J/ApJS/240/26 YSO candidates in Canis Major OB1 association (Sewilo+, 2019)
Identifying young stellar objects in the outer Galaxy: l=224° region in
Canis Major.
Sewilo M., Whitney B.A., Yung B.H.K., Robitaille T.P., Elia D.,
Indebetouw R., Schisano E., Szczerba R., Karska A., Wiseman J., Babler B.,
Boyer M.L., Fischer W.J., Meade M., Olmi L., Padgett D., Siodmiak N.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 240, 26 (2019)>
=2019ApJS..240...26S 2019ApJS..240...26S
ADC_Keywords: YSOs; Photometry, infrared; Star Forming Region; Stars, diameters;
Cross identifications
Keywords: infrared: stars; ISM: jets and outflows; stars: formation;
stars: pre-main sequence
Abstract:
We study a very young star-forming region in the outer Galaxy that is
the most concentrated source of outflows in the Spitzer Space
Telescope GLIMPSE360 survey. This region, dubbed CMa-l224, is located
in the Canis Major OB1 association. CMa-l224 is relatively faint in
the mid-infrared, but it shines brightly at the far-infrared
wavelengths as revealed by the Herschel Space Observatory data from
the Hi-GAL survey. Using the 3.6 and 4.5µm data from the
Spitzer/GLIMPSE360 survey, combined with the JHKs Two Micron All Sky
Survey (2MASS) and the 70-500µm Herschel/Hi-GAL data, we develop
young stellar object (YSO) selection criteria based on color-color
cuts and fitting of the YSO candidates' spectral energy distributions
with YSO 2D radiative transfer models. We identify 293 YSO candidates
and estimate physical parameters for 210 sources well fit with YSO
models. We select an additional 47 sources with GLIMPSE360-only
photometry as "possible YSO candidates." The vast majority of these
sources are associated with high H2 column density regions and are
good targets for follow-up studies. The distribution of YSO candidates
at different evolutionary stages with respect to Herschel filaments
supports the idea that stars are formed in the filaments and become
more dispersed with time. Both the supernova-induced and spontaneous
star formation scenarios are plausible in the environmental context of
CMa-l224. However, our results indicate that a spontaneous
gravitational collapse of filaments is a more likely scenario. The
methods developed for CMa-l224 can be used for larger regions in the
Galactic plane where the same set of photometry is available.
Description:
Our study is mainly based on the catalogs and images from the
GLIMPSE360 survey (PI B. Whitney). GLIMPSE360 observed the outer
Galactic plane at 3.6 and 4.5um with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC),
covering a longitude range from 65° to 265°.
We complemented the GLIMPSE360 data with the ancillary data from
previous near- to far-infrared (IR) surveys: WISE/NEOWISE (II/328),
AKARI/IRC (II/297), MSX (V/114) and Herschel Hi-GAL
(Elia+ 2013, J/ApJ/772/45).
The CMa-l224 outflow region overlaps with the first outer Galaxy
region (216.5°≲l≲225.5°, -2°≲b≲0°).
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------------------------
RA (ICRS) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
07 07.0 -10 28 Canis Major OB1 association = NAME CMa OB1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table4.dat 100 210 Physical parameters for a subset of YSO candidates
in CMa-l224
table5.dat 682 293 Data from the 2MASS, Spitzer/GLIMPSE360, AllWISE,
AKARI, MSX, and Herschel/Hi-GAL point source
catalogs and the classification of YSO candidates
table6.dat 100 47 The Spitzer GLIMPSE360 IRAC catalog photometry of
"possible YSO candidates" in CMa-l224
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
B/ocl : Optically visible open clusters and Candidates (Dias+ 2002-2015)
II/332 : c2d Spitzer final data release (DR4) (Evans+, 2003)
II/297 : AKARI/IRC mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
VII/20 : Catalogue of HII Regions (Sharpless 1959)
VII/21 : Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae (Van den Bergh, 1966)
V/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)
VIII/85 : SPECFIND V2.0 Catalog of radio continuum spectra (Vollmer+ 2009)
II/297 : AKARI/IRC mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
J/A+AS/80/149 : IRAS Sources behind the Solar circle (Wouterloot+ 1989)
J/A+AS/115/81 : A CS(2-1) survey of UC HII regions (Bronfman+, 1996)
J/A+AS/132/211 : Interstellar SiO sources (Harju+ 1998)
J/MNRAS/310/210 : Stellar composition of CMa R1 (Shevchenko+, 1999)
J/other/RMxAA/37.115 : Optical coordinates of southern PNe (Kimeswenger+, 2001)
J/A+A/368/845 : Arcetri updated cat. of H2O maser sources (Valdettaro+, 2001)
J/A+A/399/141 : Merged catalogue of reflection nebulae (Magakian, 2003)
J/PASJ/56/313 : 13CO survey of Mon & CMa molecular clouds (Kim+, 2004)
J/A+A/451/1053 : Fundamental parameters of Be stars (Fremat+, 2006)
J/ApJ/669/493 : Spitzer/Chandra YSOs in Serpens cloud core (Winston+, 2007)
J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)
J/A+A/506/711 : Canis Major R1 X-ray sources (Gregorio-Hetem+, 2009)
J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)
J/A+A/501/539 : RMS survey. 6cm observations of YSOs (Urquhart+, 2009)
J/ApJ/738/27 : Galactic HII regions RRL and continuum data (Balser+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/35 : The VLBA Galactic Plane Survey (VGaPS) (Petrov+, 2011)
J/ApJS/194/14 : A Pan-Carina YSO catalog (Povich+, 2011)
J/ApJS/202/1 : 1mm spectral line survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs (He+, 2012)
J/ApJS/200/8 : AGES: the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (Kochanek+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSOs (Megeath+, 2012)
J/ApJ/764/61 : H2O maser & NH3 survey of GLIMPSE EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2013)
J/ApJ/772/45 : Hi-GAL obs.: star formation in the 3rd quadrant (Elia+, 2013)
J/ApJS/207/5 : YSOs in LDN 1641 with Hectochelle spectra (Fang+, 2013)
J/A+A/558/A53 : MW global survey of star clusters. II. (Kharchenko+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJ/778/96 : Spitzer and NEWFIRM observations of NGC 6334 (Willis+, 2013)
J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)
J/A+A/584/A91 : Cat. of dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/450/4364 : H2 emission from massive YSOs survey (Navarete+, 2015)
J/ApJ/827/96 : WISE census of YSOs in Canis Major (Fischer+, 2016)
J/A+A/591/A149 : Hi-GAL. inner Milky Way: +68≥l≥70 (Molinari+, 2016)
J/A+A/594/A58 : Hi-GAL l=224deg region CO(1-0) data cubes (Olmi+, 2016)
J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Catalog of Galactic cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)
http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/SPITZER/GLIMPSE : GLIMPSE archive on IRSA
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- f_SSTGLMA Flag on SSTGLMA G224.4696-00.3780 (1)
3- 9 A7 --- --- [SSTGLMA]
11- 27 A17 --- SSTGLMA IRAC designation (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb) (G1)
29- 30 I2 --- Npt [5/18] Number of valid data points used in fitting
32- 38 A7 --- MSet Model set identifier (2)
40- 50 A11 --- Mod Model name
52- 58 F7.4 --- chi2 [0.02/14.5] The χ2 per data point (3)
60- 63 I4 --- Nf [1/1046] Number of fits (4)
65- 70 F6.3 Rsun Rad [0.8/20.7] Stellar radius
72- 76 I5 K Temp [3020/10800] Stellar temperature
78- 85 F8.4 Lsun Lum [0.09/418] Stellar luminosity
87- 92 F6.3 Msun Mass [0.3/5.2]?=-9.999 Stellar mass (5)
94-100 F7.4 Myr Age [0.01/4.1]?=-9.999 Stellar age (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1):
a = Source SSTGLMA G224.4696-00.3780 is classified in the literature as
a Be star (HD 55135; e.g., Fremat+ 2006, J/A+A/451/1053); we removed
it from the list of YSO candidates and so the source is not included in
Table 5.
Note (2): Results of the SED fitting (Table 3):
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model set Ns Components Group
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
s000s0i 0 star
sp00s0i 72 star+passive disk; Rinner=Rsub d
sp00h0i 28 star+passive disk; variable R_inner d
s000smi 0 star + medium; Rinner=Rsub
sp00smi 47 star+passive disk+medium; Rinner=Rsub d
sp00hmi 26 star+passive disk+medium; variable R_inner d
s0p0smi 1 star+power-law envelope+medium; Rinner=Rsub e
s0p0hmi 0 star+power-law envelope+medium; variable R_inner e
s0pbsmi 2 star+power-law envelope+cavity+medium; Rinner=Rsub e
s0pbhmi 5 star+power-law envelope+cavity+medium; var. R_inner e
s0u0smi 2 star+Ulrich envelope+medium; Rinner=Rsub e
s0u0hmi 2 star+Ulrich envelope+medium; variable R_inner e
s0ubsmi 0 star+Ulrich envelope+cavity+medium; Rinner=Rsub e
s0ubhmi 4 star+Ulrich envelope+cavity+medium; variable R_inner e
spu0smi 11 star+passive disk+Ulrich envelope+medium; Rinner=Rsub d+e
spu0hmi 4 star+passive disk+Ulrich env.+medium; var. R_inner d+e
spubsmi 3 star+passive disk+Ulrich env.+cavity+medium; Rinner=Rsub d+e
spubhmi 3 star+passive disk+Ulrich env.+cavity+medium; var. R_inner d+e
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model set names from Robitaille (2017A&A...600A..11R 2017A&A...600A..11R).
R_sub is the dust sublimation radius.
Ns is the number of sources in Table 4 with this model set.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (3): For the best-fit model from the most likely model set.
Note (4): With χ2/pt between (χ2min/pt)set and
(χ2min/pt)set + 2 in the most likely model set.
Note (5): Provided only for sources with the most reliable estimates of
these parameters (see Section 6.1 for details).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- --- [SSTGLMA]
9- 25 A17 --- SSTGLMA IRAC designation (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb) (G1)
27- 36 F10.6 deg RAdeg [106.5/108.7] Right Ascension (J2000)
38- 47 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-11.7/-9.4] Declination (J2000)
49- 57 I9 --- 2MASS [286257892/286739699]?=0 Sequential number for
a 2MASS source (Col. 'Cntr' in II/246)
59- 77 A19 --- WISEA Identifier from the AllWISE catalog
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s; II/328 or "null")
79- 87 I9 --- AKARI ? 'objID' from the AKARI catalog (II/297) (1)
89- 94 A6 --- --- "MSX6C_" or "null"
95-111 A17 --- MSX6C Identifier from the MSX catalog
(GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb; V/114)
113-115 I3 --- E13 [492/936]? Herschel source sequential number (2)
118-137 F20.17 arcsec oGWISEA [0.005/2.3]?=-9.99 GLIMPSE360 and AllWISE
source distance
139-156 F18.15 arcsec oGAKARI [0.4/0.9]?=-9.999 GLIMPSE360 and AKARI
source distance
158-166 F9.6 arcsec oGMSX [0.5/0.6]?=-9.999 GLIMPSE360 and MSX
source distance
168-185 F18.15 arcsec oGE13 [0.2/3.8]?=-9.999 GLIMPSE360 and E13
(Elia+, 2013, J/ApJ/772/45) source distance
187-204 F18.15 arcsec oGFull [0.3/4.6]?=-9.999 GLIMPSE360 and Herschel
Full source distance
206-211 F6.3 mag Jmag [11/17.3]?=99.999 2MASS J band magnitude
213-218 F6.3 mag e_Jmag [0.02/0.3]?=99.999 Uncertainty in Jmag
220-225 F6.3 mag Hmag [10.7/16.7]?=99.999 2MASS H band magnitude
227-232 F6.3 mag e_Hmag [0.02/0.3]?=99.999 Uncertainty in Hmag
234-239 F6.3 mag Ksmag [9.4/15]?=99.999 2MASS Ks band magnitude
241-246 F6.3 mag e_Ksmag [0.01/0.2]?=99.999 Uncertainty in Ksmag
248-253 F6.3 mag 3.6mag [7/16.8] GLIMPSE360 IRAC 3.6 micron band
magnitude
255-259 F5.3 mag e_3.6mag [0.02/0.2] Uncertainty in 3.6mag
261-266 F6.3 mag 4.5mag [6.3/14.3] GLIMPSE360 IRAC 4.5 micron band
magnitude
268-272 F5.3 mag e_4.5mag [0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in 4.5mag
274 A1 --- l_12mag Upper limit flag on 12mag
275-280 F6.3 mag 12mag [3.6/12.4]?=99.999 AllWISE 12 micron (W3) band
magnitude
283-288 F6.3 mag e_12mag [0.01/0.4]?=99.999 Uncertainty in 12mag
290 A1 --- l_22mag Upper limit flag on 22mag
291-296 F6.3 mag 22mag [0.9/9]?=99.999 AllWISE 22 micron (W4) band
magnitude
299-304 F6.3 mag e_22mag [0.008/0.4]?=99.999 Uncertainty in 22mag
306-314 F9.4 mJy FJ [0.2/55.5]?=-999.9 2MASS J band flux density
316-325 F10.5 mJy e_FJ [0.04/1.2]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in FJ
327-335 F9.4 mJy FH [0.2/50.6]?=-999.9 2MASS H band flux density
337-346 F10.5 mJy e_FH [0.04/1.3]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in FH
348-356 F9.4 mJy FKs [0.6/109.2]?=-999.9 2MASS Ks band flux
density
358-367 F10.5 mJy e_FKs [0.08/2.5]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in FKs
369-377 F9.5 mJy F3.6 [0.05/374] GLIMPSE360 IRAC 3.6 micron band
flux density
379-387 F9.6 mJy e_F3.6 [0.006/13] Uncertainty in F3.6
389-396 F8.4 mJy F4.5 [0.3/534.5] GLIMPSE360 IRAC 4.5 micron band
flux density
398-405 F8.5 mJy e_F4.5 [0.01/11.1] Uncertainty in F4.5
407 A1 --- l_F12 Upper limit flag on F12
408-427 F20.15 mJy F12 [0.3/1137]?=-999.9 AllWISE 12um band
flux density
429-448 F20.15 mJy e_F12 [0.1/10.5]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F12
450 A1 --- l_F22 Upper limit flag on F22
451-469 F19.14 mJy F22 [2/3601]?=-999.9 AllWISE 22 micron band
flux density
471-490 F20.15 mJy e_F22 [0.9/26.6]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F22
492-498 F7.2 mJy F9 [87.3/1105]?=-999.9 AKARI 9 micron band
flux density
500-507 F8.2 mJy e_F9 [3.9/93.2]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F9
509-514 F6.1 mJy F18 [197/2404]?=-999.9 AKARI 18 micron band
flux density
516-521 F6.1 mJy e_F18 [3.8/68]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F18
523-528 F6.1 mJy F8.3 [1041.4]?=-999.9 MSX 8.3 micron band
flux density
530-538 F9.4 mJy e_F8.3 [43.7388]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F8.3
540-545 F6.1 mJy F12.1 [1473.5]?=-999.9 MSX 12.1 micron band
flux density
547-554 F8.3 mJy e_F12.1 [100.198]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F12.1
556-561 F6.1 mJy F14.7 [2299]?=-999.9 MSX 14.7 micron band
flux density
563-570 F8.3 mJy e_F14.7 [149.435]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F14.7
572-577 F6.1 mJy F21.3 [3814.1]?=-999.9 MSX 21.3 micron band
flux density
579-587 F9.4 mJy e_F21.3 [244.1024]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F21.3
589-595 F7.1 mJy F70 [111/16540]?=-999.9 Hi-Gal PACS 70 micron band
flux density
597-602 F6.1 mJy e_F70 [20/308]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F70
604-610 F7.1 mJy F160 [242/17710]?=-999.9 Hi-Gal PACS 160 micron band
flux density
612-617 F6.1 mJy e_F160 [40/471.2]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F160
619-625 F7.1 mJy F250 [834/21340]?=-999.9 SPIRE 250 micron band
flux density
627-634 F8.3 mJy e_F250 [0.9/470]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F250
636-642 F7.1 mJy F350 [1320/14770]?=-999.9 SPIRE 350 micron band
flux density
644-651 F8.3 mJy e_F350 [0.9/50]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F350
653-658 F6.1 mJy F500 [590/9390]?=-999.9 SPIRE 500 micron band
flux density
660-667 F8.3 mJy e_F500 [0.9/50]?=-999.9 Uncertainty in F500
669-672 A4 --- YSO YSO classification from SED fitting (3)
674-677 A4 --- Phot YSO class from 12 micron photometry (4)
679-682 A4 --- r_Phot Reference flag for Phot (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): AKARI/IRC sources are named <AKARI-IRC-V1 JHHMMSSs+DDMMSS> in Simbad.
Note (2): From Elia+ 2013, J/ApJ/772/45 ;
<[EMF2013] GLLL.lllll+BB.bbbbb> in Simbad
Note (3): YSO classification from SED fitting as follows:
e = envelope-only (16 occurrences);
e+d = disk and envelope (21 occurrences);
d = disk-only (172 occurrences);
null = no classification (84 occurrences).
Note (4): Class I (68 occurrences) and Class II (222 occurrences) classification
of YSO candidates based on the criteria from literature; when the 12um
data are available, the Fischer+ (2016, J/ApJ/827/96) criteria are
used, otherwise the sources are classified based on the Gutermuth+
(2009, J/ApJS/184/18) criteria. 3 sources are not classified ("null").
Note (5): Indicating what criteria were used to determine the YSO class.
Code as follows:
F16 = Fischer et al. (2016, J/ApJ/827/96);
G09 = Gutermuth et al. (2009, J/ApJS/184/18).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- --- [SSTGLMA]
8- 24 A17 --- SSTGLMA IRAC designation (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb) (G1)
26 A1 --- f_SSTGLMA [a] Flag on SSTGLMA (1)
28- 36 F9.5 deg RAdeg [106.5/108.3] Right Ascension (J2000)
38- 46 F9.5 deg DEdeg [-11.4/-9.8] Declination (J2000)
48- 53 F6.3 mJy F3.6 [0.05/10.3] GLIMPSE360 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um
band flux density
55- 59 F5.3 mJy e_F3.6 [0.004/0.5] Uncertainty in F3.6
61- 66 F6.3 mJy F4.5 [0.2/10.7] GLIMPSE360 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band
flux density
68- 72 F5.3 mJy e_F4.5 [0.01/0.5] Uncertainty in F4.5
74- 78 F5.2 mag 3.6mag [11/17] GLIMPSE360 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band
magnitude
80- 83 F4.2 mag e_3.6mag [0.03/0.2] Uncertainty in 3.6mag
85- 89 F5.2 mag 4.5mag [10.5/15] GLIMPSE360 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band
magnitude
91- 94 F4.2 mag e_4.5mag [0.02/0.2] Uncertainty in 4.5mag
96-100 F5.2 10+21/cm2 NH2 [2.5/95] H2 column density
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Sources SSTGLMA G224.1854-01.0529, SSTGLMA G224.2862-00.8244,
SSTGLMA G225.4435-00.3982, and SSTGLMA G223.4879-01.2890 correspond
to WISE YSO candidates J070822.75-102916.3, J070923.42-102818.8,
J071306.61-111803.8, and J070613.51-095837.9, respectively,
from Fischer+ (2016, J/ApJ/827/96).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): GLIMPSE360 IRAC Archive source name: 'SSTGLMA GLLL.llll BB.bbbb',
where LLL.llll and BB.bbbb are the galactic longitude and latitude,
respectively.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 17-May-2019