J/ApJS/244/21 Surface rotation & activity of Kepler stars. I. (Santos+, 2019)
Surface rotation and photometric activity for Kepler targets.
I. M and K main-sequence stars.
Santos A.R.G., Garcia R.A., Mathur S., Bugnet L., van Saders J.L.,
Metcalfe T.S., Simonian G.V.A., Pinsonneault M.H.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 244, 21 (2019)>
=2019ApJS..244...21S 2019ApJS..244...21S
ADC_Keywords: Stars, K-type; Stars, M-type; Effective temperatures;
Stars, masses; Photometry; Optical
Keywords: methods: data analysis; stars: activity; stars: low-mass;
stars: rotation; starspots; techniques: photometric
Abstract:
Brightness variations due to dark spots on the stellar surface encode
information about stellar surface rotation and magnetic activity. In
this work, we analyze the Kepler long-cadence data of 26521
main-sequence stars of spectral types M and K in order to measure
their surface rotation and photometric activity level. Rotation-period
estimates are obtained by the combination of a wavelet analysis and
autocorrelation function of the light curves. Reliable rotation
estimates are determined by comparing the results from the different
rotation diagnostics and four data sets. We also measure the
photometric activity proxy Sph using the amplitude of the flux
variations on an appropriate timescale. We report rotation periods and
photometric activity proxies for about 60% of the sample, including
4431 targets for which McQuillan+ (2014, J/ApJS/211/24) did not report
a rotation period. For the common targets with rotation estimates in
this study and in McQuillan+, our rotation periods agree within 99%.
In this work, we also identify potential polluters, such as
misclassified red giants and classical pulsator candidates. Within the
parameter range we study, there is a mild tendency for hotter stars to
have shorter rotation periods. The photometric activity proxy spans a
wider range of values with increasing effective temperature. The
rotation period and photometric activity proxy are also related, with
Sph being larger for fast rotators. Similar to McQuillan+, we find a
bimodal distribution of rotation periods.
Description:
A similar analysis to McQuillan+ (2014, J/ApJS/211/24) was performed
for 26521 M and K dwarfs observed up to Kepler Quarter 17.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 116 15640 Stellar properties for stars with successfully
recovered rotation period
table4.dat 89 10611 Stellar properties for stars without rotation
period estimate
table5.dat 174 270 *Stellar properties for stars whose KEPSEISMIC and
PDC-MAP light curves show multiple signals (up to 3)
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Note on table5.dat:
PDC-MAP = Presearch Data Conditioning-Maximum A Posteriori (e.g.,
Jenkins+ 2010ApJ...713L..87J 2010ApJ...713L..87J ; Smith+ 2012PASP..124.1000S 2012PASP..124.1000S and
Stumpe+ 2012PASP..124..985S 2012PASP..124..985S)
KEPSEISMIC = Cosentino R. 2019 Investigating Jupiter's Turbulent Power
Spectrum ("JTPS"), MAST, doi:10.17909/t9-cfke-ps60
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See also:
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler, 2009)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/A+A/327/1039 : Structure and evolution of low-mass stars (Chabrier+ 1997)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)
J/ApJ/733/L9 : Stellar rotation for 71 NGC 6811 members (Meibom+, 2011)
J/ApJ/733/115 : Rotation periods and membership in M34 (Meibom+, 2011)
J/ApJ/749/152 : Asteroseismic analysis of solar-type stars (Mathur+, 2012)
J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)
J/ApJ/775/L11 : Stellar rotation periods for KOIs (McQuillan+, 2013)
J/A+A/557/L10 : Rotation periods of 12000 Kepler stars (Nielsen+, 2013)
J/A+A/560/A4 : Rotation periods of active Kepler stars (Reinhold+, 2013)
J/ApJ/780/159 : Rotation-mass-age relationships (Epstein+, 2014)
J/A+A/572/A34 : Pulsating solar-like stars in Kepler (Garcia+, 2014)
J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/68 : A-F type variable stars from Kepler (Bradley+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/446/2959 : Asterosismology for solar analogues 16CygA/B (Davies+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/452/2127 : Fundamental param. of Kepler stars (Silva Aguirre+, 2015)
J/A+A/574/A17 : Period spacings in gamma Dor stars (Van Reeth+, 2015)
J/AJ/151/101 : Kepler Mission. VIII. False positives (Abdul-Masih+, 2016)
J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)
J/ApJ/820/1 : Kepler light curve of the EB star KIC 9532219 (Lee+, 2016)
J/A+A/605/A111 : Surface rotation of Kepler red giant stars (Ceillier+, 2017)
J/A+A/601/A67 : Kepler solar-type stars modeling (Creevey+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/250 : Kepler EB classifications & rotation periods (Lurie+, 2017)
J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)
J/ApJ/851/116 : Variability of Kepler sun-like stars (Montet+, 2017)
J/ApJS/233/23 : APOKASC cat. of KIC dwarfs and subgiants (Serenelli+, 2017)
J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets with Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)
J/A+A/621/A21 : Activity of Kepler stars (Reinhold+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC [892834/12984138] Kepler Input Catalog ID
10- 15 F6.3 mag Kpmag [9/20]? Kepler magnitude
17- 21 A5 --- Q First and last observed Kepler Quarters
23- 26 I4 K Teff [2500/5199] Effective temperature
28- 30 I3 K E_Teff [0/636] Upper uncertainty on Teff
32- 34 I3 K e_Teff [0/706] Lower uncertainty on Teff
36- 40 F5.3 [cm-2] logg [4.3/5.4] Log surface gravity
42- 46 F5.3 [cm-2] E_logg [0/0.3] Upper uncertainty on logg
48- 52 F5.3 [cm-2] e_logg [0/0.9] Lower uncertainty on logg
54- 58 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.08/1] Mass
60- 64 F5.3 Msun E_Mass [0/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Mass
66- 70 F5.3 Msun e_Mass [0/0.3] Lower uncertainty on Mass
72- 77 F6.2 d Prot [0.2/143.1] Rotation period
79- 83 F5.2 d E_Prot [0.03/14]? Uncertainty on Prot
85- 91 F7.1 ppm Sph [1.6/65595.7] Photometric activity proxy
93- 99 F7.1 ppm E_Sph [2.9/11377.5] Uncertainty on Sph
101 I1 --- Fl1 [1]? CP/CB candidate flag
(1=Type 1 CP/CB candidate) (1)
103-108 F6.3 mag DMK [-1.3/0.8]? Luminosity excess correction (G1)
110 I1 --- Fl2 [0/1]? GAIA binary flag (G2)
112 I1 --- Fl3 [0/1]? GAIA subgiant flag (G3)
114 I1 --- Fl4 [0/1]? KOI flag (G4)
116 I1 --- Fl5 [0/2]? FliPer Class flag (G5)
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Note (1): We distinguish between three types of classical pulsator (CP)
candidates. Type-1 candidates show a behavior somewhat similar to RR
Lyrae and Cepheids: high-amplitude and stable flux variations, beating
patterns, and a large number of harmonics. Interestingly, a
significant fraction of these targets were identified as Gaia binary
candidates. Therefore, it is possible that these targets are not CPs
but close-in binaries (CB). If that is the case, the signal may still
be related to rotation, but may be distinct from the rotational
behavior of single stars. We refer to these targets (350) as Type-1
CP/CB candidates. See section 2.2. for further details.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC [892718/12935144] Kepler Input Catalog ID
10- 15 F6.3 mag Kpmag [7.9/20]? Kepler magnitude
17- 21 A5 --- Q First and last observed Kepler Quarters
23- 26 I4 K Teff [2600/5199] Effective temperature
28- 30 I3 K E_Teff [0/676] Upper uncertainty on Teff
32- 34 I3 K e_Teff [0/497] Lower uncertainty on Teff
36- 40 F5.3 [cm-2] logg [4.3/5.4] Log surface gravity
42- 46 F5.3 [cm-2] E_logg [0/0.3] Upper uncertainty on logg
48- 52 F5.3 [cm-2] e_logg [0/0.9] Lower uncertainty on logg
54- 58 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.09/1] Mass
60- 64 F5.3 Msun E_Mass [0/0.3] Upper uncertainty on Mass
66- 70 F5.3 Msun e_Mass [0/0.3] Lower uncertainty on Mass
72- 74 A3 --- Fl1 No rotation flag(s) (1)
76- 81 F6.3 mag DMK [-0.9/-0.1]? Luminosity excess correction (G1)
83 I1 --- Fl2 [0/1]? GAIA binary flag (G2)
85 I1 --- Fl3 [0/1]? GAIA subgiant flag (G3)
87 I1 --- Fl4 [0/2]? KOI flag (G4)
89 I1 --- Fl5 [0/2]? FliPer Class flag (G5)
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Note (1): No rotation flag identifies the target category. Flag as follows:
0 = no rotation modulation (5310 occurrences)
1 = possible rotation modulation (3562 occurrences);
2 = red giant (1221 occurrences);
3 = eclipsing binary (272 occurrences);
4 = confirmed RR Lyrae (3 occurrences);
5 = pollution in KADACS (Garcia+ 2011MNRAS.414L...6G 2011MNRAS.414L...6G) and
PDC-MAP (83 occurrences);
6 = pollution in KADACS (176 occurrences);
7 = Type 1 CP/CB candidate (15 occurrences);
8 = Type 2 CP/CB candidate (9 occurrences);
9 = Type 3 classical pulsator (CP) candidate (9 occurrences).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 I8 --- KIC [892376/12646843] Kepler Input Catalog ID
10- 15 F6.3 mag Kpmag [10.6/17.3] Kepler magnitude
17- 21 A5 --- Q First and last observed Kepler Quarters
23- 26 I4 K Teff [3000/5192] Effective temperature
28- 30 I3 K E_Teff [0/196] Upper uncertainty on Teff
32- 34 I3 K e_Teff [0/193] Lower uncertainty on Teff
36- 40 F5.3 [cm-2] logg [4.4/5.2] Log surface gravity
42- 46 F5.3 [cm-2] E_logg [0/0.2] Upper uncertainty on logg
48- 52 F5.3 [cm-2] e_logg [0/0.6] Lower uncertainty on logg
54- 58 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.1/0.9] Mass
60- 64 F5.3 Msun E_Mass [0/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Mass
66- 70 F5.3 Msun e_Mass [0/0.2] Lower uncertainty on Mass
72- 77 F6.2 d Prot1 [0.5/70] Rotation period for signal 1
79- 83 F5.2 d E_Prot1 [0.04/8.3] Uncertainty on Prot1
85- 90 F6.2 ppm Sph1 [0.04/39.1]? Photometric activity proxy
for signal 1
92- 96 F5.2 ppm E_Sph1 [0.02/17.1]? Uncertainty on Sph1
98-103 F6.2 d Prot2 [0.3/11.6]? Rotation period for signal 2
105-109 F5.2 d E_Prot2 [0.03/1.3]? Uncertainty on Prot2
111-117 F7.1 ppm Sph2 [46/26984] Photometric activity proxy
for signal 2
119-125 F7.1 ppm E_Sph2 [8.4/2362] Uncertainty on Sph2
127-133 F7.1 d Prot3 [15/26511]? Rotation period for signal 3
135-141 F7.1 d E_Prot3 [3.8/1983]? Uncertainty on Prot3
143-149 F7.1 ppm Sph3 [348.6/5607.3]? Photometric activity proxy
for signal 3
151-157 F7.1 ppm E_Sph3 [64/639]? Uncertainty on Sph3
159 I1 --- Fl1 [1/6]? CP/CB candidate flag (1)
161-166 F6.3 mag DMK [-1.1/2.2]? Luminosity excess correction (G1)
168 I1 --- Fl2 [0/1]? GAIA binary flag (G2)
170 I1 --- Fl3 [0/0]? GAIA subgiant flag (G3)
172 I1 --- Fl4 [0/1]? KOI flag (G4)
174 I1 --- Fl5 [0/2]? FliPer Class flag (G5)
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Note (1): CP/CB candidate flag as follows:
1 = Type 1 CP/CB candidate;
2 = Type 2 CP/CB candidate;
3 = Type 3 CP candidate.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Luminosity excess correction from Simonian+ (2019ApJ...871..174S 2019ApJ...871..174S)
which indicates the tidally synchronized binary candidates. The
inclusive and conservative binary thresholds are DMK≤-0.2 and
DMK≤-0.3, respectively.
Note (G2): GAIA binary flag from Berger+ (2018, J/ApJ/866/99). Code as follows:
0 = single star;
1 = binary candidate.
Note (G3): GAIA subgiant flag from Berger+ (2018, J/ApJ/866/99).
Code as follows:
0 = main-sequence;
1 = subgiant.
Note (G4): KOI flag from NASA Exoplanet Archive. Code as follows:
0 = confirmed;
1 = candidate;
2 = false positive (303 occurrences only in Table 4).
Note (G5): FliPer Class flag; see Bugnet+ (2019A&A...624A..79B 2019A&A...624A..79B).
Code as follows:
0 = solar-type target;
1 = classical pulsator (CP);
2 = binary or photometric pollution.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 18-Feb-2020