J/ApJS/220/11 SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
Young stellar objects in the Gould Belt.
Dunham M.M., Allen L.E., Evans II N.J., Broekhoven-Fiene H., Cieza L.A.,
Di Francesco J., Gutermuth R.A., Harvey P.M., Hatchell J., Heiderman A.,
Huard T.L., Johnstone D., Kirk J.M., Matthews B.C., Miller J.F.,
Peterson D.E., Young K.E.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 220, 11 (2015)>
=2015ApJS..220...11D 2015ApJS..220...11D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared ; YSOs ; Molecular clouds ; Surveys ;
Extinction ; Photometry, UBVRI ; Photometry, millimetric/submm
Keywords: infrared: stars; ISM: clouds; stars: formation; stars: low-mass
Abstract:
We present the full catalog of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) identified
in the 18 molecular clouds surveyed by the Spitzer Space Telescope
"cores to disks" (c2d) and "Gould Belt" (GB) Legacy surveys. Using
standard techniques developed by the c2d project, we identify 3239
candidate YSOs in the 18 clouds, 2966 of which survive visual
inspection and form our final catalog of YSOs in the GB. We compile
extinction corrected spectral energy distributions for all 2966 YSOs
and calculate and tabulate the infrared spectral index, bolometric
luminosity, and bolometric temperature for each object. We find that
326 (11%), 210 (7%), 1248 (42%), and 1182 (40%) are classified as
Class 0+I, Flat-spectrum, Class II, and Class III, respectively, and
show that the Class III sample suffers from an overall contamination
rate by background Asymptotic Giant Branch stars between 25% and 90%.
Adopting standard assumptions, we derive durations of 0.40-0.78Myr for
Class 0+I YSOs and 0.26-0.50Myr for Flat-spectrum YSOs, where the
ranges encompass uncertainties in the adopted assumptions. Including
information from (sub)millimeter wavelengths, one-third of the Class
0+I sample is classified as Class 0, leading to durations of
0.13-0.26Myr (Class 0) and 0.27-0.52Myr (Class I). We revisit infrared
color-color diagrams used in the literature to classify YSOs and
propose minor revisions to classification boundaries in these
diagrams. Finally, we show that the bolometric temperature is a poor
discriminator between Class II and Class III YSOs.
Description:
Both Spitzer c2d survey and Spitzer GB survey imaged their respective
targets at 3.6-8.0um with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC),
and at 24-160um images with the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS).
Three clouds listed in Table 1 do not have published data references
(Chamaeleon I, Chamaeleon III, and Musca). Additionally, only a small
piece of Aquila was published in the reference listed for that cloud
(Gutermuth et al. 2008ApJ...673L.151G 2008ApJ...673L.151G). Consequently, for these four
clouds there are no published lists of the Spitzer AORs that targeted
them. We thus list their AORs in Table 8.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 61 18 Molecular clouds surveyed by the
c2d and GB surveys
table2.dat 99 2966 Properties of the c2d+GB YSOs
table3.dat 177 2966 Observed Spitzer and 2MASS flux densities
of the c2d+GB YSOs
table4.dat 177 2966 Extinction corrected Spitzer and 2MASS flux
densities of the c2d+GB YSOs
table8.dat 58 85 Spitzer AORs for unpublished clouds
table9.dat 167 2966 Observed 0.36-0.96 micron flux densities of
the c2d+GB YSOs
table10.dat 167 2966 Extinction corrected 0.36-0.96 micron flux
densities of the c2d+GB YSOs
table11.dat 94 2966 Observed 3.4-22 micron flux densities of
the c2d+GB YSOs
table12.dat 94 2966 Extinction corrected 3.4-22 micron flux
densities of the c2d+GB YSOs
table13.dat 96 2966 Observed 160-1300 micron flux densities of
the c2d+GB YSOs
table14.dat 96 2966 Extinction corrected 160-1300 micron
flux densities of the c2d+GB YSOs
refs.dat 67 31 References
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See also:
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/332 : c2d Spitzer final data release (DR4) (Evans+, 2003)
J/ApJ/806/231 : MISFITS survey: HCO+ obs. of Spitzer YSOs (Heiderman+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/434/806 : Pre-main-sequence isochrones. II. SFR (Bell+, 2013)
J/ApJS/209/31 : The MYStIX IR-Excess Source catalog (MIRES) (Povich+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJS/205/5 : YSO candidates in nearby molecular clouds (Hsieh+, 2013)
J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)
J/ApJ/764/133 : Auriga-California giant molecular cloud (Harvey+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/94 : Protostar luminosities from Spitzer surveys (Dunham+, 2013)
J/A+A/551/A34 : SED information for CrA members (Sicilia-Aguilar+, 2013)
J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS phot. of protostar candidates (Kryukova+, 2012)
J/ApJ/749/79 : Transition disks. II. Southern MoC (Romero+, 2012)
J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)
J/A+A/535/A2 : Chamaeleon III 870um sources maps (Belloche+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/43 : YSOs candidates and knots in CrA cloud (Peterson+, 2011)
J/A+A/527/A145 : Chamaeleon I 870um sources (Belloche+, 2011)
J/ApJ/723/1019 : Galactic SFR and gas surface densities (Heiderman+, 2010)
J/ApJ/715/671 : X-ray and IR emission from YSOs (Wolk+, 2010)
J/ApJ/714/778 : YSOs in the Serpens Molecular Cloud (Oliveira+, 2010)
J/ApJ/712/925 : Transition circumstellar disks in Ophiuchus (Cieza+, 2010)
J/ApJS/186/259 : Taurus Spitzer survey: new candidate members (Rebull+, 2010)
J/ApJS/185/198 : The Cepheus flare observed with IRAC and MIPS (Kirk+, 2009)
J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)
J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)
J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)
J/ApJ/691/672 : Spectrocopy of YSOs in Serpens cloud (Oliveira+ 2009)
J/ApJS/179/249 : Low-luminosity embedded protostar population (Dunham+, 2008)
J/ApJS/177/551 : Spitzer c2d survey of Lupus dark clouds (Merin+, 2008)
J/ApJ/680/495 : Survey of Interstellar clouds in the GB (Harvey+, 2008)
J/ApJS/175/277 : Submm-Continuum SCUBA detections (Di Francesco+, 2008)
J/ApJ/676/427 : MIPS and IRAC data on ChaII PMS stars (Alcala+, 2008)
J/ApJ/663/1149 : Spitzer survey of Serpens YSO population (Harvey+, 2007)
J/AJ/133/1560 : Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores (Wu+, 2007)
J/ApJ/638/293 : 1.1mm sources in the Perseus Molecular Cloud (Enoch+, 2006)
J/A+A/421/623 : ISOCAM survey of YSOs in Serpens Cloud Core (Kaas+, 2004)
J/A+A/399/995 : SOFI and ISOCAM observations of Cha II (Persi+, 2003)
J/A+A/372/173 : ISOCAM obs. of the rho Ophiuchi cloud (Bontemps+, 2001)
J/AJ/117/354 : OB associations from Hipparcos (de Zeeuw+, 1999)
J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)
J/A+A/216/44 : Walraven photometry in Sco-Cen association (De Geus+, 1989)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Cloud Cloud identifier
18- 20 A3 --- Survey Parent survey identifier (1)
22- 24 I3 pc Dist1 [125/950] Assumed distance
25 A1 --- --- [-]
26- 28 I3 pc Dist2 [325]? Second distance for Cepheus (see flag)
29 A1 --- f_Dist2 [c] Flag on Dist (2)
31- 33 I3 --- r_Dist [101/113] Distance reference (101-113;
see refs.dat file)
35- 39 F5.1 pc2 Area [2.5/179] Total area mapped
41- 45 I5 Msun Mass [189/24400] Total cloud gas mass
47- 50 I4 Msun e_Mass [17/3600] Mass uncertainty
52- 61 A10 --- Ref Reference(s) to in-depth studies
(see refs.dat file)
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Note (1): Survey as follows:
c2d = The Spitzer c2d survey (PI: N. J. Evans) imaged seven large, nearby
molecular clouds in the Gould Belt and approximately 100 isolated dense
molecular cores. Evans et al. (2003PASP..115..965E 2003PASP..115..965E) review both the
primary science objectives of c2d and its basic observation plan, and
Evans et al. (2009, J/ApJS/181/321) summarize the results in the
large clouds.
GB = The Spitzer Gould Belt (GB) Legacy survey (PI: L. E. Allen) is a
follow-up program that imaged an additional 11 molecular clouds in the
GB, completing most of the remaining clouds in the GB except for
the Taurus and Orion molecular clouds.
See section 2.1 for further explanations.
Note (2):
c = Different regions within Cepheus are located at different distances;
see Kirk et al. (2009, J/ApJS/185/198) for details.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq Running sequence number
6- 21 A16 --- Cloud Cloud identifier
23- 38 A16 --- ID SSTc2d or SSTgb
Spitzer source name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
40- 43 F4.1 mag Av [0/42] The V band extinction
45- 51 F7.2 --- alpha [-2.7/5.1]?=-999 Observed spectral index
53- 58 F6.1 K Tbol [7/6000]?=-999 Observed bolometric temperature
60- 69 F10.5 Lsun Lbol [0/120]?=-999 Observed bolometric luminosity
71- 77 F7.2 --- alpha0 [-3.3/5]?=-999 Extinction corrected spectral
index
79- 84 F6.1 K Tbol0 [7/7900]?=-999 Extinction corrected bolometric
temperature
86- 95 F10.5 Lsun Lbol0 [0/940]?=-999 Extinction corrected bolometric
luminosity
97 A1 --- AGB? A likely AGB? (Y or N)
99 A1 --- Core? Source has a core? (Y or -)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table[34].dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq Running sequence number
6- 14 F9.3 mJy F1.25 [0.04/57000]?=-999 J band 1.25 micron flux density
16- 26 F11.5 mJy e_F1.25 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F1.25
28- 36 F9.3 mJy F1.65 [0.08/36000]?=-999 H band 1.65 micron flux density
38- 46 F9.4 mJy e_F1.65 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F1.65
48- 56 F9.2 mJy F2.17 [0.4/110000]?=-999 Ks band 2.17 micron flux density
58- 66 F9.3 mJy e_F2.17 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F2.17
68- 76 F9.4 mJy F3.6 [0/7800]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron flux density
78- 87 F10.5 mJy e_F3.6 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F3.6
89- 96 F8.3 mJy F4.5 [0.02/7300]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um flux density
98-107 F10.5 mJy e_F4.5 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F4.5
109-117 F9.3 mJy F5.8 [0.1/29000]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um flux density
119-126 F8.3 mJy e_F5.8 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F5.8
128-135 F8.2 mJy F8.0 [0.1/18000]?=-999 Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um flux density
137-144 F8.3 mJy e_F8.0 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F8.0
146-153 F8.2 mJy F24 [0.7/27000]?=-999 Spitzer/MIPS 24um flux density
155-162 F8.3 mJy e_F24 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F24
164-169 I6 mJy F70 [21/239000]?=-999 Spitzer/MIPS 70um flux density
171-177 F7.1 mJy e_F70 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F70
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- Cloud Cloud identifier
18- 28 A11 --- MIPS MIPS target name
30- 37 I8 --- AORM ? Spitzer/MIPS AOR
39- 49 A11 --- IRAC IRAC target name
51- 58 I8 --- AORI Spitzer/IRAC AOR
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat table10.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq Running sequence number
6- 12 F7.2 mJy F0.36 [0.3/14]?=-999 U band 0.36 micron flux density
14- 22 F9.4 mJy e_F0.36 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.36
24- 34 F11.4 mJy F0.44 [0/160000]?=-999 B band 0.44 micron flux density
36- 46 F11.5 mJy e_F0.44 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.44
48- 57 F10.4 mJy F0.55 [0/96000]?=-999 V band 0.55 micron flux density
59- 67 F9.4 mJy e_F0.55 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.55
69- 77 F9.4 mJy F0.64 [0/7100]?=-999 R band 0.64 micron flux density
79- 89 F11.4 mJy e_F0.64 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.64
91- 99 F9.4 mJy F0.665 [0/1800]?=-999 Hα 0.665 micron flux density
101-109 F9.4 mJy e_F0.665 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.665
111-118 F8.3 mJy F0.79 [0.02/9400]?=-999 I band 0.79 micron flux density
120-128 F9.4 mJy e_F0.79 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.79
130-137 F8.3 mJy F0.914 [0.09/1900]?=-999 HST/WFPC 0.914um flux density
139-147 F9.4 mJy e_F0.914 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.914
149-157 F9.3 mJy F0.96 [0.08/11000]?=-999 z band 0.96 micron flux density
159-167 F9.4 mJy e_F0.96 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F0.96
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1[12].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq Running sequence number
6- 10 I5 mJy F3.4 [26/24000]?=-999 L band 3.4 micron flux density
12- 17 F6.1 mJy e_F3.4 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F3.4
19- 23 I5 mJy F5.0 [21000/34000]?=-999 M band 5.0 micron flux density
25- 28 I4 mJy e_F5.0 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F5.0
30- 35 F6.1 mJy F6.7 [6/910]?=-999 ISO 6.7 micron flux density
37- 43 F7.2 mJy e_F6.7 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F6.7
45- 53 F9.2 mJy F12 [0.1/220000]?=-999 WISE 12 micron flux density
55- 63 F9.3 mJy e_F12 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F12
65- 70 F6.1 mJy F14 [6/1400]?=-999 ISO 14 micron flux density
72- 77 F6.1 mJy e_F14 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F14
79- 86 F8.1 mJy F22 [1/540000]?=-999 WISE 22 micron flux density
88- 94 F7.2 mJy e_F22 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F22
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1[34].dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Seq Running sequence number
6- 10 I5 mJy F160 [600/51000]?=-999 Spitzer/MIPS 160um flux density
12- 16 I5 mJy e_F160 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F160
18- 23 I6 mJy F350 [400/190000]?=-999 SHARC-II 350um flux density
25- 29 I5 mJy e_F350 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F350
31- 36 I6 mJy F450 [60/269000]?=-999 SCUBA 450 micron flux density
38- 44 F7.1 mJy e_F450 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F450
46- 52 F7.1 mJy F850 [8/29000]?=-999 SCUBA 850 micron flux density
54- 60 F7.2 mJy e_F850 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F850
62- 65 I4 mJy F1100 [57/6500]?=-999 Literature 1100um flux density
67- 72 F6.1 mJy e_F1100 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F1100
74- 77 I4 mJy F1200 [45/1900]?=-999 Literature 1200um flux density
79- 84 F6.1 mJy e_F1200 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F1200
86- 89 I4 mJy F1300 [26/680]?=-999 Literature 1300um flux density
91- 96 F6.1 mJy e_F1300 ?=-999 Uncertainty in F1300
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Ref Reference code
5- 23 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode
25- 47 A23 --- Aut First author's name(s)
49- 67 A19 --- Comm Catalog reference in VizieR if any
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 05-Nov-2015