate 2MASS Ks-band magnitude
91- 95 F5.1 pc Dist CPM candidate distance
97 A1 --- f_Dist [abc] Flag on Dist (2)
99-102 F4.1 pc e_Dist Dist error
104-109 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added by CDS)
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Note (1): Type as follows:
PAC = Physically associated CPM companions
RCC = Refuted CPM candidates
Note (2): Flag as follows:
a = While this distance is too low compared to the primary's Hipparcos
distance of 24.6pc, the companion is a roughly equal-brightness binary.
Adjusting the Hipparcos and 2MASS magnitudes accordingly changes the
distance estimate to 24.0±3.7, a much better match with the distance
to the primary.
b = See Section 4.3 for a discussion of these photometric distance estimates
and the status of these companions.
c = Even though the companion is HIP 110719, its Hipparcos astrometry has
large errors, necessitating the photometric distance check.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- WDS The WDS identification (Cat. B/wds)
12- 18 A7 --- Disc WDS discoverer designation
20- 23 A4 --- m_WDS WDS pair identifier
25 A1 --- f_WDS [a] Flag for HD 200560 (1)
27- 36 A10 --- PName Primary name (HD or HIP)
38- 40 I3 --- Nobs Number of observations
42- 44 I3 deg theta Companion position angle
46- 50 F5.1 arcsec rho Companion separation
52- 55 I4 --- Epoch Companion epoch of observation
57- 62 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added by CDS)
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Note (1): a = While the AB pair has an orbital solution in ORB6 and is likely
physically bound, it is listed here to identify that component B is only
optically associated with the sample star, which is component C. As noted in
the next line, the blinking of archival images also helps identify AC as an
optical pair. Thus, the physical pair AB is not associated with sample star C.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 6 I6 --- HD ? HD name
8 A1 --- f_HD [cde] Flag on HD (1)
10- 15 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of primary
17 A1 --- H59 [CGOX] Primary identification of companions in
the Hipparcos catalog (2)
19- 25 F7.2 mas/yr pmRA Hipparcos proper motion along RA (3)
27- 30 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmRA Uncertainty in pmRA
32- 39 F8.2 mas/yr pmDE Hipparcos proper motion along DE
41- 44 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmDE Uncertainty in pmDE
46- 51 F6.1 mas/yr pmRA2 ? Tycho-2 proper motion along RA (3)
53- 55 F3.1 mas/yr e_pmRA2 ? Uncertainty in pmRA2
57- 63 F7.1 mas/yr pmDE2 ? Tycho-2 proper motion along DE
65- 67 F3.1 mas/yr e_pmDE2 ? Uncertainty in pmDE2
69- 72 F4.1 --- sigma ? Significance of difference between Hipparcos
Tycho-2 proper motions (4)
74 A1 --- MK05 [Y] if proper-motion binary in Makarov & Kaplan
2005, Cat. J/AJ/129/2420
76 A1 --- F07 [Y] if proper-motion binary in Frankowski et
al., 2007, Cat. J/A+A/464/377)
78- 80 A3 --- St Companion status (5)
82 I1 --- Note Companion reason note (6)
84- 89 I6 --- HIPc ? HIP number of companion (added at CDS)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
c = Wide companion, 319" away from HD 7693.
d = Wide companion, 185" away from HD 53705.
e = Wide companion, 756" away from HIP 36357.
Note (2): Multiplicity flag as follows:
C = Double stars resolved by Hipparcos as separated components that could be
modeled as single stars, usually with an assumed common parallax.
G = Accelerating proper motion or higher-order terms.
O = Orbital solutions
X = Stochastic solutions (probably astrometric binaries with short period)
Further details are given in the Double and Multiple Systems Annex of
Hipparcos. See also section 3.2 for further details.
Note (3): µα*cos[δ].
Note (4): Computed as the root sum squared of the difference in each axis
divided by the corresponding larger error.
Note (5): Status as follows:
YES = physically associated companion;
MAY = unconfirmed candidate retained for further investigations.
Note (6): Reason note as follows:
1 = Visual and/or spectroscopic binary with an orbital solution.
2 = Nearby companion is likely responsible for the proper motion
acceleration (see Section 4.3).
3 = Hipparcos G flag and the χ2 test in Frankowski et al. (2007,
Cat. J/A+A/464/377) suggest an unseen companion, but because the
Hipparcos and Tycho-2 proper motions differ by less than 3σ, this
is retained as a candidate for further investigations.
4 = See individual system notes in Section 4.3.
5 = Hipparcos "G" flag and a greater than 3σ difference in proper
motion indicate an unseen companion.
6 = Nearby companion with evidence of orbital motion based on WDS
measurements is likely responsible for the proper motion acceleration.
7 = Radial velocity variations indicate a spectroscopic binary, but not
enough observations exist to derive an orbit.
8 = Greater than 3σ difference in proper motion is the only evidence
of a companion. The companion is considered physical if it also passed
the χ2 test in Frankowski et al. (2007, Cat. J/A+A/464/377),
otherwise is retained as a candidate.
9 = Nearby companion with matching photometric distance is likely
responsible for the proper motion acceleration (see Table 10).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table11.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- Type Visual orbit type
21- 30 A10 --- WDS The WDS identification
32- 37 I6 --- HD HD name
39- 44 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name
46- 59 A14 --- Disc WDS discoverer designation
61- 64 I4 --- Nobs ? Number of observations
66- 68 I3 yr DelT ? Observational time span
70- 77 F8.2 --- Per ? Orbital period
79 A1 --- x_Per Units for Per (y = years, d = days)
81 I1 --- G Orbit grade from ORB6, (1=definitive to
5=indeterminate) (1)
83- 90 A8 --- r_G Orbit reference from ORB6, see refs.dat file (1)
92 I1 --- SB [1,2]? single-lined (1) or double-lined (2) SB
94- 96 A3 --- Status Companion status (3)
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Note (1): ORB6 = Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars, available on:
http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/wds/orb6
Note (3): Status as follows:
YES = physically associated companion;
NO = unrelated field star;
MAY = unconfirmed candidate retained for further investigations.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table13.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 h RAh ? Sample star Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (1)
4- 5 I2 min RAm ? Sample star Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
7- 11 F5.2 s RAs ? Sample star Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
13 A1 --- DE- Sign of sample star Declination (J2000) (1)
14- 15 I2 deg DEd ? Sample star Degree of Declination (J2000)
17- 18 I2 arcmin DEm ? Sample star Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
20- 23 F4.1 arcsec DEs ? Sample star Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
25- 30 I6 --- HD ? HD name
32- 46 A15 --- OName Other name (1)
48 A1 --- N [N] System has specific note in Section 4.3.
See notes.dat file
50- 56 A7 --- Comp Companion identification
58 A1 --- f_Comp [abc] Flag on Comp (2)
60- 67 F8.2 --- Per ? Orbital period of the pair
69 A1 --- x_Per Units for Per (y = years, d = days, h = hours)
71- 77 F7.2 arcsec Asep ? Angular separation between the components
79- 86 F8.2 AU Lsep ? Projected linear separation (3)
88 A1 --- St [YM] Companionship status:
confirmed (Y) or candidate (M)
90 A1 --- VB [OPU] Visual binary orbit quality code (5)
92 A1 --- SB [12V] Spectroscopic binary code (6)
94 A1 --- CP [M-T] Common proper motion code (7)
96 A1 --- OT [ELM] Other unresolved companion code (8)
98 A1 --- CH [SV] Companions seen by CHARA LBOI (9)
100-105 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added by CDS) (1)
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Note (1): Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
have "0" for HIP number and no coordinates.
Note (2): Flag as follows:
a = The sample star is not the system's primary, which is identified as
component A below.
b = The brightest component of the system is HD 25998, but is designated as
component E in the WDS. Component A is the wide CPM companion,
HD 25893, which is about 2 magnitudes fainter and itself a visual
binary. We have retained the component designations of the WDS, so the
fainter visual pair is AB and the wide CPM companion is E. WDS
components C and D are optical, and E itself might have a close
companion, as evidenced by its accelerating proper motion (see Table 8.)
c = WDS lists these entries for HD 200595, a bright binary 153" away from
the sample star HD 200560, but one that is not physically associated
with it. HD 200560 is itself is a close CPM pair and listed in the WDS
as CD. We have retained the WDS designations, which makes C and D the
only physically associated components of this system.
Note (3): If Asep is empty, Lsep contains the semi-major axis from orbital
solutions; it corresponds to Asep otherwise.
Note (5): Code as follows:
O = robust orbit of grade 1, 2, 3, or 8;
P = preliminary orbit of grade 4 or 5;
U = unresolved photocentric-motion orbit.
Note (6): Code as follows:
1 = single-lined;
2 = double-lined;
V = radial-velocity variations indicating a companion, but no
orbital solution.
Note (7): Code as follows:
M = close pair with matching proper motions;
O = pair with evidence of orbital motion;
P = companion with matching proper motion and photometric distance;
R = close pair with published evidence of companionship;
S = companion with matching proper motion and spectral type
identification that is consistent with the primary's distance;
T = pair with independently-measured matching proper motions and
trigonometric parallaxes.
Note (8): Code as follows:
E = eclipsing binary;
L = companion indicated by an overluminous star;
M = companion implied by proper motion acceleration.
Note (9): Code as follows:
S = SFP (separated fringe packet) (Raghavan et al. 2010a, in prep.);
V = visibility-modulation binaries (Raghavan et al. 2009ApJ...690..394R 2009ApJ...690..394R,
2010b, in prep.).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table17.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 6 I6 --- HD ? HD name
8- 13 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name (0 for Sun)
15- 16 A2 --- Comp Component identification
18- 25 A8 --- SpT2 MK spectral type
27- 28 A2 --- r_SpT2 Reference for SpType. See refs.dat file
30- 33 F4.2 solMass Mass ? Stellar mass
35- 36 A2 --- r_Mass Reference for Mass. See refs.dat file
38- 42 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H] ? Metallicity
44- 45 A2 --- r_[Fe/H] Reference for [Fe/H]. See refs.dat file
47- 52 F6.3 [---] logRHK ? Chromospheric emission measure log(R'HK)
54- 55 A2 --- r_logRHK Reference for logRHK. See refs.dat file
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table18.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 13 A13 --- CompName Companion name (HD or HIP NNNNNN AA)
15- 29 A15 --- OName Alternative name
31- 44 A14 --- SpType MK spectral type
46- 47 A2 --- r_SpType Reference for SpType. See refs.dat file
49- 52 F4.2 solMass Mass ? Companion mass
54 A1 --- f_Mass [a] Flag on Mass (1)
56- 57 A2 --- r_Mass Reference for Mass. See refs.dat file
59- 64 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added by CDS)
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Note (1):
a = Estimated using mass-sum of Aa+Ab from DM91 (Duquennoy & Mayor,
1991A&A...248..485D 1991A&A...248..485D) and mass of Aa from Nordstrom et al. (2004,
Cat V/117).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- Ref Reference identification
10- 28 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode
30- 50 A21 --- Aut Author's name
52-199 A148 --- Com Comment
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: notes.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 6 I6 --- HIP Hipparcos name of the system (added at CDS)
8- 13 I6 --- HD HD number of the star
15- 84 A70 --- Text Text of note
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 23-Sep-2010