J/ApJS/216/7 Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)
Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS).
IV. The outer architecture of M dwarf planetary systems.
Bowler B.P., Liu M.C., Shkolnik E.L., Tamura M.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 216, 7 (2015)>
=2015ApJS..216....7B 2015ApJS..216....7B
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, M-type ; Stars, nearby
Keywords: binaries: visual; brown dwarfs; planetary systems;
stars: individual: (2MASS J15594729+4403595, GJ 3629,
1RXS J034231.8+121622); stars: low-mass
Abstract:
We present results from a high-contrast adaptive optics imaging search
for giant planets and brown dwarfs (≳1MJup) around 122 newly
identified nearby (≲40pc) young M dwarfs. Half of our targets are
younger than 135Myr and 90% are younger than the Hyades (620Myr).
After removing 44 close stellar binaries (implying a stellar companion
fraction of >35.4%±4.3% within 100AU), 27 of which are new or
spatially resolved for the first time, our remaining sample of 78
single M dwarfs makes this the largest imaging search for planets
around young low-mass stars (0.1-0.6M☉) to date. Our H- and
K-band coronagraphic observations with Keck/NIRC2 and Subaru/HiCIAO
achieve typical contrasts of 12-14mag and 9-13mag at 1", respectively,
which correspond to limiting planet masses of 0.5-10MJup at 5-33AU
for 85% of our sample. We discovered four young brown dwarf
companions: 1RXS J235133.3+312720B (32±6MJup; L0+2-1;
120±20AU), GJ 3629B (64+30-23MJup; M7.5±0.5; 6.5±0.5AU),
1RXS J034231.8+121622B (35±8MJup; L0±1; 19.8±0.9AU), and
2MASS J15594729+4403595B (43±9MJup; M8.0±0.5; 190±20AU). Over
150 candidate planets were identified; we obtained follow-up imaging
for 56% of these but all are consistent with background stars. Our
null detection of planets enables strong statistical constraints on
the occurrence rate of long-period giant planets around single M
dwarfs.
Description:
We carried out our observations at the Keck II 10m telescope with the
facility near-infrared imaging camera NIRC2 using natural guide star
adaptive optics (NGS-AO) between 2010 August and 2013 August (table 3).
Our NGS-AO observations at the 8.2m Subaru Telescope were obtained
with the AO188 adaptive optics system coupled with the High Contrast
Instrument for the Subaru Next Generation Adaptive Optics (HiCIAO)
imaging instrument.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 98 144 Summary of coronagraphic observations for 93 stars
table8.dat 140 257 Candidate companions for 47 stars
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See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2014)
I/322 : UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)
I/317 : The PPMXL Catalog (Roeser+ 2010)
I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
III/198 : Palomar/MSU nearby star spectroscopic survey (Hawley+ 1997)
III/259 : Stephenson's dwarf K and M stars (StKM) (Stephenson, 1986)
J/AJ/147/85 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIII. (Riedel+, 2014)
J/AJ/145/102 : Spectroscopy of M dwarfs in the northern sky (Lepine+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. of KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)
J/ApJ/762/88 : Young stellar kinematic group candidate members (Malo+, 2013)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/A+A/544/A9 : The International Deep Planet Survey. I. (Vigan+, 2012)
J/ApJ/758/56 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. II. Kinematics (Shkolnik+, 2012)
J/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 2012)
J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)
J/ApJ/745/174 : Evolutionary models of gas-giant planets (Spiegel+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/64 : Solar neighborhood XXVIII. Companions (Dieterich+, 2012)
J/AJ/143/80 : Low-mass stars of beta Pic & AB Dor groups (Schlieder+, 2012)
J/AJ/142/138 : All-sky catalog of bright M dwarfs (Lepine+, 2011)
J/ApJ/736/89 : Search for companions around nearby stars (Janson+, 2011)
J/A+A/531/A92 : Deep all-sky census of the Hyades (Roeser+, 2011)
J/AJ/141/166 : HATNet variability survey of K and M dwarfs (Hartman+, 2011)
J/AJ/140/119 : βPic and AB Dor moving groups members (Schlieder+, 2010)
J/ApJ/709/L114 : Protoplanetary disks in PMS binaries (Duchene, 2010)
J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)
J/A+A/521/A12 : Radial velocities of nearby late-type stars (Maldonado+, 2010)
J/A+A/509/A52 : Search for companions with VLT/NACO (Chauvin+, 2010)
J/ApJ/705/1416 : Volume-limited sample of M7-M9.5 dwarfs <20pc (Reiners+, 2009)
J/ApJ/699/649 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. I. (Shkolnik+, 2009)
J/ApJS/181/62 : Survey of young solar analogs (Metchev+, 2009)
J/ApJ/689/1295 : Lithium tests for brown dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2008)
J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)
J/ApJ/670/1367 : Gemini Deep Planet Survey (Lafreniere+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/2825 : Star beyond the NLTT catalog (Reid+, 2007)
J/A+A/464/377 : HIP binaries with radial velocities (Frankowski+, 2007)
J/A+A/460/695 : Search for Associations Containing Young stars (Torres+, 2006)
J/AJ/132/866 : New M dwarfs in solar neighborhood (Riaz+, 2006)
J/A+A/450/681 : Companions to close spectroscopic binaries (Tokovinin+, 2006)
J/A+A/442/211 : Spectroscopic distances of 322 NLTT stars (Scholz+, 2005)
J/AJ/129/2420 : Proper motion derivatives of binaries (Makarov+, 2005)
J/A+A/430/165 : Radial velocities for 6691 K and M giants (Famaey+, 2005)
J/AJ/127/2856 : Brown dwarfs in the 2MASS Survey (Burgasser+, 2004)
J/AJ/126/2421 : 2MASS-Selected sample of ultracool dwarfs (Cruz+, 2003)
J/A+A/331/81 : Hyades membership (Perryman+ 1998)
J/AJ/105/226 : UMa Group (Soderblom+ 1993)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 26 A26 --- Name Star name
28- 44 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
46- 56 A11 "YYYY/MM/DD" Date Observation date (UT)
58- 64 A7 --- Inst Instrument (G1)
66 A1 --- f_Inst [f] f: NLTT 13844 was observed with
on-axis LGS-AO at Keck
68- 70 A3 --- Filt Filter used in the observation (H, K or K_S)
72- 75 I4 mas Cor [300/1500] Angular diameter of coronagraph
77- 79 I3 --- Nexp [3/120] Number of exposures
81- 85 F5.2 min Exp [0.3/71] Exposure time (1)
87- 89 A3 --- Mode Observation mode (2)
91- 95 F5.2 deg Rot [0.5/61.7]? Rotation angle
97- 98 I2 % Strehl [4/58]? Strehl ratio (3)
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Note (1): Number of frames x coadds per frame x exposure time per frame. Most
of the deep imaging consisted of 60 sec exposures with 1 coadd.
Note (2): Modes are:
ADI = Angular Differential Imaging;
DI = Direct Imaging (rotator on).
Note (3): Strehl ratios are computed for NIRC2 images with the "nirc2strehl"
IDL routine available on the Keck Web site. The quoted value is the
median Strehl ratio from unsaturated images taken before and after
deep ADI or DI sequences.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 23 A23 --- Name Source name
25- 26 A2 --- --- [CC]
27- 28 I2 --- CC [1/42] Candidate identifier
30- 39 A10 "YYYY/MM/DD" Date UT date of the observation
41- 49 F9.4 yr Epoch Decimal year of the observation
51- 57 A7 --- Inst Instrument used in the observation (G1)
59- 61 A3 --- Filt Filter used in the observation (H, K, K_S)
63- 67 F5.2 mag Ctst ? Relative contrast of candidate and
primary star
69 A1 --- f_Ctst [cf] Saturated or near-edge detection (2)
71- 74 F4.2 mag e_Ctst ? Uncertainty in Ctst
76- 81 F6.3 arcsec rho [1.6/22.7] Measured separation ρ
83- 87 F5.3 arcsec e_rho [0.003/0.08] Uncertainty in rho
89- 94 F6.2 deg PA Measured position angle
96- 99 F4.2 deg e_PA Uncertainty in PA
101-106 F6.3 arcsec Brho [1.7/11]? Predicted background separation
108-112 F5.3 arcsec e_Brho ? Uncertainty in Brho
114-119 F6.2 deg BPA ? Predicted background position angle
121-125 F5.2 deg e_BPA ? Uncertainty in BPA
127-131 F5.1 AU PSep Projected separation
133-135 A3 --- Comp Companion detection: BG, SE or AMB (3)
137-140 A4 --- n_Comp [ ,de] Note(s) on companion detection (4)
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Note (2): Flag as follows:
c = The primary and/or companion is saturated or in the nonlinear regime
of the infrared array, so no relative photometry is listed.
f = Source is near the edge of the array so no relative photometry is given.
Note (3): Codes are:
BG = background object;
SE = single epoch detection;
AMB = ambiguous whether comoving or background?
Note (4): Flag as follows:
d = Colors and/or astrometry are inconsistent with a late-type common
proper motion companion based on visual inspection of the field from
one or more of the following archival sky surveys: 2MASS
(Skrutskie et al. 2006, VII/233), SDSS (Abazajian et al. 2009, II/294),
DSS1, or DSS2.
e = Source appears spatially extended and is probably a background galaxy.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Instruments are:
NIRC2/N = Keck II/NIRC2 in narrow (∼10"x10") camera mode;
NIRC2/W = Keck II/NIRC2 in wide (∼40"x40") camera mode.
HiCIAO = Subaru/HiCIAO
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Bowler et al. Paper I. 2012ApJ...753..142B 2012ApJ...753..142B
Bowler et al. Paper II. 2012ApJ...756...69B 2012ApJ...756...69B
Bowler et al. Paper III. 2013ApJ...774...55B 2013ApJ...774...55B
(End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 12-Feb-2015